ABSTRACT
The peculiarities of anatomic and physiologic features of dromedary camels are elucidated in this review and compared with Bactrian, camels, and other species. Both dromedary and Bactrian camel scrotum varies in length from 10-20 cm and the testes are in the perineal region behind the thighs (like dogs) and weigh from 80-90 gm and length varies from 10-14 cm. Compared to ram and buck, camel epididymis has a higher weight (20-46 g) and has a unique structure called the intra-epithelial glands. Both dromedaries and Bactrian camels do not have seminal vesicles. Male camels have specialized secretory glands behind the ears known as poll glands that are bigger in the Bactrian camels compared to dromedary camels and similar glands are not seen in any of the other domestic species. Camels have a special reproductive behavior during the breeding season known as rut and include extrusion of the soft palate, copious froth from the mouth, gurgling sounds, splashing of urine, increased secretion from the poll glands and loss of appetite with considerable reduction in body weight. Such behaviors are not evidenced by any other domestic species including buffalo. Serum testosterone rises substantially in male camels during rut (2-42 ng/mL) compared to the non-rutting season (0.6-8 ng/mL) and the resultant increase in the size of the testes, number, and functionality of Leydig cells and secretion of poll glands. The serum thyroidal hormones also increase significantly during the rut season. It is concluded that male camels have some special anatomic and physiologic features of reproduction not observed in other domestic species.
ABSTRACT
Successful management of parturition induction is a challenging task in canine. This study made to assess the efficacy of antiprogestagen mifepristone and prostaglandin misoprostol in induction of parturition in bitches. Total of 11 pregnant bitches with gestational age of more than 62 days confirmed by ultrasound scanning and not showing any sings of initiation of parturition were selected. Induction of parturition was initiated by mifepristone (3 mg/ kg b wt PO) twice a day or a combination of mifepristone (3 mg/kg b wt PO) and misoprostol (200 ?g for < 20 kg, 400 ?g for > 20 kg b wt, i/vg) 12 h after second dose of mifepristone. The combination of both drugs mifepristone and misoprostol was more effective for parturition induction.
ABSTRACT
Canine pyometra is an acute or chronic polysystemic diestrual disorder mainly of mature nulliparous bitches. In this retrospective study, an attempt was made to analyse the physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters of a total of 22 affected bitches attended at Sneh Vet lab and Clinic Bhadra, Bhiwani, (Haryana). The findings revealed pyrexia and tachycardia with normal respiration rate in most of the pyometra affected bitches. Amongst the haemato-biochemical parameters, there were reduced levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count, along with severe leucocytosis, neutrophilia with shift to left, lymphopenia, eosinophilia and elevated BUN and serum creatinine in the bitches affected with pyometra suggesting bone marrow and renal damage. However, the mean values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin as well as serum ALT and AST were within the normal range, confirming normocytic normochromic anaemia without liver dysfunction.