Comparison of three intraoperative analgesic strategies in laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a retrospective study of immediate postoperative outcomes

Abstract Introduction and objectives Multimodal Analgesia (MMA) has shown promising results in postoperative outcomes across a broad spectrum of surgeries, including bariatric surgery. We compared the analgesic effect immediately after Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery (LBS) of the combined effect of MMA and methadone against two techniques that were based mainly on the use of high-potency medium-acting opioids. Methods Two hundred seventy-one patients were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was postoperative pain score > 3/10 measured by the Verbal Numeric Scale (VNS) during the Postanesthetic Care Unit (PACU) stay. The three protocols of intraoperative analgesia were: (P1) sufentanil at anesthetic induction followed by remifentanil infusion; (P2) sufentanil at induction followed by dexmedetomidine infusion; and (P3) remifentanil at induction followed by MMA including dexmedetomidine, magnesium, lidocaine, and methadone. Only P1 and P2 patients received morphine toward the end of surgery. Poisson regression was used to adjust confounding factors and calculate Prevalence Ratio (PR). Results Postoperative VNS > 3 was recorded in 135 (49.81%) patients, of which 93 (68.89%) were subjected to P1, 25 (18.56%) to P2, and 17 (12.59%) to P3. In the final adjusted model, both anesthetic techniques (P3) (PR = 0.10; 95% CI [0.03-0.28]), and (P2) (PR = 0.42%; 95% CI [0.20-0.90]) were associated with lower occurrence of VNS > 3, whereas age range 20-29 was associated to higher occurrence of VNS > 3 (PR = 3.21; 95% CI [1.22-8.44]) in PACU. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) was distributed as follows: (P1) 20.3%, (P2) 31.25% and (P3) 6.77%; (P3 < P1, P2; p< 0.05). Intraoperative hypotension occurred more often in P3 (39%) compared to P2 (20.31%) and P1 (17.46%) (p< 0.05). Conclusion MMA + methadone was associated with higher incidence of intraoperative hypotension and lower incidence of moderate/severe pain in PACU after LBS.

Fatores associados à dor pós-operatória na recuperação pós-anestésica em pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia laparoscópica / Factors associated to postoperative pain in the post-anesthetic care unit in patients submitted to laparoscopic gastroplasty

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor pós-operatória em pacientes obesos é um evento prejudicial para sua recuperação, retardando a alta e aumentando a chance de complicações. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de dor na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e averiguar os fatores associados à ocorrência de dor moderada ou intensa em obesos submetidos a gastroplastia, relacionando-os a possíveis complicações. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional prospectivo incluindo 84 pacientes submetidos a anestesia geral com sevoflurano para gastroplastia laparoscópica. Na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à intensidade da dor pela escala numérica e verbal, sedação (escala de Ramsay), ocorrência de náuseas, vômitos e complicações respiratórias. O modelo de regressão logística foi utilizado para determinar as variáveis independentes associadas à dor. RESULTADOS: Na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica, a ausência de dor na admissão ocorreu em 61,63% dos pacientes. Na análise multivariada, o uso do opioide fentanil em comparação ao sufentanil foi o único fator independentemente associado à dor (RR 3,07 - IC95% 1,17-6,4). Não houve diferença entre o tipo de opioide utilizado e a ocorrência de náuseas e vômitos (p>0,05). Os escores da escala de Ramsay não diferiram entre os tipos de opioides utilizados no intraoperatório (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O único fator independentemente associado à dor na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica foi o tipo de opioide utilizado na indução anestésica. A dor pós-operatória ainda é um evento frequente que acomete a maioria dos pacientes e protocolos de analgesia precisam ser implementados para minimizar os efeitos que a dor subtratada pode causar.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Postoperative pain in obese patients is a noxious event for their recovery delaying hospital discharge and increasing the chance of complications. This study aimed at determining pain frequency in the post-anesthetic care unit and at investigating factors associated to moderate to severe pain in obese patients submitted to gastroplasty, relating them to potential complications. METHODS: This is an observational and prospective study including 84 patients submitted to general anesthesia with sevoflurane for laparoscopic gastroplasty. Patients were evaluated in the post-anesthetic care unit for pain intensity by the verbal and numerical scale (Ramsay scale), presence of nausea, vomiting and respiratory complications. Logistic regression model was used to determine pain-related independent variables. RESULTS: There has been no pain at admission to the post-anesthetic care unit in 61.63% of patients. In the multivariate analysis, fentanyl as compared to sufentanil was the only independent factor associated to pain (OR 3.07 - IC95% 1.17 - 6.4). There has been no difference between the type of opioid used and the presence of nausea and vomiting (p>0.05). Ramsay scale scores were not different between opioids used in the intraoperative period (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The only independent factor associated to pain in the post-anesthetic care unit was the type of opioid used for anesthetic induction. Postoperative pain is still a frequent event affecting most patients, and analgesic protocols have to be implemented to minimize the effects that undertreated pain may induce.

Experiência no tratamento de aneurismas cerebrais após a implantação da embolização / Experience after embolization technique standard use in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms

Objetivo: Demonstrar os resultados do Serviço comparando embolização e clipagem no tratamento dosaneurismas intracranianos durante o período de 1/9/2007 a 1/12/2008, quando a técnica de embolizaçãofoi implantada no Serviço. Pacientes e métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo no banco de dadosdo hospital com programa estatístico (Epi Info 2000®) e colhidas informações mediante análise do registro cirúrgico no Serviço naquele período. Os dados foram cruzados pelos dois métodos para cálculo de parâmetros estatísticos. Resultados: No período, foram tratados 61 pacientes: 43 mulheres e 18 homens; em 40 o tratamento foi a embolização e em 21, a clipagem. O tempo médio de permanênciados pacientes submetidos à clipagem foi de 37 dias e o dos submetidos à embolização, de 18,5 dias. Dos 21 pacientes do primeiro grupo, 47% apresentavam idade entre 51 e 60 anos e dos 40 do grupoda embolização, 55% tinham idade entre 41 e 60 anos. A mortalidade global foi de 11,47%; 9,5% noscasos de clipagem e 12,5% no grupo da embolização. Conclusão: Observou-se que a embolizaçãoreduziu o tempo médio de permanência e, indiretamente, custos hospitalares, não alterando a taxa de mortalidade. A maioria dos aneurismas diagnosticados era roto, justificando o grande período deinternação e a taxa de óbitos. O emprego da embolização foi uma conquista importante do Serviço paraa rede municipal do Rio de Janeiro na terapêutica dos aneurismas.

Objective: To demonstrate the results of comparative study between surgical approaches versusembolization in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms in our Service. Patients and methods: Retrospectiveanalysis using the hospital’s databank, with statistical software (Epi Info 2000®). The period of study was September 1, 2007 to December 1, 2008. The data was crossed using statistics parameters. Results: In that period 61 patients were collected, 43 females and 18 males; 40 patients received the treatment by embolization and 21 were submitted to surgery (aneurismal clipping). The hospitalization overall timewas 37 days for open surgery and 18.5 days when embolization was the choice. Among open surgerygroup, 47% aged 51 to 60 years and among the embolization group 55% aged 41 to 60 years. Theglobal mortality was 11.47%; 9.5% in aneurismal clipping and 12.5% in embolization. Conclusion: Theembolization presented shorter hospitalization time with lower hospitals coasts. Most of the aneurysms had ruptured, explaining the long hospitalization time; besides the subarachnoid hemorrhage co-morbitieshad significative contribution in the mortality. The use of embolization in neurosurgery was offers anadvance for the intracranial aneurysms. The possibility of choice between the two methods was animportant conquest in public health Service of Rio de Janeiro city.