ABSTRACT
Background: Wound can be defined as disruption of cellular, anatomical, or functional continuity of living tissues. Nicotine causes damage to the epithelial layer of blood vessel and delays wound healing. It plays an important pathogenic role in impaired wound healing. Although in the last millennium, topical use of nicotine has been reported. It promotes collagen synthesis and, in turn, promotes wound healing. The role of topical nicotine on wound healing is controversial. Therefore, it was planned to evaluate and compare wound healing activity of various doses topical nicotine in rats. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of topical nicotine on wound healing in an excision wound model in rats. Materials and Methods: For evaluation of the wound healing effects of the nicotine, excision wound model was used. Nicotine was applied topically in a dose of 1.5 g%, 3.0 g%, and 6.0 g% petroleum base. Petroleum jelly served as control for topical nicotine. Dressing done by applying topical nicotine until (20 days) complete wound healing was observed. Parameters evaluated were surface area of wound and percentage closure. Results: Findings of this show that, on day 4, nicotine 3.0 g% and 6 g% the wound surface area were more as compared to control. On day 12, nicotine 6.0 g% showed significantly more wound surface area than control (P < 0.05). Percentage wound contraction with topical nicotine (6.0 g%) was less as compared to control on day 4, 8, and 12 (P < 0.001). On day 16, percentage wound contracture with topical nicotine (6.0 g%) contraction was significantly less as compared to control (P < 0.05). Although percentage wound contraction with topical nicotine (all preparations) and control was similar on day 20. Conclusion: Finding shows that topical nicotine impairs wound healing in a dose related pattern during initial stages of healing in an excision wound model. However, there is no delay in wound healing with any dose of topical nicotine.
ABSTRACT
Background: For decades, it has been observed that mental health is shrouded in stigma and discrimination. The scope, severity, and expense of impairment and costs to people, families, and societies are staggering. Mental illnesses are among the most frequent illnesses, affecting over a quarter of the population in any given year. According to national institute of mental health and neurosciences, Bangalore, the prevalence of schizophrenia has been considered as 4/1000 for all ages and both sexes. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to as follows: (1) To evaluate adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in patients with schizophrenia who received antipsychotic treatment and (2) to compare ADRs in typical versus atypical antipsychotic agents in schizophrenic patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 schizophrenic patients were enrolled for evaluating adverse effects to antipsychotic drugs. During the research, all ethical precautions were taken. All patients were followed up by medical history, history of drugs, and any severity of adverse drug reaction. Causality assessment was graded by Naranjo scale. Result: Among all of the antipsychotic drugs, risperidone (05%), quetiapine (04%), and aripiprazole (04%) have shown lowest propensity to cause serious adverse event. These drugs are most commonly prescribed drugs and are least likely to affect quality of life of patient. However, the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms is lower with olanzapine (05%) than haloperidol (34%) and even in case with risperidone at higher dose (20%). Although atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine (46%) have shown maximum potential to produce metabolic side effect such as dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia compared to that of other antipsychotics. Conclusion: The most common adverse effects were found with typical and atypical antipsychotics such as weight gain, drowsiness, constipation, sedation, dyslipidemia, and hypotension.
ABSTRACT
Background: Pharmacovigilance is the science which deals with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) appear after long and short drug treatment. ADRs monitoring is essential to gain knowledge of drugs reaction for betterment of mankind. In the present study, observation of ADRs in Type II diabetic patients was conducted in tertiary care hospitals, Bhopal. ADRs reported in the present study were diarrhea, myalgia, flatulence, palpitations, rash, itching, etc., in patients receiving oral hypoglycemic agents. So through this observation, we want to acknowledge the various adverse effects occurred by oral hypoglycemic agents for reduction of morbidity and mortality in Type II Diabetic patients. Aims and Objectives: (1) The objectives of the study were to ADRs monitoring in Type II Diabetic patients receiving oral anti-diabetic agents and (2) to compare ADRs in conventional versus newer anti-diabetic agents therapies in Type II Diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: 150 patients were enrolled for evaluating adverse effects with oral antidiabetic agents. All patients were followed up by medical history, history of drugs, and any severity of ADR. Causality was graded by Naranjo scale. Results: 45 patients (30%) with mean age of 64.6 year (SD = 2.41) complained adverse effects and out of which 17 (11.3%) patients were reported to the physician. The most common adverse effect was found with sulfonylureas, biguanides, and thiazolidinediones such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances allergic reactions, and dizziness probability of adverse effects more common in females (64.17%) in comparison to male (35.29%) patients. Conclusion: In Type II Diabetic patients receiving oral antidiabetic agents provides a fruitful information about a ADRs and enhance knowledge about pharmacovigilance to health-care providers. However, predominance of adverse effects in female diabetic patients was reported. Hypoglycemia, weight gain, and GI tract disturbances were observed frequently with oral antidiabetic agent in middle age diabetic patients. By this information, we can prevent drug related complications and improve quality of life of a person