ABSTRACT
Aims@#This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Allium sativum and Gongronema latifolium on multidrug-resistant isolates from clinical samples.@*Methodology and results@#Collection of clinical samples [wounds (43) and throat (17)] and plant leaves, preparation of extracts, gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS), isolation and characterization of bacterial isolates were all carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic resistance studies were conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibacterial assay of plant extracts was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. From the results obtained, Gram-negative bacteria isolated were found to be 73.7% while Gram-positive were 26.3%. The result also showed that Staphylococcus aureus had the highest occurrence rate of 12(21.1%), while Citrobacter sp. 2(3.5%) was the least occurring bacteria organism isolated from the clinical samples. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern evaluated showed at least one resistance in all the clinical bacterial isolates. The results showed that all the isolates were resistant to imipenem with the exception of Citrobacter sp. The results of GC-MS analysis of plant extracts identified fourteen and twelve bioactive compounds in the leaf extracts of G. latifolium and A. sativum, respectively. All extracts showed antibacterial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 04 to 28 mm against the different resistant bacteria used. Ethanol extracts showed higher antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous extracts. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The overall results of the present work provide baseline information for the possible use of these plants in treating bacterial infections involving MDR phenotypes. Thus, this study could serve as a foundation for exploring the potential of bioactive compounds of G. latifolium and A. sativum for the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs.
ABSTRACT
Aims@#This study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern and plasmid profiling of selected multi-drug resistant bacteria isolated from ear, nose and throat samples collected from two different hospitals in Cross River State.@*Methodology and results @#One hundred two samples of wounds (53), throat (7), ear (11) and sputum (31) were collected from ambulatory patients in two hospitals in Cross River State. Standard microbiological analysis methods were used to examine the samples. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to conduct susceptibility studies. Zippy plasmid miniprep kits were used to extract the plasmid DNA. Ethidium bromide was used for plasmid curing. SSPS was used to analyze replicate data. Results suggest that 71.6% of the samples analyzed were positive for bacterial growth and 28.4% were negative. Bacterial species identified were Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella sp, Escherichia coli, Providencia sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., Streptococcus pyogenes and Citrobacter sp. Over 60% of the isolates were resistant to antibiotics used, with augmentin having the highest while graxone recorded the least resistance rate. The plasmid analysis of the multi-drug resistant bacteria revealed 2-4 plasmids per bacterial cell with sizes ranging from 2.0-42.1 kb. The result of the plasmid curing showed that ethidium bromide is a potent plasmid curing agent as none of the genes was amplified. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study @#This study revealed that the prevalence of antibiotic resistance was alarmingly high in isolated bacteria. It also revealed that the resistance is plasmid-mediated. Therefore, it is important that the rational use of antibiotics be emphasized among the public.