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Infectious diarrhea is a gastrointestinal infectious disease caused by a wide range of pathogens and found throughout the world. It is one of the most important public health problems in the world and the second leading cause of death among children under five years of age. The pathogens of infectious diarrhea include viral diarrhea pathogens, bacterial diarrhea pathogens, and parasites. Viruses are the most frequent pathogens, mainly including norovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus and sapovirus. The most frequently identified organisms causing bacterial diarrhea are diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter. This paper provides an overview of the epidemiological trends and changes in the pathogen spectrum of infectious diarrhea for better understanding the distribution and epidemiological features of infectious diarrhea in China, and hopes to provide reference for developing prevention and control strategies and reducing the disease burden.
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In this study, the swabs were collected among patients with an influenza-like illness (ILI) admitted to 2 sentinel surveillance hospitals of Yantai from April 2014 to August 2017. All specimen were cultured and identified by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Complete sequences of Hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A were amplified, sequenced and analyzed using molecular and phylogenetic methods. The potential vaccine efficacy were calculated using Pepitope model. The results showed that the antigenicity of A (H3N2) had changed greatly. 8 strains of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 belonged to subclade 6B.1 and 14 strains clustered in 6B.2. 12 strains of influenza A (H3N2) fell into subgroup 3C.3a and 33 strains clustered in 3C.2a. Several residues at antigen sites and potential glycosylation sites had changed in influenza A strains. Vaccine efficacy of influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 seasons were 77.29% and 79.11% of that of a perfect match with vaccine strain, meanwhile vaccine efficacy of influenza A (H3N2) in 2014/2015, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 were-5.18%, 16.97% and 42.05% separately. In conclusion, the influenza A virus circulated in Yantai from 2014 to 2017 presented continual genetic variation. The recommended vaccine strains still afforded protection against influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 strains and provided suboptimal protection against influenza A (H3N2) strains.
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OBJECTIVE@#RAG1 plays important roles in lymphopoiesis and immune system, its dysfunction may result in the malignancies of hemopoietic system. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of RAG1 expression in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and to analyze the clinical significances.@*METHODS@#Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) was performed to evaluate the expression of RAG1 in 104 newly diagnosed, 22 relapsed adult B-ALL patients and 30 normal controls, the clinical significances of RAG1 expression were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Compared with normal controls, newly diagnosed and relapsed adult B-ALL patients showed higher RAG1 expression level (3.94 vs 1.23) (P<0.01), (5.86 vs 1.23) (P<0.01). The analysis of paired simples from 6 cases of newly diagnosed and relapsed B-ALL showed that the expression level of RAG1 at relapse was significantly higher than that at new diagnosis (13.65 vs 2.31) (P<0.01). The RAG1 expression level in IK6 positive patients was higher than that in IK6 negative patients (5.30 vs 2.11) (P<0.05). The ratio of patients with LDH>1 000 U/L in RAG1 high expression group was higher than that in RAG1 low expression group (42.2% vs 20.5%) (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#RAG1 up-regulation may play an important role in the development of adult B-ALL especially when relapsed, which may also take part in the formation of Ik6. Monitoring RAG1 expression may provide a new method to evaluate the prognosis of adult B-ALL patients.
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Adult , Humans , Acute Disease , B-Lymphocytes , Homeodomain Proteins , Genetics , Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma , Genetics , PrognosisABSTRACT
Realgar nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used as therapeutic agents for their enhanced anti-proliferation effect and cytotoxicity on cancer cells. However, the alteration of particle size may enhance biological reactivity as well as toxicity. A LC/MS and GC/MS based metabolomics approach was employed to explore the mechanism of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity and identify potential biomarkers. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated intragastrically with realgar or realgar NPs at a dose of 1.0 g·kg·d for 28 days and toxic effects of realgar NPs on liver tissues were examined by biochemical indicator analysis and histopathologic examination. Increased levels of serum enzymes and high hepatic steatosis were discovered in the realgar NPs treated group. Multivariate data analysis revealed that rats with realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity could be distinctively differentiated from the animals in the control and realgar treated groups. In addition, 21 and 32 endogenous metabolites were apparently changed in the serum and live extracts, respectively. Realgar NPs might induce free fatty acid and triglyceride accumulation, resulting in hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, the present study represents the first comprehensive LC/MS- and GC/MS-based metabolomics analysis of realgar NPs-induced hepatotoxicity, which may help further research of nanotoxicity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Biomarkers , Blood , Chemistry , Chromatography, Liquid , Methods , Fatty Acids , Metabolism , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Methods , Liver , Chemistry , Metabolism , Mass Spectrometry , Methods , Metabolomics , Methods , Nanoparticles , Toxicity , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Triglycerides , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn the prevalence of infection of human and animals severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus (SFTSV) in Yantai, Shandong province, and to analyze the pathogenic features of SFTSV as well as its relationship between human and animal hosts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From April to November in 2011, 3 576 serum samples were collected from domesticated animals, including sheep, cattle, pigs, dogs, chickens, in Laizhou and Penglai areas where fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome frequently occurred among local residents. Total SFTSV antibodies and virus-specific nucleic acids of the serum were tested by ELISA and Real time RT-PCR, respectively. SFTSV infection on each animal was observed in different months. 2 590 human serum samples were also collected in Laizhou and Penglai areas, with IgG antibodies tested by ELISA. Virus was isolated with Vero cells from the serum which SFTSV viral nucleic acids were positive. S fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced, with homology analysis conducted on these sequences.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall positive rate of serum samples from animals on the total SFTSV antibodies was 40.24% (1 439/3 576) while the positive rate for specific nucleic acids was 4.56% (163/3 576). The positive rates for SFTSV antibodies were 62.78%, 52.97%, 45.56%, 28.73%, 1.45% and the positive rates for specific nucleic acids were 5.72%, 4.63%, 3.02%, 5.25% and 3.73%, in sheep, cattle, chickens, dogs, pigs, respectively. The antigens/antibodies for SFTSV in animals changed seasonally. The overall positive rate for SFTSV IgG antibody from 2 590 human samples was 5.41%. Thirteen virus strains were isolated from these serum samples (10 strains from human and 3 strains from animals). The nucleotide homology of 13S fragments' sequences ranged from 95.23% to 100.00% and the nucleotide homology with the isolates from other provinces were between 94.72% and 99.13%. The homology was considered to be high.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High prevalence of SFTSV infections occurred both in human and domestic animals in Yantai city. The nucleotide sequences of SFTSV were highly homologous among human and domestic animals. The findings suggested that domesticated animals might serve as SFTSV proliferation and the hosts for transmission thus should be attached great importance.</p>
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Animals , Humans , Antibodies, Viral , Blood , Bunyaviridae Infections , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Prevalence , RNA, Viral , Blood , Sequence Analysis, RNAABSTRACT
Objective To learn the prevalence of infection of human and animals severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus(SFTSV)in Yantai,Shandong province,and to analyze the pathogenic features of SFTSV as well as its relationship between human and animal hosts. Methods From April to November in 2011,3 576 serum samples were collected from domesticated animals,including sheep,cattle,pigs,dogs,chickens,in Laizhou and Penglai areas where fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome frequently occured among local residents. Total SFTSV antibodies and virus-specific nucleic acids of the serum were tested by ELISA and Real time RT-PCR,respectively. SFTSV infection on each animal was observed in different months. 2 590 human serum samples were also collected in Laizhou and Penglai areas,with IgG antibodies tested by ELISA. Virus was isolated with Vero cells from the serum which SFTSV viral nucleic acids were positive. S fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced,with homology analysis conducted on these sequences. Results The overall positive rate of serum samples from animals on the total SFTSV antibodies was 40.24%(1 439/3 576)while the positive rate for specific nucleic acids was 4.56%(163/3 576). The positive rates for SFTSV antibodies were 62.78%,52.97%,45.56%,28.73%,1.45%and the positive rates for specific nucleic acids were 5.72%,4.63%,3.02%,5.25%and 3.73%,in sheep,cattle,chickens,dogs, pigs,respectively. The antigens/antibodies for SFTSV in animals changed seasonally. The overall positive rate for SFTSV IgG antibody from 2 590 human samples was 5.41%. Thirteen virus strains were isolated from these serum samples(10 strains from human and 3 strains from animals). The nucleotide homology of 13S fragments’sequences ranged from 95.23%to 100.00%and the nucleotide homology with the isolates from other provinces were between 94.72%and 99.13%. The homology was considered to be high. Conclusion High prevalence of SFTSV infections occured both in human and domestic animals in Yantai city. The nucleotide sequences of SFTSV were highly homologous among human and domestic animals. The findings suggested that domesticated animals might serve as SFTSV proliferation and the hosts for transmission thus should be attached great importance.
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Objective To learn the prevalence of infection of human and animals severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus(SFTSV)in Yantai,Shandong province,and to analyze the pathogenic features of SFTSV as well as its relationship between human and animal hosts. Methods From April to November in 2011,3 576 serum samples were collected from domesticated animals,including sheep,cattle,pigs,dogs,chickens,in Laizhou and Penglai areas where fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome frequently occured among local residents. Total SFTSV antibodies and virus-specific nucleic acids of the serum were tested by ELISA and Real time RT-PCR,respectively. SFTSV infection on each animal was observed in different months. 2 590 human serum samples were also collected in Laizhou and Penglai areas,with IgG antibodies tested by ELISA. Virus was isolated with Vero cells from the serum which SFTSV viral nucleic acids were positive. S fragments were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced,with homology analysis conducted on these sequences. Results The overall positive rate of serum samples from animals on the total SFTSV antibodies was 40.24%(1 439/3 576)while the positive rate for specific nucleic acids was 4.56%(163/3 576). The positive rates for SFTSV antibodies were 62.78%,52.97%,45.56%,28.73%,1.45%and the positive rates for specific nucleic acids were 5.72%,4.63%,3.02%,5.25%and 3.73%,in sheep,cattle,chickens,dogs, pigs,respectively. The antigens/antibodies for SFTSV in animals changed seasonally. The overall positive rate for SFTSV IgG antibody from 2 590 human samples was 5.41%. Thirteen virus strains were isolated from these serum samples(10 strains from human and 3 strains from animals). The nucleotide homology of 13S fragments’sequences ranged from 95.23%to 100.00%and the nucleotide homology with the isolates from other provinces were between 94.72%and 99.13%. The homology was considered to be high. Conclusion High prevalence of SFTSV infections occured both in human and domestic animals in Yantai city. The nucleotide sequences of SFTSV were highly homologous among human and domestic animals. The findings suggested that domesticated animals might serve as SFTSV proliferation and the hosts for transmission thus should be attached great importance.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the causes and clinical features of gastrointestinal hemorrhage following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), and to provide the management strategies for this complication.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinic data of 412 patients who underwent PD from January 2000 to April 2010 was retrospectively reviewed. There were 232 male and 180 female patients, average age was (60 ± 12) years. The mode of procedure was standard PD and the Child's reconstruction of digestive tract, whose anastomosic steps encluded gastroenterostomy following chlangioenterostomy and pancreaticoenterostomy, was employed. Etiology of gastrointestinal haemorrhage, diagnostic methods and treatment strategy was recorded and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The postoperative mobidity was 37.1% (153/412), the rate of haemorrhagic complications was 6.6% (27/412), and gastrointestinal hemorrhage was recorded in 11 patients (2.7%). The bleeding rate of pancreaticointestinal anastomosis and gastricointestinal anastomosis were 5/11 and 4/11, respectively. Among these 11 patients, early hemorrhage occurred in 6 patients, 7 patients were due to technical failure. In order to control this kind of complication, open abdominal operation alone was performed on 4 patients, endoscopic management was performed on 3 patients and succeeded in 2 patients, vascular interventional therapy was performed on 5 patients and succeeded in 2 patients, and Re-laparotomy following vascular interventional therapy was performed on 2 patients successfully.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Gastrointestinal hemorrhage following PD always occurred in early stage and reliable hemostasis during operation is the key points for prevention. Angiography is minimally invasive and holds the diagnostic value. Timely and decisive reoperation is an important method to management of postoperative gastrointestinal hemorrhage.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage , Therapeutics , Pancreaticoduodenectomy , Postoperative Hemorrhage , Therapeutics , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>It is a challenge for the surgeons to accurately diagnose the pancreatic masses preoperatively, which decides the choice of surgical managements and subsequently results in different survivor outcomes, operative complications, and mortality rates. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic role that intra-operative puncture biopsy may play in pancreatic masses and to explore the relevant factors influencing the diagnosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective study was performed on 94 in-patients admitted to Peking University First Hospital for pancreatic masses during the period from June 1994 to December 2007. They all underwent intra-operative puncture biopsy during exploratory laparotomy. The sensitivity and specificity of intra-operative puncture biopsy were calculated and the relevant factors to the diagnosis of biopsy were selected for the statistical analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of intra-operative puncture biopsy were 76.0%, 94.7%, 98.3% and 50.0%, respectively. The analysis of bivariate correlations showed that the size of the pancreatic masses (P = 0.000), the number of puncture biopsies (P = 0.000), and the presence of pancreatic fibrosis (P = 0.012) had statistic significance for the diagnosis. But the multivariate analysis identified the size of the pancreatic masses (P = 0.004) and the number of puncture biopsies (P = 0.000) as independent predictive factors for intra-operative puncture biopsy. In addition, as the number of puncture biopsies increased, the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis was improved (P = 0.000). The sensitivity and specificity of intra-operative puncture biopsy were found to be lower for the pancreatic masses less than 25 mm compared with the masses larger than 25 mm (P = 0.000). It was noted, however, that even if the masses were less than 25 mm, the sensitivity and specificity could be improved significantly as the number of puncture biopsies reached 3 to 6 (P = 0.007).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Intra-operative puncture biopsy is simple and accurate for qualitatively differentiating various types of pancreatic masses. Three to 4 biopsies could significantly improve the diagnostic effect for pancreatic masses, even if the masses are less than 25 mm in size.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Biopsy, Needle , Methods , Pancreas , General Surgery , Pancreatic Diseases , Diagnosis , Pancreatic Neoplasms , Diagnosis , Retrospective Studies , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To learn about the pathogen spectrum and genetic characterization of HFMD with encephalitis in Yantai city.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Stool samples and cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) collected from HFMD with encephalitis cases in Yantai. Virus were isolated from stool samples and identified by fluorescence reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The VPl region was amplified and sequenced from positive specimens. Genetic characterization was identified by sequence analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Getting 3 virus strains from 10 stool specimens and all of them belong to EV71. The nucleotide and amino acid homogeneity with the representative isolates of C4a were 98%-99% and 98.90%-99.45% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The pathogen of HFMD with encephalitis in Yantai city were mainly EV71 wich belong to subgenogroup C4 cluster C4a.</p>
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Humans , Capsid Proteins , Genetics , Encephalitis, Viral , Virology , Enterovirus A, Human , Classification , Genetics , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Virology , PhylogenyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the impact factors and treatment of post pancreatoduodenectomy complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The clinical data of 412 cases between January 1995 and April 2010 underwent pancreatoduodenectomy were analyzed retrospectively. There were 232 male, 180 female. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression model were used to identify the risk factors related to occurrence of postoperative complications.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 37.1% (153/412), and mortality rate was 4.6% (19/412). Total uncinate process resection, type of pancreatic-enteric anastomosis, duct diameter and pancreatic texture had effects on postoperative pancreatic fistula statistically. Total uncinate process resection, the amount of intra-operative blood loss ≥ 600 ml and pancreatic fistula were identified as significant risk factors for post pancreatoduodenectomy hemorrhage by means of univariate analysis. Delayed gastric empting occurrence in the patients with pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy was higher than those with standard pancreaticoduodenectomy significantly. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that duct diameter and pancreatic texture were the independent risk factors of pancreatic fistula. Total uncinate process resection, the amount of intra-operative blood loss ≥ 600 ml and pancreatic fistula were independent risk factors of bleeding. There were no statistically significant differences between the radical group and the standard group when postoperative complication rates were analyzed (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pancreaticojejunal anastomoses by means of duct-to-mucosa is fit for the patients with dilated pancreatic duct and end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy is fit for the patients with undilated pancreatic duct. The prevention of postoperative bleeding depends on total uncinate process resection and meticulous hemostatic technique during operation. The pancreatic fistula is one of the most important factors which can result in postoperative bleeding. Pancreaticoduodenectomy combines with SMV/PV resection and extended lymphadenectomy do not significantly increase the morbidity rates.</p>
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Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Anastomosis, Surgical , Follow-Up Studies , Logistic Models , Pancreaticoduodenectomy , Methods , Postoperative Complications , Diagnosis , Therapeutics , Retrospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the principle and surgical managements for the patients with anatomic variants of hepatic artery in the procedure of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and seventy-six patients who underwent PD between January 2000 and July 2007 were investigated retrospectively. Hepatic arterial variants were analyzed according to the intraoperative finding and CT imaging were reviewed postoperatively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Hepatic arterial variants were found intraoperatively in 20 cases of all 176 patients. Accessory right heptic artery, replaced right heptic artery and common heptic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) were present in 9 (5.1%), 5 (2.8%), 4 (2.3%) cases respectively,and replaced right heptic artery coming from the gastroduodenal artery was present in 2 cases (2.9%). All the variants of hepatic arteries arising from the superior mesenteric artery could be observed in spiral CT imaging. Most of the variant arteries were dissected intact intraoperatively except 2 cases with accessory right heptic artery arising from SMA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Performing CT scan preoperatively, especially CTA,is effective to diagnose these disorders. Skillful surgical techniques can manage the anatomic variants safely.</p>
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Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Hepatic Artery , Congenital Abnormalities , Diagnostic Imaging , General Surgery , Pancreaticoduodenectomy , Radiography , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influencing factors of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) and its preventing managements.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-two patients who underwent PPPD and 104 patients underwent standard Whipple procedure (SPD) between January 2000 and July 2006 were investigated retrospectively. The factors influencing the development of DGE following PPPD were analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in mortality between PPPD and SPD (0/42 vs. 7/104, P = 0.193). Pancreatic fistula occurred much more frequently in SPD than in PPPD (29/104 vs. 1/42, P < 0.05). The occurrence of DGE after PPPD was higher significantly than that after SPD (35.7% vs. 18.3%, P = 0.024). More DGE occurred in patients with a operation time more than 6 hours than in patients whose operation lasted less than 6 hours (76.9% vs. 17.2%, P = 0.008). Meanwhile, DGE occurred in 20% of patients with the antero-colonic route for duodenojejunostomy and in 50% with retro-colonic route (P = 0.043). Multivariate analysis by logistic regression model showed postoperative intra-abdominal complications were not risk factors for DGE. Prophylactic use of somatostatin couldn't prevent DGE effectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>DGE is the most frequent postoperative complication after PPPD, it can be markedly reduced by shortening operative time and using antero-colonic duodenojejunostomy procedure. There is no medicine which could prevent DGE effectively.</p>