ABSTRACT
Abstract The evidence is inconclusive regarding the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control and systemic inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and periodontitis Objective: To evaluate the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) on the metabolic control and systemic inflammation of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methodology: A literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database via PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from their oldest records up to July 2018. Only randomized clinical trials (RCT) were considered eligible for evaluating the effect of periodontal treatment on markers of metabolic control [glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C)] and systemic inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)] in patients with T2D. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration risk assessment tool. Meta-analyses were performed for HbA1c and CRP using random effects models. The size of the overall intervention effect was estimated by calculating the weighted average of the differences in means (DM) between the groups in each study. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q-statistic method (x2 and I²). The level of significance was established at p<0.05. Results: Nine RCT were included. SRP was effective in reducing HbA1c [DM=0.56 (0.36-0.75); p<0.01] and CRP [DM=1.89 (1.70-2.08); p<0.01]. No heterogeneity was detected (I2=0%, p>0.05). Conclusions: SRP has an impact on metabolic control and reduction of systemic inflammation of patients with T2D.
Subject(s)
Humans , Periodontitis/physiopathology , Periodontitis/therapy , Dental Scaling/methods , Root Planing/methods , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/physiopathology , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis , Treatment Outcome , Publication BiasABSTRACT
Introducción: La contaminación de aire por material particulado (MP) es un importante problema de salud pública. En Chile se ha estudiado la contaminación atmosférica y MP10, y escasamente aire interior y MP2,5. Como los recién nacidos y los lactantes pasan la mayoría del tiempo en el hogar, es necesario evaluar la exposición a la contaminación intradomiciliaria en esta población susceptible. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de MP2,5 en hogares de recién nacidos e identificar las fuentes de emisión contaminante. Pacientes y método: En 207 hogares se recolectó la concentración de MP2,5 ([MP2,5]) por 24 h y se evaluó la información sociodemográfica y los factores ambientales (calefacción, ventilación, tabaquismo intradomiciliario y aseo del hogar). Resultados: La [MP2,5] mediana fue 107,5 μg/m³. El antecedente «asma familiar¼ se asoció a menor [MP2,5] (p = 0,0495). Hogares sin uso de calefacción mostraron la menor [MP2,5] mediana, 58,6 μg/m³, mientras los que usaron leña, parafina, electricidad entre 112,5 y 114,9 μg/m³ y brasero 162,9 μg/m³. Hogares que usaron leña tuvieron diferencias significativas en [MP2,5] mediana (p = 0,0164) al usar estufa de combustión completa (98,2 μg/m³) versus cocina a leña (112,6 μg/m³) y salamandra (140,6 μg/m³). En el 8,7% de los hogares se reportó consumo de cigarrillos, no asociándose a [MP2,5]. La ventilación se asoció a mayor [MP2,5] mediana (120,6 vs. 99,1 μg/m³; p = 0,0039). Conclusión: Hubo hogares con [MP2,5] elevada, siendo el consumo residencial de leña casi universal y asociado a [MP2,5]. La ventilación natural incrementó el MP2,5 interior, probablemente por infiltración desde el exterior.
Introduction: Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is a major public health problem. In Chile, the study has focused on outdoor air and PM10, rather than indoor air and PM2.5. Because newborns and infants spend most of their time at home, it is necessary to evaluate the exposure to indoor air pollution in this susceptible population. Objective: To determine concentration of PM2.5 in the homes of newborns and identify the emission sources of the pollutants. Patients and Method: The PM2.5 concentration ([PM2.5]) was collected over a 24 hour period in 207 households. Baseline sociodemographic information and environmental factors (heating, ventilation, smoking and house cleaning), were collected. Results: The median [PM2.5] was 107.5 μg/m³. Family history of asthma was associated with lower [PM2.5] (P = .0495). Homes without heating showed a lower median [PM2.5], 58.6 μg/m³, while those using firewood, kerosene, and electricity ranged between 112.5 and 114.9, and coal users’ homes reached 162.9 μg/m³. Wood using homes had significant differences (P = .0164) in median [PM2.5] whether the stove had complete combustion (98.2 μg/m³) vs. incomplete (112.6 μg/m³), or a salamander stove (140.6 μg/m³). Cigarette smoking was reported in 8.7% of the households, but was not associated with the [PM2.5]. Ventilation was associated with a higher median [PM2.5] (120.6 vs. 99.1 μg/m³, P = .0039). Conclusion: We found homes with high [PM2.5]. Residential wood consumption was almost universal, and it is associated with the [PM2.5]. Natural ventilation increased MP2.5, probably due to infiltration from outside.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Particulate Matter/analysis , Housing , Asthma/etiology , Wood , Smoking/epidemiology , Chile , Family Health , Air Pollutants/analysis , Heating/methodsABSTRACT
Background: The effect of food fortification with folic acid on the incidence of lip-palate fissures (FLP) is under discussion. Aim: To calculate the rate of hospital discharges due to cleft lip and palate (CLP) and explore whether they decreased after the start of folic acid fortification in Chile. Material and Methods: The hospital discharge databases published by the Chilean Ministry of Health were analyzed. The trends of discharge rates due to CLP of children of less than one year of life (ICD-10 Q350-379 code) and live births (lb) were calculated from 1986 to 2012. Variables such as incidence of rubella, poverty rate, obesity in pregnant women, and percentage of women who smoked or drank alcohol in the last month were included. The relative risk (RR) of CLP pre-fortification (1986-1999) and post-fortification (2000-2010) was calculated. Mixed and Prais-Winsten models were used to adjust other variables. Results: The hospital discharge rate due to CLP decreased from 1.88 x 1,000 lb during 1986-1996 to 1.68 x 1,000 lb (RR = 1.09 (95% CI 1.05-1.14, p < 0.001). Prais-Winsten and Mixed models, determined that folic acid fortification is the variable explaining this decrease. During 2004-2011, hospital discharge rates for cleft lip decreased but there was an increase in the figures for cleft lip and palate. Conclusions: The 9% decrease in hospital discharge rates for CLP is concomitant with wheat folic acid fortification.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Patient Discharge/statistics & numerical data , Food, Fortified , Cleft Lip/epidemiology , Cleft Palate/epidemiology , Folic Acid/administration & dosage , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Multivariate Analysis , Cleft Lip/prevention & control , Cleft Palate/prevention & control , Flour/analysis , Neural Tube Defects/prevention & controlABSTRACT
En Salud Pública existe una creciente conciencia sobre las ventajas de las escalas aditivas para una mejor comprensión del impacto de los factores involucrados en un evento de salud. Es necesario siempre recordar que el concepto de interacción estadística es escala dependiente. En la relación causal entre una respuesta y la presencia de dos o más factores de exposición los conceptos de interacción, sinergia y antagonismo cobran protagonismo. El objetivo de este documento es mostrar una aplicación de los conceptos interacción, sinergia y antagonismo en estudios prospectivos con una mirada de la salud pública. Se presentan tres situaciones que ilustran dichos conceptos. Se utiliza Stata 12 para el ajuste de modelos (log-binomial y Poisson) y estimación de parámetros. Se aportan anexos con conceptos y comandos de Stata usados en los procesos de simulación y estimación de parámetros.
In public health there is a growing appreciation for the advantage of the additive scale to better understand the impacts of factors involved in a health event. It is necessary to always remember that the concept of statistical interaction is scale dependent. In the causal relationship between a response and the presence of two or more factors, the concepts interaction, synergy and antagonism are the key ideas. The aim of this note is to show an application of the concepts interaction, synergy and antagonism in prospective studies from a public health perspective. We present three scenarios that illustrate analyses of interaction, independence, synergy and antagonism. Stata 12 software was used for fitting models (log-binomial model and Poisson) and estimating parameters. Appendixes are provided with concepts and Stata commands used in the processes of simulation and parameter estimation.
Subject(s)
Epidemiologic Studies , Prospective Studies , Epidemiology/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Lack of social support can be one of the factors that influences recurrences of drug consumption after treatment of addictions. Aim: To assess the role of social support in maintaining drug abstinence after treatment. Material and methods: We studied 306 subjects that were treated in drug addiction centers, financed by the National Council for Drug Control (CONACE). At discharge, social and demographic data were recorded and the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) questionnaire was given to evaluate social support. Subjects that achieved abstinence at the moment of discharge were contacted six months later and interrogated about eventual drug consumption thereafter. Results: One hundred fifty three (76 percent male, aged 32 ± 10 years) of 197 abstinent subjects at discharge, were located six months later. Of these, 108 (71 percent) were not consuming drugs. On univariate analysis, social support had a protective effect against recurrence of drug consumption (OR - 0.98; CI 95 percent = 0.96-0.99). This effect remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, occupational situation, mental health self-assessment, family history of alcohol and drug consumption, type of drug treatment and type of discharge as confounding variables (OR = 0.97; CI 95 percent = 0.94-0.99). Conclusions: These data provide evidence that social support protects against recurrence into drug consumption at ¡east up to six months. Long-term effects should be evaluated.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Social Support , Substance Abuse Treatment Centers , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Recurrence , Substance-Related Disorders/rehabilitationABSTRACT
El objetivo fue establecer la prevalencia de fractura de cadera en adultos mayores (AM) que residen en instituciones de beneficencia en la provincia de Santiago. Se realizó un estudio transversal, mediante la revisión de 200 fichas clínicas seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio estratificado de mayores de 60 años. La prevalencia fue de 9,5%. En la muestra 62,5% fueron mujeres con un promedio de edad de 81,9 + 8,8., y un 37,5% hombres con un promedio de edad de 78,1 +/- 8,6 En cambio, en los fracturados el promedio de edad fue 82,3 +/- 9,7. El principal lugar de caídas fue el baño (26,3%). La secuela más importante fue la postración la cual aumentó en 2,5%. Se observó menor promedio peso corporal y un menor promedio de IMC en los fracturados (p<0,05) y el riesgo de tener fracturas fue mayor en quienes presentaban antecedentes previos de fractura (RP 2,57; IC95% 1,1-5,8). Estos resultados contribuyen al conocimiento epidemiológico de este problema en el país, destacando que la existencia de instituciones no registradas posiblemente enmascara una situación aún más preocupante en términos de equidad en salud. Se requiere profundizar estos estudios para establecer la magnitud y tendencias de la fractura de cadera en los AM no institucionalizados y para obtener una mejor comprensión de los factores de riesgo.
The aim was to establish the prevalence of hip fracture in the elderly residing in benefic institutions in Santiago city. A cross-sectional study of 200 institutional clinic records of interned >60 years selected by proportional stratified random sampling was performed. The prevalence of hip fracture was 9.5%. Women comprised 62.5% of the sample with ages averaging 81.9 + 8.8 whilst 37.5% were men with a mean age of 78.1 + 8.6. Conversely, the mean age of the fractured within the sample was 82.3 +/- 9.7 years. The main place of occurrence was the bathroom (26.3%) Prostration was the main sequel, increasing in 2.5% after the fracture. Mean weight and IMC were lower (p<0.05) in the fractured elders compared with those that did not experience fracture and the risk of fracture was mayor in those who had preview antecedents of fracture (RP 2.57; IC95% 1.1-5.8). The results contribute to the epidemiological knowledge of this pathology in the country though a hidden situation in non-registered institutions should be pointed out as a primary concern related to social and health equity. New studies are required to establish the prevalence in non-institutionalized population and to obtain a better understanding of the risk factors.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Hip Fractures/epidemiology , Homes for the Aged , Chile/epidemiology , Age and Sex Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Prevalence , Body Mass IndexABSTRACT
Se investigó el efecto agudo de la contaminación atmosférica sobre la salud respiratoria en 114 niños de 6 a 12 años de edad, residentes en la zona industrial de Puchuncaví, V Región de Chile: 57 con síntomas respiratorios crónicos y 57 asintomáticos. Durante 66 días se midieron diariamente los niveles de partículas respirables de tamaño <10 um (PM10) y de dióxido de azufre (SO2) en el aire. Los participantes fueron seleccionados y clasificados según su susceptibilidad a la enfermedad respiratoria crónica, para lo cual se utilizó un cuestionario de síntomas respiratorios aplicado a un total de 882 niños residentes en el área de influencia de las emisiones de una fundición de cobre y de una central termoeléctrica. Diariamente se registraron el flujo espiratorio máximo (FEM) y la incidencia de síntomas respiratorios. La asociación de los niveles de PM10 y SO2 con el FEM y la incidencia de tos, expectoración, sibilancias, disnea y uso de broncodilatadores fue estimada por modelos de regresión (ecuaciones estimativas generalizadas). En los niños inicialmente asintomáticos, un incremento de 50 ug/m3 en el nivel medio diario de SO2 dio lugar a una reducción de -1,42 L/min (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento (IC 95 por ciento): -2,84 a -0,71) en el FEM del día siguiente, mientras que un aumento de 30 ug/m3 en la concentración acumulada de tres días de PM10 produjo una disminución de -2,84 L/min (IC95 por ciento: -4,26 a 0,00). Con respecto a los síntomas, un aumento de 30 ug/m3 en el nivel medio semanal de PM10 se relacionó con un incremento de 26 por ciento (razón de posibilidades (RP) = 1,26; IC95 por ciento:1,01 a 1,57) en la incidencia de tos y de 23 por ciento (RP =1,23; IC95 por ciento:1,00 a 1,50) en la incidencia de expectoración un aumento de 50 ug/m3 en el nivel medio de SO2 durante tres días se asoció a un incremento de 5 por ciento (RP=1,05; IC95 por ciento: 1,00 a 1,10) en la incidencia de expectoración y un aumento de 30 (ug/m3 en el promedio diario de PM10 incrementó el uso de broncodilatadores dos días más tarde en 10 por ciento (RP=1,10; IC95 por ciento: 1,03 a 1,18)
This study investigated the acute effect of air pollution on the respiratory health of children living in the industrial area of Puchuncaví, in Region V of Chile. The 114 children studied were from 6 to 12 years old; 57 of them had chronic respiratory symptoms and 57 did not. Each day for 66 days the air was checked for levels of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and of breathable particles that were < 10 µm (PM10). The children were selected and classified according to their susceptibility to chronic respiratory disease by means of a questionnaire used with 882 children living within the area of the emissions from a copper foundry and a thermoelectric plant. Each day, each studied child's peak expiratory flow (PEF) and incidence of respiratory symptoms were checked and recorded. Using regression models (generalized estimation equations), estimates were made of the association of SO2 and PM10 levels with PEF and the incidence of cough, expectoration, episodes of wheezing, dyspnea, and use of bronchodilators. Among the children who were initially symptomatic, an increase of 50 µg/m3 in the daily mean level of SO2 caused a reduction of 1.42 L/min (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.84 to 0.71) in the PEF of the following day. An increase of 30 µg/m3 in the cumulative concentration of PM10 over three days produced a PEF reduction of 2.84 L/min (95% CI: 4.26 to 0.00). With respect to symptoms, an increase of 30 µg/m3 in the weekly mean level of PM10 was related with a 26% increase (odds ratio (OR) = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.57) in the incidence of cough and of 23% (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.50) in the incidence of expectoration. An increase of 50 µg/m3 in the mean level of SO2 for three days was associated with a 5% increase (OR = 1.05; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.10) in the incidence of expectoration. An increase of 30 µg/m3 in the daily average of PM10 increased the use of bronchodilators two days later by 10% (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.18). Among the initially asymptomatic children, a significant effect from PM10 exposure was found after an increase of 30 µg/m3 in the mean daily PM10 level, with a reduction of 1.34 L/min (95% CI: 2.68 to 0.67) in the PEF of the following day. A similar increase in the cumulative exposure over three days was associated with an increase of 9% in the incidence of episodes of wheezing (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.31). It is concluded that high levels of PM10 and SO2 affect the respiratory health of children living in the industrial area of Puchuncaví.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Respiration Disorders , Industrial Pollutants , Child Health , Sulfur Dioxide , Particulate Matter , ChileABSTRACT
La medición de efectos de la contaminación atmosférica en poblaciones, impone desafíos metodológicos muy serios que pueden ser responsables de que aún no se pueda identificar en forma consistente riesgos cuatitativamente más importantes asociados a la contaminación atmosférica. Una veta promisoria en el estudio de estos efectos se vislumbra en la utilización de marcadores biológicos tanto de la exposición -la contaminación- como del efecto biológico. Muchas de estas técnicas son aún muy costosas como para su utilización en estudios poblacionales y, además, imponen exigencias técnicas difíciles de cumplir en el trabajo de campo. Sin embargo, cada dís se hacen más accesibles y podrán fortalecer considerablemente los hallazgos obtenidos. Para ello cada vez más deberán constituirse equipos multidisciplinarios que concilien las diferencias técnicas en juego
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Adult , Male , Female , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Epidemiologic Measurements , Air Pollutants/adverse effects , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/adverse effects , Environmental Exposure , Biomarkers , Mortality , Smoking/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Avaliar o efeito dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento infantil em crianças de nível socioeconômico baixo, nascidos em ótimas condiçöes biológicas, mas expostas a condiçöes sociais adversas. Lactentes dos dois sexos, no total de 788, foram exaustivamente estudados quanto a alimentaçäo, crescimento, ambiente físico e psicossocial controladas. Controlaram-se prospectivamente até 12 meses de idade, momento em que se avaliou o desenvolvimento mental (MDI) e o motor (PDI) através da escala de Bayley. A partir das variáveis medidas, identificaram-se 18 fatores de risco, que foram dicotomizados (baixo e alto risco). Amamentaçäo materna, temperamento da criança, inteligência materna e estímulo no lar associam-se consistentemente com MDI e PDI. Após ajuste por co-variáveis, o estímulo no lar persiste como fator significativo na explicaçäo da variabilidade do MDI e do PDI, e o sexo da criança aparece-se como fator condicionante do desenvolvimento motor. O efeito acumulado de sete ou mais fatores de risco associa-se a uma diminuiçäo significativa das pontuaçöes de desenvolvimento. A combinaçäo de categorias de risco de temperamento infantil, inteligência materna, papel do pai e estímulo no lar, atinge melhor prediçäo do desenvolvimento infantil que outras combinaçöes analisadas. Conclui-se que, mesmo para as crianças em ótimas condiçöes biológicas, o desenvolvimento psicomotor é afetado na presença de condiçöes ambientais adversas que agem simultaneamente
Subject(s)
Infant , Humans , Male , Female , Psychomotor Performance , Child Development , Risk Factors , Sex , Socioeconomic Factors , Breast Feeding , Mother-Child RelationsABSTRACT
Santiago de Chile has a high level of air pollutiom with ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO) and particles equal of smaller than 16 mum (PM(10)) usually exceeding the accepted standards. This situation should be noxious for the exposed population and particularly -in the case of O3 and PM(10-) for the respiratory system. However, such an effect is rather difficult to demonstrate and it depends on the type of population under study.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Respiratory System/physiopathology , Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology , Bronchitis/etiology , Bronchopneumonia/etiology , Chile , Pneumonia/etiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la evolución de la desnutrición de la población menor de cinco años controlada por el Sistema Nacional de Servicios de Salud, así como de algunos de sus factores condicionantes, relacionados con el poder adquisitivo de la población, y con programas nutricionales, en el período de 1975 a 1990. Para analizar la información se construyeron series de tiempo a las que se aplicó el procedimiento AREG que estiman un modelo de regresión corrigiendo la autocorrelación de errores. Los resultados indican que la desnutrición presenta una tendencia al descenso (p<0.0001) con un patrón de estacionalidad, siendo mayor la prevalencia en los meses de verano. La capacidad de compra se muestra estable, particularmente en los grupos de bajos ingresos, también presenta estacionalidad, siendo mayor el poder adquisitivo en los meses de verano. Finalmente, el gasto en programas de nutrición no presenta variaciones significativas. En conclusión, existe una tendencia a la disminución de la desnutrición, que no se relaciona con el comportamiento de las otras series estudiadas, excepto en el período entre 1975 a 1982 que se observa una relación inversa con los indicadores socieconómicos, es decir mientras estos últimos presentan una mejoría los niveles de desnutrición disminuyen