ABSTRACT
Maternal malnutrition during the lactation period in early development may have long-term programming effects on adult offspring. We evaluated the combined effects of parasitological behaviour and histopathological features and malnutrition during lactation. Lactating mice and their pups were divided into a control group (fed a normal diet of 23 percent protein), a protein-restricted group (PR) (fed a diet containing 8 percent protein) and a caloric-restricted group (CR) (fed according to the PR group intake). At the age of 60 days, the offspring were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and killed at nine weeks post-infection. Food intake, body and liver masses, leptinaemia, corticosteronaemia, collagen morphometry and neogenesis and the cellular composition of liver granulomas were studied. PR offspring showed reduced weight gain and hypophagia, whereas CR offspring became overweight and developed hyperphagia. The pre-patent period was longer (45 days) in both programmed offspring as compared to controls (40 days). The PR-infected group had higher faecal and intestinal egg output and increased liver damage. The CR-infected group showed a lower number of liver granulomas, increased collagen neogenesis and a higher frequency of binucleate hepatocytes, suggesting a better modulation of the inflammatory response and increased liver regeneration. Taken together, our findings suggest that neonatal malnutrition of offspring during lactation affects the outcome of schistosomiasis in mice.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Mice , Pregnancy , Lactation/physiology , Malnutrition , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Schistosomiasis mansoni , Acute Disease , Caloric Restriction/adverse effects , Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects , Eating , Feces , Intra-Abdominal Fat , Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects , Schistosomiasis mansoni , Weight GainABSTRACT
Há uma associação entre o fumo materno na gestação/lactação e o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas na idade adulta, como a obesidade. Pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos dos compostos do tabaco sobre a função tireoideana. O ticianato vem sendo relacionado ao hipotireoidismo experimental, porém, não se sabe o efeito da nicotina sobre a tireóide. Assim, avaliamos os efeitos da exposição materna à nicotina na lactação sobre a regulação da composição corporal e função tireoideana da prole em diferentes idades. Após 48 horas do parto, implantamos minibombas osmóticas nas ratas lactantes divididas em: NIC - infusão subcutânea contínua de nicotina (6mg/Kg/dia), por 14 dias de lactação, e C - recebendo salina pelo mesmo período. O sacrifício das mães ocoreu ao desmame (21 dias) e de suas proles, aos 15, 21, 90 e 180 dias de idade. Ao desmame, as mães NIC apresentaram menor ingestão alimentar, maior adiposidade central e hiperleptinemia. Estas lactantes exibiram maior atividade desiodase mamária e hepática, sem alteração de TSH e hormônios tireoideanos; maior produção de leite no 15º dia de lactação; maior conteúdo no leite de T3 no 15º e 21º dias e de leptina somente ao desmame. A prole NIC com 15 dias de vida (fim da exposição à nicotina) apresentou maior gordura central e total, hiperleptinemia e maior expressão hipotalâmica de OB-R e pSTAT-3. Nesta idade, detectamos redução de T3 e T4 e aumento de TSH séricos, além de menor atividade D1 hepática. Ao desmame, já na ausência de nicotina, a prole NIC apresentou maior massa protéica corporal e menor TSH sérico. Aos 90 dias, verificamos na prole NIC, maior gordura total, menor conteúdo mineral, menor TSH sérico e atividade GPDm hepática. Aos 180 dias, observamos no grupo NIC, maior massa corporal (MC), e gordura central e total, maior tamanho dos adipócitos subcutâneos e epididimais, maior massa protéica, sem alteração do perfil lipídico. Estes animais apresentaram hiperleptinemia, menor expressão hipotalâmica de JAK-2...
Epidemiological and experimental data have demonstrated an association between maternal smoking and chronic disease in adult life, as obesity. Few studies report the effect of tobacco compounds upon the thyroid function, and thiocyanate is associated with experimental hypothyroidism. However there is no report about nicotine effect upon the thyroid function. Then, we evaluated the short and long term effects of maternal nicotine exposure, only during lactation on body weight regulation and thyroid function of the offspring during development. After 48 hours of birth, osmotic minipumps were implanted in lactating rats divided into: NIC - continuous subcutaneous infusions of nicotine (6mg/Kg/day), for 14 days of lactation, and C - saline-treated for the same period. Mothers were killed at weaning and offspring, at 15, 21, 90 and 180 days-old. At weaning, NIC mothers presented lower food intake, higher central fat and hyperleptinaemia. These dams showed higher mammary and liver deiodinase activities, with no change in thyroid hormones and TSH levels; higher milk production at 15th lactation day; higher T3 content at 15 and 21 days and higher milk leptin content only at weaning. At 15 days-old (the end of exposure to nicotine), NIC pups showed higher adiposity, hyperleptinaemia and higher hypothalamic OB-R and pSTAT-3 expression. These offspring presented lower T4 and T3, higher TSH and lower liver D1 activity. At weaning (after the withdrawal of nicotine), we observed higher total body protein and lower serum TSH. At 90 days-old, we detected higher total adiposity, lower mineral content, lower TSH and lower liver mGPD activity. At 180 days-old, NIC offspring showed overweight, higher central and total fat, higher adipocyte size (visceral and subcutaneous) and higher body protein content, despite any alteration in the lipid profile. They also presented hyperleptinaemia, lower hyothalamic JAK-2 and pSTAT-3 expression, with no changes in food intake...