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Galectin-3 (Gal-3) belongs to the galectin family and is specific in binding β-galactoside. Through its C-terminal domain, Gal-3 binds to the galactoside group of the glycosylated insulin receptor (IR) and inhibits IR signaling pathway, which leads to the insulin resistance. Thus, Gal-3 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Here we report a simple Gal-3 screening model based on the property that Gal-3 binds to the galactoside. We expressed and purified human Gal-3 in Escherichia coli (E.coli), and labeled it with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) in vitro. After incubating FITC labeled Gal-3 (Gal-3-FITC) with PANC-1 cells, which express glycosylated membrane protein, PANC-1 cells started to show green fluorescent signal due to the Gal-3-FITC binding to the glycosylated membrane protein. Gal-3 inhibitor disrupts the binding of Gal-3-FITC and PANC1 cells, subsequently leads to the decrease of the fluorescent signal in PANC-1 cells. We can evaluate the inhibitory efficiency of Gal-3 inhibitors through measurement of the fluorescent signal. Further studies show this model is simple, stable, and repeatable with a Z' factor between 0.7 and 0.85. In sum, we have successfully established an in vitro high-throughput screening model for Gal-3 inhibitors.
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Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the leading chronic liver disease worldwide. NASH is commonly associated with metabolic risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, bile acid toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, and susceptibility gene variation are involved in the pathogenesis of NASH. Drug development for NASH has been slow, this article focuses on the clinical research and development of several promising NASH drugs and their mechanisms, such as drugs targeting gut-liver axis, improving metabolism, inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis.
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Gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Decreased insulin sensitivity is a significant etiological factor of T2DM. Adipocytes, myocytes, and hepatocytes are the three major target cells for insulin. This study aims to investigate the effects and mechanisms of TMAO on the insulin sensitivity of these target cells. Research results indicate that in different ages of db/db diabetic mice, plasma TMAO levels were increased. TMAO significantly inhibits the insulin signaling pathways in these three major insulin target cells, reduces glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myocytes and downregulates genes related to gluconeogenesis in primary mouse hepatocytes. Furthermore, in mice with normal insulin sensitivity, elevating plasma TMAO levels to those seen in db/db mice using a minipump results in impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia. All animal experiments were carried out with approval of the Experimental Animal Welfare Ethics Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College). Mechanistic studies suggest that TMAO exposure increases the levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in these three major insulin target cells. In summary, TMAO directly attenuates insulin sensitivity in insulin target cells, and its mechanism of action may involve enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the neuroprotective effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Quchi" (LI 11) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) in the rats with cerebral ischemic reperfusion and the potential mechanism of microglia pyroptosis.@*METHODS@#Sixty SD rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a model group and an EA group, with 20 rats in each group. The Zea Longa method was employed to establish the rat model of the middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MACO/R) in the left brain. In the EA group, since the 2nd day of modeling, EA was given at "Quchi" (LI 11) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) of right side with disperse-dense wave, 4 Hz/20 Hz in frequency and 0.2 mA in current intensity, 30 min each time, once a day for lasting 7 consecutive days. The reduction rate of cerebral blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry during operation. The neurological function of rats was observed using Zea Longa neurobehavioral score. The cerebral infarction volume was detected by TTC staining method. The microglia positive expression in the ischemic side of the cortex was detected with the immunofluorescence method. Under transmission electron microscope, the ultrastructure of cell in the ischemic cortex was observed. The mRNA expression levels of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1) and gasdermin D (GSDMD) in the ischemic cortex were detected using real-time PCR.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the sham-operation group, in the model group, the reduction rate of cerebral blood flow was increased during operation (P<0.001); Zea Longa neurobehavional score and the percentage of cerebral infarction volume were increased (P<0.001), the numbers of M1-type microglia marked by CD68+ and M2-type microglia marked by TMEM119+ were elevated in the ischemic cortex (P<0.001), the mRNA expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 and GSDMD was increased (P<0.001, P<0.01); the cytomembrane structure was destroyed, with more cell membrane pores formed in the ischemic cortex. Compared with the model group, after intervention, Zea Longa neurobehavioral score and the percentage of cerebral infarction volume were reduced (P<0.05), the number of M1-type microglia marked by CD68+ was reduced (P<0.05) and the number of M2-type microglia marked by TMEM119+ was increased (P<0.05); and the mRNA expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1 and GSDMD was decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05) in the EA group. Even though the cytomembrane structure was incomplete, there were less membrane pores presented in the ischemic cortex in the EA group after intervention.@*CONCLUSION@#The intervention with EA attenuates the neurological dysfunction and reduces the volume of cerebral infarction in the rats with cerebral ischemic reperfusion. The underlying mechanism is related to the inhibition of microglia pyroptosis through modulating NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD axis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Caspase 1/genetics , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics , Electroacupuncture , Cerebral Infarction/therapy , RNA, MessengerABSTRACT
The bone marrow microenvironment, also known as the bone marrow niche, plays a critical role in maintaining the functions of hematopoietic stem cells. Under physiological conditions, various bone marrow cells regulate each other to sustain hematopoietic homeostasis. However, bone marrow cells gain abnormal function under pathological conditions to cause and promote the occurrence of leukemia and induce drug resistance. Recent findings indicate that abnormal proliferation and differentiation are not the sole reason to cause leukemia. Different types of bone marrow cells also induce intercellular adhesion, abnormally secrete cytokines and chemokines, accelerating leukemia's progress. This article reviews the multiple signaling pathways that regulate the formation and progress of leukemia bone marrow niche, such as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12/C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 signaling pathway, et al. It emphasizes that targeting leukemia bone marrow niche is a vital strategy for improving the leukemia treatment.
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Type 2 diabetes is a complex metabolic disease, accompanied by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose. As the disease progresses, hyperglucagonemia will occur. Glucagon has a significant effect on glucose increase and energy expenditure. In recent years, several glucagon receptor (GCGR) antagonists were developed. They lowered blood glucose in clinical studies, along with side effects, such as increased blood lipids and elevated liver transaminase. In order to solve these problems, glucagon like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R)/GCGR co-agonists were developed, which not only lower blood glucose, but also reduce weight and promote lipolysis. In this review, we will focus on the biological effects of glucagon, the treatments of GCGR antagonists, and GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonists on type 2 diabetes.
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Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of Zhibitai capsule in the treatment of dyslipidemia with phlegm-stasis binding pattern, in order to evaluate its effectiveness and safety. Method:Totally 82 patients of dyslipidemia with phlegm-stasis binding pattern were selected from the outpatient department of internal medicine in Hospital of Xidian University from July 2018 to July 2019. According to the random number table method, they were divided into control group and observation group, with41 cases in each group. Control group was treated with aAtorvastatin calcium, and observation group was treated with Zhibitai capsules. The changes in blood lipid index, liver function and renal function were measured before and after 8-week treatment in two groups, the efficacy on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes and clinical symptom scores before and after treatment were compared between two groups, and the adverse reactions, such as liver pain and muscle pain, were recorded among patients. Result:The changes of blood lipids were compared after 8 weeks of treatment, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were all lower than before, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased (P<0.05), the total effective rate in control group was 90.24% (37/41), which was 92.68% (38/41) in observation group, with no significant difference between two groups, in the TCM syndrome scores of two groups before and after treatment, four common TCM syndromes, namely scores dizziness, chest tightness, head heavy as if swathed and chest fullness, were decreased (P<0.05). In terms of the efficacy of two groups of TCM syndromes, the total effective rate in control group was 87.80% (36/41), which was 92.68% (38/41) in observation group, with no statistically significant difference between two groups. Control group had 3 cases of increased transaminase, but none of them beyond 2 times of the normal upper limit, and observation group had 1 case of mild abdominal distension and nausea, which did not affect continued medication. No muscle pain or liver pain occurred in two groups. Conclusion:Zhibitai capsule is effective in treating dyslipidemia, which is comparable to atorvastatin calcium in treating dyslipidemia, with the safety and reliability.
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Hepatic selective insulin resistance refers to that insulin fails to suppress hepatic glucose production but continues to promote hepatic lipogenesis in insulin resistance. Therefore, type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized with dyslipidemia apart from hyperglycemia. This review highlights the roles and molecular mechanisms of the key hepatic lipogenesis factors such as sterol regulatory factor binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), mammalian rapamycin target complex 1 (mTORC1), endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), FoxO1, lipid synthesis substrate, etc.
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Bile acids (BAs) are increasingly being appreciated as signaling molecules. Studies have shown that BAs regulate glucose and lipid metabolism mainly through the intracellular nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). FXR and TGR5 are highly expressed in the intestine. This article summarizes the synthesis, circulation, and regulation of BAs, as well as the effects of BAs on glycolipid metabolism through activation of liver FXR and inhibition or activation of intestinal FXR and TGR5. Furthermore, we illustrate the molecular mechanism of BAs on glycolipid metabolism by the relevant signaling pathways, including small heterodimer partner (SHP), fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19), ceramide and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). This review may serve as a reference for basic and clinical studies.
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This article reported the clinical characteristics and SRD5A2 gene mutation pattern of a child with steroid 5-α reductase type 2 deficiency. The 2-month-old boy showed hypospadias and short penis shortly after birth. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of the child and his parents. The endocrine disease-related genes were captured and sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology, and the family DNA samples were verified by Sanger sequencing. The results showed that c.680G>A(p.R227Q) and c.608G>A(p.G203D) compound heterozygous mutations existed in the SRD5A2 gene of the child. The c.680G>A mutation inherited from his father, which was a known pathogenic mutation. The c.608G>A mutation originated from his mother, which was a novel mutation discovered in this study. These results provide molecular evidence for the etiological diagnosis of the child and genetic counseling for the family, as well as extend the mutation spectrum of SRD5A2 gene.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , 3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase , Genetics , Base Sequence , Hypospadias , Membrane Proteins , Genetics , MutationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of Shugan Liangxue Decoction (, SGLXD) on estrogen receptor α (ERα) in human breast cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The effect of SGLXD (0.85-5.10 mg/mL) on the proliferation of breast cancer cells were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The nuclear ERα protein levels in MCF-7, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells which treated by SGLXD for 24 h were examined by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated by 17β-estradiol (E2) with or without SGLXD, for 24 h, and the E2 targeted genes c-myc and bcl-2 protein product was evaluated by western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>SGLXD showed dose-dependent inhibition on the proliferation of MCF-7, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells, but did not inhibit the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, the promotive effect on cell growth induced by E2 was also significantly inhibited by SGLXD treatment. With the treatment of 1.70, 3.40, 5.10 mg/mL SGLXD, the nuclear ERα protein level was reduced to 88.1%, 70.4% and 60.9% in MCF-7 cells, and was decreased to 43.0%, 38.4% and 5.9% in ZR-75-1 cells as compared with the control group. In T47D cells, the nuclear ERα protein was down-regulated to 51.3% and 4.3% by 3.40 and 5.10 mg/mL SGLXD treatment. The down-regulative effect of SGLXD on nuclear ERα was confirmed by immunofluorescence assay. SGLXD decreased the protein product of c-myc and bcl-2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SGLXD may exhibit selective inhibition effect on the proliferation of ER positive breast cancer cells. SGLXD reduced the nuclear ERα expression and the protein product of E2 target gene c-myc and bcl-2.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Genetics , Pathology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Genetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Down-Regulation , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Estradiol , Pharmacology , Estrogen Receptor alpha , Genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , MCF-7 CellsABSTRACT
Neural stem cell is a cell type with the ability of self-renewing and the potential to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. Neurogenesis is beneficial for the recovery of many neurological diseases, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease and so on. Neurogenesis capacity can maintain through the whole life, which includes the proliferation, migration and differentiation of neural stem cell, as well as the incorporation into the neuronal network of newborn neurons. The self-renewal and differentiation activities of neural stem cell are regulated by the microenvironment, which is defined as neural stem cell niche. Components of neural stem cell niche include cell-cell interactions, cytokines, extracellular matrix and vascular niche. Illustration of neural stem cell niche impact is far more significant for the treatment of certain nervous system diseases. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship between neural stem cell niche and the fate of neural stem cell.
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Owing to its unique superiority in improving quality of life and prolonging survival time among advanced lung cancer patients, Chinese medicine (CM) has, in recent years, received increased attentions worldwide. We utilized a bibliometric statistical method based on MEDLINE/GoPubMed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current application status of CM in lung cancer, by including annual and accumulated publications, origin distribution of countries and journals, and keywords with a higher frequency score. Then the relevant clinical trials and mechanistic studies were systematically summarized within the field according to research types. We have raised potential problems and provided potentially useful reference information that could guide similar studies in the future. The basic experimental results are highly consistent with clinical trials, leading us to conclude that CM can offer better overall therapeutic benefits when used in combination with routine Western medicine for patients with advanced lung cancer.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of a Chinese Medicine formula on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN).Methods From April,2013 to December,2014,56 patients were randomized blindly to receive granulas of Chinese Medicine of modified Huangqi-Guizhi Wuwu and Shentong-Zhuyu(treatment group,n=28)or placebo(control group,n=28),for a month.They were as-sessed with Number Rating Scale (NRS) of symptoms of CIPN, National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.0, and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30)before,and four weeks,eight weeks and twelve weeks after treatment.Results The score of NRS(F>9.518,P<0.01) and grade of NCI-CTCAE(Z>3.887,P<0.05)improved in the treatment group compared with those in the control group eight weeks and twelve weeks after treatment.The scores of EORTC QLQ-C30 also improved twelve weeks after treatment, but only significantly in the symptom of fatigue(t=-2.971,P<0.01).Conclusion The Chinese Medicine can release the symptoms of CIPN,decrease the grade of neuro-toxicity,and may improve the quality of life somewhat.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease. The pathogenesis of AD is unclear, and it is presently incurable. Medicines currently available for AD treatment are only for improving the cognitive symptoms, but not able to stop or delay disease progression. Here, we summarized the interventions in early phases of AD in clinical trial. As a complex disease, AD is difficult to be restored through a treatment on a single target. Multi-target and cocktail drugs might be a strategy for development of AD therapies. In addition, AD is characterized by progressive neuronal loss in the cortex and hippocampus. The induction of neurogenesis by small molecule compounds has drawn attention in the AD field. The study of natural products in China is leading the way in the AD world. Numerous natural products have been identified for pharmacological effects on multi-targets in the regulation of neurogenic activity, which may open up a new avenue for AD treatments.
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To give an overview of contemporary experimental research using Chinese medicine (CM) for the treatment of cancer. As an integral part of mainstream medicine in the People's Republic of China, CM emphasizes improvements in holistic physical condition instead of merely killing tumor cells, which is consistent with the current medical model that advocates patient-oriented treatment. Great progress has been made in experimental research, and the principle aspects include anti-tumor angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis and differentiation, reversing multidrug resistance, and improving immune function. As a current hot topic in cancer research, tumor microenvironment (TME) highlights the mutual and interdependent interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding tissues, and the CM treatment concept bears a striking resemblance to it. To date, primary points of TME include extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, hypoxia, and angiogenesis, but trials using CM with a focus on TME are rare. Despite considerable recent development, experimental research on CM for solving cancer issues appears insufficient. Greater efforts in this field are urgently needed.
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Apoptosis , Autophagy , Cell Differentiation , Cell Hypoxia , Drug Resistance, Multiple , Immunomodulation , Inflammation Mediators , Pharmacology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Neoplasms, Experimental , Research , Tumor Microenvironment , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of ursolic acid on corneal graft rejection in a rat model of othotopic corneal allograft transplantation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-eight recipient Wistar rats were divided into normal control group with saline treatment (group A), autograft group with saline treatment (group B), SD rat allograft group with saline treatment (group C), and SD rat allograft group with intraperitoneal ursolic acid (UA) treatment group (group D). The rats received saline or UC (20 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1)) treatment for 12 days following othotopic graft transplantation. The grafts were evaluated using the Larkin corneal rejection rating system, and the graft survival was assessed with Kaplan-Meier analysis. On day 14, the grafts were harvested for histological examination, Western blotting, and assessment of expressions of interlukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The allograft survival was significantly longer in group D than in group C (29.12±9.58 vs 9.67±2.16 days, P<0.05). UC treatment obviously reduced the expression levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, NF-κBp65, ICAM-1 and VEGF and increased inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκB-α) expression in the grafts, where no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration or corneal neovascularization was found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>As a NF-κB inhibitor, ursolic acid can prevent corneal neovascularization and corneal allograft rejection to promote graft survival in rats following orthotopic corneal allograft transplantation.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Cornea , Metabolism , Corneal Neovascularization , Corneal Transplantation , Graft Rejection , Graft Survival , I-kappa B Proteins , Metabolism , Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 , Metabolism , Interferon-gamma , Metabolism , Kaplan-Meier Estimate , NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Rats, Wistar , Transcription Factor RelA , Metabolism , Transplantation, Homologous , Triterpenes , Pharmacology , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of Shugan Jiangu Recipe (SJR) on bone mineral density (BMD) and serum bone metabolic biochemical markers in postmenopausal breast cancer patients with osteopenia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 38 patients of postmenopausal women with breast cancer, who received aromatase inhibitors (AIs), were assigned to the treatment group (21 cases) and the control group (17 cases) by using random digit table. All patients took Caltrate D Tablet (containing Ca 600 mg and Vit D3 125 IU), one tablet daily. Patients in the treatment group took SJR, 6 g each time, twice daily for 6 successive months. The bone mineral density (BMD) level was detected before treatment and at months 6 after treatment. Levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), bone gla protein (BGP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The drug safety was also assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with before treatment, BMD of L2-4 and femur neck obviously increased in the treatment group at month 6 after treatment (P < 0.01), serum BALP and TRAP decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with before treatment, BMD of L2-4 and femur neck obviously decreased in the control group at month 6 after treatment (P < 0.05), serum BALP and TRAP increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, lumbar and femur neck BMD obviously increased, serum levels of BGP and BALP obviously decreased, and serum levels of CTX-II and TRAP obviously increased in the treatment group at month 6 after treatment (P < 0.01). No serious adverse event occurred during the treatment period. Bone fracture occurred in one case of the control group (5.8%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SJR could attenuate bone loss of postmenopausal women with breast cancer who received AIs, increase BMD and improve abnormal bone metabolism.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Acid Phosphatase , Blood , Alkaline Phosphatase , Blood , Aromatase Inhibitors , Bone Density , Bone and Bones , Metabolism , Breast Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Metabolism , Collagen Type II , Blood , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Isoenzymes , Blood , Osteocalcin , Blood , Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal , Peptide Fragments , Blood , Tartrate-Resistant Acid PhosphataseABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prognostic influence on long-term overall survival (OS) from treatment with Chinese medicine (CM) and chemotherapy or targeted therapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 206 advanced NSCLC patients who were treated with CM and Western medicine in Beijing Cancer Hospital from April 1999 to July 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Long-term survivors were defined as OS ≥ 3 years after treatment with CM and chemotherapy. Twenty-eight patients had OS ≥ 3 years, 178 had OS < 3 years, and all clinical data were statistically analyzed with the Cox model. Variables were gender, age, smoking status, performance status (PS) score, pathological type, clinical stage, first-line chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and use of CM. Univariate survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank sequential inspection. Multivariate survival analysis was used to analyze the meaningful factors of univariate survival analysis with the Cox model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The survival rate of patients with OS ≥ 3 years was 13.6% (28/206). Cox multivariate regression analysis showed that PS score, clinical stage, disease control rate to first-line chemotherapy, and use of CM were independent factors of longterm OS (all <0.05). However, gender, age, smoking, and use of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine-kinase inhibitor were not significant (P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PS score, clinical stage, disease control rate to first-line chemotherapy, and use of CM are probably independent prognostic factors for long-term OS in patients with advanced NSCLC.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antineoplastic Agents , Therapeutic Uses , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Lung Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Molecular Targeted Therapy , Multivariate Analysis , Neoplasm Staging , Prognosis , Smoking , Survival Analysis , Time FactorsABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the free and hydrolyzed amino acids in Sojae Semen Preparatum (SSP) and Glycine max (GM) by pre-column derivatization RP-HPLC. Methods: Free amino acids extracted in HCl (0.1 mol/L) by ultrasonic method and hydrolyzed amino acids extracted in HCl (6 mol/L) by hydrolysis method were both derivated by the agent phenylisothiocyanate so as to analyze them by gradient elution. Results: There were 16 kinds of amino acids in both SSP and GM. The 16 kinds of amino acids had good linearity in the range of 0.031-1.750 μmol/mL with the coefficients of correlation all over 0.9979. The average recoveries were 91.02%-102.04% and the RSD values were between 1.01% and 4.81%. Conclusion: The method is not only sensitive and accurate, but also has the high repeatability and stability, and the 16 kinds of amino acids could be separated in the case of the samples with more impurities. The common C18 column is widely used for the determination of many other samples riched in amino acids at lower cost.