ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The HIV-1 initial viral infection may present diverse clinical and laboratory course and lead to rapid, intermediate, or long-term progression. Among the group of non-progressors, the elite controllers are those who control the infection most effectively, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this paper, the TH1, TH2 and TH17 cytokines profiles are described, as well as clinical and laboratory aspects of an HIV-infected patient with undetectable viral load without antiretroviral therapy. Production of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 was detected; in contrast IL-4 was identified. Host-related factors could help explain such a level of infection control, namely the differentiated modulation of the cellular immune response and a non-polarized cytokine response of the TH1 and TH2 profiles.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , HIV Infections/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , HIV-1 , HIV Long-Term Survivors , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , HIV Infections/blood , HIV Infections/virology , Th2 Cells/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , Viral Load , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Immunity, Cellular/immunologyABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La escala de Kujala para dolor patelofemoral es una herramienta de medición desarrollada en inglés para evaluar la calidad de vida de quienes sufren este tipo de dolor. El propósito de este estudio fue rea-tizar una adaptación cultural de esta escala al español y evaluar su reproducibilidad y validez en pacientes colombianos con dolor patelofemoral. Materiales y métodos: Basándose en las guías de la literatura se tradujo la escala de Kujala al español. Se les pidió a cuarenta pacientes con síndrome de dolor patelofemoral que completaran el cuestionario. Para evaluar la contabilidad se desarrolló por segunda vez la medición a los mismos pacientes en un periodo no mayor a 14 días. Se calculó el alfa de Cronbach (AC) y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) para calcular la consistencia interna y la confiabilidad test-retest. El gráfico de Bland-Altman y el coeficiente de repetibilidad se usaron para determinar el error de medición. Resultados: El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,86 y el coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue 0,97. El gráfico de Bland-Altman no mostró errores sistemáticos y el coeficiente de repetibilidad fue de 7,6 %. Conclusión: La versión en español de la escala de Kujala es una herramienta válida y confiable para evaluar calidad de vida en pacientes con dolor patelofemoral y puede ser usada en países latinoamericanos de habla hispana como Colombia.
Abstract Introduction: The Kujala patellofemoral pain scale is an assessment tool developed to evaluate the quality of life in patients with this syndrome. The aim of this study is to adapt the Kujala scale to Spanish for Latin America and to evaluate its reproducibility and validity in patients with patellofemoral pain in Colombia. Methods: Following guidelines from literature, the Kujala scale was translated to Spanish. 40 patients with patellofemoral pain were asked to complete the questionnaire. They were asked to answer it for a second time within the next 14 days to assess reliability. Cronbach's alpha (CA) and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to determine internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Bland-Altman plot and repeatability coefficient were calculated to determine the measurement error. Results: The Cronbach's alpha was 0.86 and the ICC was 0.97. The Bland-Altmanplot showed no systematic differences, and the repeatability coefficient was 7,6 %. Discussion: This Spanish version of the Kujala scale is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating quality of life in patients with patellofemoral pain and may be used in Spanish speaking countries of Latin America such as Colombia.
ABSTRACT
A incompatibilidade de enxertia é um problema que, além de prejuízo econômico aos produtores, causa atraso no lançamento de novas cultivares-copa e portaenxertos, devido ao longo período de tempo necessário para os testes de compatibilidade. O objetivo desta revisão é fazer um apanhado das principais e mais relevantes pesquisas realizadas envolvendo o tema incompatibilidade de enxertia em espécies frutíferas, especialmente as do gênero Prunus. Incompatibilidade é um fenômeno extremamente complexo, que envolve interações anatômicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares entre a cultivar-copa e o portaenxerto. Sendo, por essa razão, um problema de difícil estudo. Porém, acredita-se que através de uma análise conjunta dos diversos mecanismos de incompatibilidade, se pode avançar mais rapidamente no entendimento deste fenômeno.
The graft incompatibility is a problem that causes economic loss to producers and delay in the launch of new cultivars and rootstock because of the long time required for compatibility testing. The aim of this review is to show of the most important and relevant research conducted over the years involving the graft incompatibility in fruit species, specially the genus Prunus. The graft incompatibility is an extremely complex phenomenon that involves anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular interactions between scion and rootstock. Being for this reason a difficult problem to analyze. However, it is believed that through a joint analysis of graft incompatibility the understanding of the mechanisms may advance more quickly and so allow the solution for the phenomenon.
ABSTRACT
Se realizó análisis retrospectivo de 526 pacientes con accidente cerebro-vascular ingresados entre Enero 1977-Diciembre 1988; correspondiendo a pacientes menores de 40 años una incidencia de 8,7%; en ese mismo grupo lo más frecuente fue hemorragia subaracnoidea, predominando sexo masculino. También se investigaron aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos y mortalidad