Review on research and application of chloral hydrate preparations / 中国药房

Chloral hydrate is a safe and effective sedative hypnotic medicine. Patients can usually calm down or fall asleep quickly after taking it. It has great clinical value and practical needs in children ’s sedation. However ，the nature of chloral hydrate itself and various factors such as ambient temperature and light affect its stability of the preparation ，most of chloral hydrate preparations are still used in clinic in the form of hospital preparations. Therefore ，developing chloral hydrate preparation with single dose ，long validity period and automatic mass production is the prospect and goal of its subsequent development. Based on it，this study collects and reviews the relevant literatures on various preparations of chloral hydrate and their clinical application by searching the Chinese and English databases.

Improvement Effect and Its Mechanism of Active Components of Averrhoa carambola on High Glucose-induced Injury of H 9c2 Myocardial Cell / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the imp rovement effects of 2-dodecyl-6-methoxycyclohexa-2，5-diene-1，4-dione（DMDD） from Averrhoa carambola on H 9c2 myocardial cell injury induced by high glucose and its mechanism. METHODS ：H9c2 myocardial cells were divided into normal group ，high glucose group ，osmotic pressure control group ，DMDD high ，medium and low concentration groups （8，4，2 μmol/L）. Normal group and high glucose group were treated with low glucose DMEM medium （containing 5.5 mmol/L glucose ，similarly hereinafter ） and high glucose DMEM medium （containing 33.3 mmol/L glucose ， similarly hereinafter ）for 48 h，respectively. The cells in osmotic pressure control group were cultured in low glucose DMEM medium containing 27.5 mmol/L mannitol for 48 h. In DMDD groups ，cells were cultured in high glucose DMEM medium for 24 h， and then in high glucose DMEM medium containing corresponding concentration of DMDD for 24 h. At the end of cell culture ，MTT metho d was used to detect the cell survival rate. The activities of ROS ， GSH-Px and LDH in cellsupernatant were detected by using related kits. ELISA assay was used to detect the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in cell supernatant. Cell apoptosis was d etected by acridine orange/ethidium bromide （AO/EB）staining. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of apoptosis related proteins （cleaved caspase- 3，Bcl-2，Bax）and the phosphorylation level of nuclear factor κB （NF-κB）/NF-κB suppressor protein α（IκBα）signaling pathway related proteins （NF-κB p65，IκBα）. RESULTS ：Compared with the normal group ，survival rate ，the activity of GSH-Px and protein expression of Bcl- 2 in high glucose groups were decreased significantly（P＜0.01）；the activities of ROS and LDH ，the levels of TNF-α and IL-6，the protein expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3，and the phosphorylation level of NF-κB p65 and IκBα were increased significantly（P＜0.01）；the cells showed orange yellow fluorescence ，and the number of cells with fuzzy morphology increased significantly ，showing an obvious apoptotic state. There was no statistical significance in above indexes of osmotic pressure control group compared with normal group. Compared with high glucose group ，the activities or levels of above indexes （except for cell survival rate an LDH activity in low concentration group ）were reversed significantly in DMDD groups （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）；the orange yellow fluorescence in the cells decreased significantly ，and the cell morphology was relatively complete. CONCLUSIONS ：DMDD can significantly improve H9c2 myocardial cell injury induced by high glucose ；the mechanism of which may be associated with suppressing oxidative stress and inflammatory response ，regulating the expression of apoptosis related protein and NF-κB/IκBα pathway related protein.

Effect of Increasing Efficacy and Decreasing Toxicity of Limax Extract on Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To investigate the effect of increasing efficacy and decreasing toxicity of Limax extract （LE）on cyclophosphamide（CTX）in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS ：The mice were randomly divided into normal group，model group ，CTX group （0.02 g/kg），LE low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups （LEL，LEM，LEH group ，0.6，1.2，2.4 g/kg），CTX+LE low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose combination groups （CTX+LEL，CTX+LEM，CTX+ LEH group ，the same dose as single drug group ），with 10 huangrenbin518@163.com mice in each group. Except for normal group ，other groups were inoculated with hepatoma cells H 22 in the left ar mpit to establish tumor bearing models. After 24 h of inoculation ，normal group and model group were intragastrically given normal saline ， and administration groups were intragastrically given corresponding drugs ，once a day ，for 10 days. On the second day after the last administration ，the general conditions of mice in each group were observed ；the body mass ，thymus index （LI），spleen index （SI）were measured ；the tumor inhibition rate was detected. The effect （q）of combination therapy was evaluated by King ’s formula . The counts of WBC ，RBC and PLT ，serum contents of ALT ，ALT，Scr and BUN were detected in model group ，CTX group and combination groups ，and the contents of MDA，SOD and GSH ，the levels of VEGF ，TNF-α and IL-6 in the tumor tissue were detected by colorimetry and ELISA in above groups. The protein expression of oncogenes （p53，Bcl-2 and Bax ）were detected by immunohistochemical method in model group，CTX group and CTX+LEM group. RESULTS ：The mice in the model group were in poor spirit and had symptoms of excessive drinking and eating ；although the body weight ，TI and SI were not significantly abnormal compared with normal group （P＞0.05），WBC count and AST content were significantly increased ，ALT and BUN contents were significantly decreased （P＜ 0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared with model group ，above symptoms of mice were all improved in administration groups. The tumor weight of administration groups ，TI and SI of CTX group and TI of combination groups were decreased significantly ，but tumor weight of LEL group and LEH group ，TI and SI of LE single groups and combination groups were significantly higher than CTX group；tumor weight of combination groups were significantly lower than CTX group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. The tumor inhibition rates of administration groups were 29.58％-72.08％. The q values of CTX+LEL group ，CTX+LEM group and CTX+LEH group were 1.03，0.97 and 0.86，respectively. Compared with model group ，WBC count ，AST and BUN contents of CTX group ，MDA contents of combination groups ，VEGF，TNF-α and IL-6 levels of administration groups ，the protein expression of Bcl- 2 in CTX group and CTX+LEM group were decreased significantly ；the activities of SOD and GSH of administration groups ，the protein expression of p 53 in CTX+LEM group and Bax in CTX group ，CTX+LEM group were increased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）；WBC counts and AST contents of administration groups ，ALT content of CTX+LEM group ，SOD activity of CTX+LEH group and GSH activity of CTX+LEM group were all significantly higher than those of CTX group ；MDA content of CTX+LEH group，VEGF and TNF-α levels of CTX+LEM group and CTX+LEH group，IL-6 levels of administration groups were all significantly lower than CTX group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS ：LE combined with CTX can increase the anti-tumor effect，and LE can reduce the toxicity of CTX induced immunosuppression and bone marrow suppression in mice ，with effect of increasing efficacy and decreasing toxicity. The effect may be related to antioxidant stress ，inhibition of angiogenesis and secretion of inflammatory factors ，and regulation of apoptosis protein expression.

Investigation of quality attributes of outpatient doctors based on Kano model / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective:To identify the essential quality, expected quality and charm quality of outpatient doctors based on Kano model.Methods:The Kano model quality attribute questionnaire for outpatient doctors was designed from 4 dimensions and 18 indicators of service, quality, safety and cost. 220 outpatients were investigated in a tertiary hospital. The reliability and validity of 212 valid questionnaires were tested and the questionnaire data were analyzed.Results:Both the Cronbach α coefficient and the KMO value were higher than 0.7, which indicated that the reliability and validity were good. Nine of the 18 survey indicators were essential quality, focusing on the quality dimension and service dimension; 4 items were expected quality; 4 items were charm quality, focusing on disease cognition, prevention and drug safety; 1 item was indifferent quality.Conclusions:The essential quality of outpatient doctors is to provide basic and standardized medical services to patients. Studying the quality attribute can provide behavior guidance for outpatient doctors, improve patient satisfaction and quality of outpatient medical services.

Sputum Autoantibodies Are More Relevant in Autoimmune Responses in Asthma than Are Serum Autoantibodies

PURPOSE: The data on the differences between sputum autoantibodies (Sp-Abs) and serum autoantibodies (Se-Abs) in reflection of autoimmune responses to lungs is still lacking. METHODS: Ten types of Abs were investigated in matched Se and Sp samples collected from recruited subjects. Correlations between Ab levels and airway inflammatory parameters and measures of pulmonary function were assessed. The network-based and inter-correlated analysis was performed to explore the patterns of Sp- and Se-Ab profiles. RESULTS: Fifty stable asthmatic patients and 24 healthy volunteers were recruited for our study, 15 with mild asthma, 18 with moderate asthma and 17 with severe asthma. The concentrations of Sp-Ab against U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (Sp-anti-U1-SnRNP), Sp-Ab against Smith antigen and Se-Ab against thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) in severe asthmatics and Sp-anti-U1-SnRNP in moderate asthmatics were significantly higher compared to healthy controls and mild asthmatic subjects (P < 0.05). Sp-anti-U1-SnRNP levels were positively correlated with the dose of inhaled corticosteroids, Sp eosinophil counts and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (r = 0.326, P = 0.022; r = 0.356, P = 0.012; r = 0.241, P = 0.025, respectively) and negatively correlated with Sp neutrophil counts (r = −0.308, P = 0.031) with adjustment for age. Spearman's correlation matrix showed multiple inter-correlations among Sp-Abs and Se-Abs (P < 0.05) while only the levels of Ab against DNA topoisomerase and anti-TPO in Se were correlated with those Sp-Ab counterparts (P < 0.05). The network-based analysis defined 2 clusters: clusters 1 and 2 contained 10 Sp-Abs and 10 Se-Abs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study observes that Sp-Abs are more associated with clinical parameters and the severity of disease in asthma compared to Se-Abs. Targeting on Sp-Abs which are the hallmark of the localized autoimmune event might help us better understand the role of autoimmunity in the pathological mechanism of asthma.

Study of the extract of averrhoacarambola L.root on renal function in diabetic mice and its anti-oxidative action / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effect of the extract of Averrhoacarambola L.root (EACR)on renal func-tion in diabetic mice and its anti-oxidative action. Methods Diabetic mice were established by tail vein injection with 120 mg·kg-1 streptozotocin (STZ)and were divided into 5 groups:model control group,val-sartan control group,and low-,middle-,high-dose of EACR groups (300,600,1 200 mg·kg-1 ).And 10 normal mice consisted of normal control group.The fasting blood glucose (FBG)of mice was detected be-fore and after administration of drugs.After last admin-istration,the blood and urine samples were collected for creatinine (Cr),urea nitrogen (BUN),urine and 24 h urinary protein determination.The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD ),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)and malonaldehyde (MDA)content were determined using kits.HE staining was conducted to observe the pathological changes of kidney tissues. ELISA method was utilized to detect the contents of catalase (CAT)and reactive oxygen species (ROS ). The expressions of Cyto-C,AIF and caspase-3 proteins in kidney tissues were analyzed by Western blot.Re-sults Compared with model group,the serum bio-chemical indexes and 24 h urinary protein of valsartan and moderate-,high-dose of EACR groups were de-creased with statistical significance (P<0.05 ).After the treatment, the MDA content was decreased by EACR treatment,and SOD,GSH-Px and CAT activities were enhanced.Meanwhile the expressions of ROS, Cyto-C,AIF and caspase-3 were down-regulated.The pathological changes of kidney tissues were ameliorated by EACR through HE results.Conclusions The ex-tract of Averrhoacarambola L.root can decrease the se-rum levels of Cr and BUN,reduce the MDA and ROS contents in kidney tissue and enhance the activities of SOD,GSH-Px and CAT,down-regulate the expres-sions of Cyto-C,AIF and caspase-3 proteins in kidney tissues,elevate the anti-oxidative effect of kidney. Therefore,the renal function of diabetic mice is melio-rated.

Protective Effect of Yulangsan Polysaccharide Against Hepatic Injury in Mice / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the protective effect of Yulangsan polysacharide ( YLSPS) and mechanism against ibuprofen-induced liver injury in mice. Methods The mice were randomly divided into the blank control(NC), the model control,YLSPS at 150 mg·kg-1 , 300 mg·kg-1 ,600 mg·kg-1 groups and biphenyldicarboxylate (150 mg·kg-1 BPDC) group. The mice were orally administered with corresponding agents once per day for consecutive 14 days, whereas the blank control group and model control group were orally administered with saline. Except the blank control group, all the other mice were orally administered IBU 200 mg·kg-1 body weight 2 h after last lavagedof medicimes. The mice were fasted and watered ad lib for 20 h after model establishment. Activities of ALT,AST and ALP,content of T-BiL,TNF-α,IL-6 in serum;activities of SOD,GSH-Px and content of MDA in liver tissue were detected. The morphological pathology test was used to examine degrees of hepatic injury. Results Compared with the model control, YLSPS could obviously reduce activities of ALT,AST and ALP,content of T-BiL, MDA,TNF-α and IL-6, and increase SOD,GSH-Px and CAT (P<0. 05), and then lessen the hepatic injury. Conclusion YLSPS showed potential protective effect against ibuprofen-induced liver injury in mice, the mechanism may be related to attenuating free radical injury and inhibiting lipid peroxidation and lowering release of inflammatory factors.

Inhibition of Cdk5/p25 by TFP5 protects dopaminergic neurons in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To study the neuroprotective role of TFP5 in a MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods C57BL/6 mice were used as experimental animals.Briefly, 5 consecutive days of intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/Kg 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was applied to induce mouse PD model.The mice were randomized into 5 groups including control group,model group, scrambled TFP5 peptide (Scb) group, TFP5 group and roscovitine group.On the 7th day after the first injection of MPTP,behavior tests were performed, and then western blot method was employed to detect the expression of p25 and phosphorylated MEF2D in substantia nigra.Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemical staining was performed to observe the apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) 28 days after the first injection of MPTP.Results MPTP increased the expression of p25 (0.48±0.10 vs 0.26±0.02, P＜0.05) and phosphorylated MEF2D (0.81±0.10 vs 0.22±0.02, P＜0.05) in substantia nigra, but decreased the number of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc (348.67±24.40 vs 463.29± 19.61, P＜0.05),resulting in motor impairment in the model mice (P＜0.05).Intraperitoneal injection of 30mg/Kg of TFP5 for 3 days effectively reduced the excessive phosphorylation of MEF2D (0.25 ± 0.12 vs 0.81 ± 0.10, P＜ 0.05) in substantia nigra, rescued dopaminergic neuron reduction of SNpc (422.92±8.41 vs 348.67±24.40, P＜0.05), and improved the motor ability of the model mice (P ＜0.05).Roscovitine exerted almost same neuroprotective role as TFP5 ,while Scb had no protective effect.Conclusion TFP5 can rescue MPTP-induced damage of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, and thus improve motor impairment of model mice,which may be mediated by the inhibition of Cdk5/p25 activity.

17-methoxyl-7-hydroxyl-benzofuran chalcone alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via PI3K/Akt signal pathway / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of 1 7-me-thoxyl-7-hydroxyl-benzofuran chalcone(YLSC)on my-ocardial ischemia /reperfusion injury(MI /RI)by mod-ulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and the possible mechanisms.Methods Male SD rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group,YLSC group, wortmannin(WM)group and YLSC +WM group(n =8).The rat model of MI /RI was established by ligation of the left anterior descending artery for 30 min fol-lowed by loosening the ligature for 2 h.After reperfu- sion,blood samples were obtained to determine serum contents of CK-MB,LDH,NO and TNF-α.The pro-tein levels of total (t)-Akt,phosphorylated (p)-Akt and LC3-Ⅱ were detected by Western blot.Caspase-3,Beclin1 and eNOS mRNA expression was evaluated by FQ-PCR.Results YLSC pretreatment greatly re-duced serum levels of CK-MB,LDH and TNF-α,and elevated NO content.It also inhibited the expression of caspase-3,Beclin1 and LC3-Ⅱ,while enhanced p-Akt and eNOS expression.Conclusion YLSC protects the heart against MI /RI via inhibition of apoptosis and excessive autophagy,in which protective effect is regu-lated by activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Effect of Compound Shi-Chang-Pu Granula on Behavior, Structure of Hippocampus in Epileptic Mice Induced by Pentylenetetrazol / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to observe the effect of Compound Shi-Chang-Pu (CSCP) granula on behavior, structure changes of hippocampus with epileptic seizure of mice induced by pentyenetetrazole (PTZ). Sixty Kunming mice, which were half male and half female, were randomly divided into 6 groups, which were the blank control group, animal model, phenytoin (PHT) group, high-dose CSCP (4 000 mg·kg-1) group, middle-dose CSCP (2 000 mg·kg-1) group and low-dose CSCP (1 000 mg·kg-1) groups. The blank group and model group were given intragas-tric administration the same volume of saline, the others animals treated with continuous oral administration of drugs for 7 days. Intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (80 mg·kg-1) was given 1 h after the last medication to establish the a-cute epilepsy model (expect the blank control group). Observation was made on the influence of CSCP on incubation period, behavior degree and times of epileptic seizure among PTZ induced epilepsy mice, the structure changes of mice were detected by the brain tissue HE staining. The results showed that CSCP can improve the degree of seizure attack, prolong the incubation period of mild attack, and decrease Ⅳ and Ⅴ degree epileptic seizure, the PTZ in-duced epilepsy mice could damage the structure of hippocampus, reduce the number of cells, PHT and CSCP could ameliorate these changes. It was concluded that CSCP had certain inhibition on epileptic seizure mice induce by PTZ and ameliorate the damage of hippocampus. The antiepileptic mechanism still requires futher study.

Protective Effects of 17-Methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furabcgakcone on Isoproterenol-induced Ventricular Remodeling in Mice / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the effects of 17-methoxyl-7-hydroxy-benzene-furabcgakcone( MHBFC ) on isoproterenol-induced ventricular remodeling in mice. Methods Isoproterenol(ISO)was given subcutaneously(1 mg·kg-1, twice per day for 7 d)to induce ventricular remodeling in mice. Mice were divided into normal control group,model group, captopril group,MHBFC low and high-dose groups. 65 mg·kg-1 captopril was given by intragastric administration in captopril group,2. 5,5. 0 mg·kg-1 MHBFC were given by intravenous injection in MHBFC low and high-dose groups. At the end of the 7th day,the hearts of the mice were weighted,and myocardial hypertrophy index was expressed as heart weight/body weight, double kidneys weight/body weight and lung weight/body weight( HW/BW,KW/BW and LW/BW). Colorimetric method was used to determine the content of hydroxyproline( Hyp)in heart,the activity of superoxide dismutase( SOD)and the content of malondialdehyde( MDA)in serum. The histological changes were observed by HE and Masson’s staining,the changes of cross section area( CSA),collagen volume fraction,( CVF)and perivascular circumferential collagen area( PVCA)were determined. Results Compared with the model group,MHBFC potently inhibited cardiomyocyte hypertrophy,decreased the HW/BW, KW/BW and LW/BW,improved cardiac pathology changed,increased the of activity SOD,decreased the content of MDA in serum and the content of Hyp in heart tissue(P﹤0. 01 or P﹤0. 05),decreased the CVF and PVCA(P﹤0. 01). Conclusion MHBFC possesses protective effects against ISO-induced ventricular remodeling in mice,which may be related to its actions in reducing the oxidative stress and improving the antioxidant activity of the body.

Protective Effect of Yulangsan Polysaccharide on Liver Injury Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice / 中国药师

Objective:To observe the protective effect of Yulangsan polysaccharide ( YLSP) on liver injury induced by cyclophos-phamide(CTX) in mice. Methods:Liver injury induced by CTX in mice was used as the animal model and the mice were randomly di-vided into the normal group, CTX model group, biphenyldicarboxylate ( BPDC) group, YLSP group respectively with high, medium and low dose. Except the normal group, the other groups were injected with CTX, i. p. , for 7 days to make the model. Then the ani-mals in the YLSP groups were intragastrically administered with YLSP for 7 days. The activities of alanine aminotransferase( ALT) , as-partate aminotransferase( AST) in serum, malondialdehyde( MDA) , superoxide dismutase( SOD) , glutathione( GSH) and glutathione peroxidase ( GSH-Px) in liver tissue were investigated. Hematoxylin and eosin ( HE) stain was used to study the changes in hepatic tissue of the pathological mice. Results:Compared with the model group, YLSP could obviously reduce the activities of ALT, AST and the content of MDA, and increase the content of GSH, SOD and GSH-Px (P<0. 05 or P<0. 01). HE staining showed that YLSP had significant protective effect on liver injury induced by CTX. Conclusion:YLSP has protective effect on liver injury induced by CTX.

Protective Effects of Ethanol Extracts of Calonyction Acculeatum Beans on Rats with Acute Lung Injury / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the protective effects of ethanol extract of calonyction acculeatum beans( CABE) on rats with acute lung injury ( ALI ) . Methods The ALI model was induced via intravenous injection with 5 mg · kg-1 lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The expression of nuclear factor-кB p65(NF-кB65) was determind by immunohistochemistry(IHC), and the content of interleukin-1β( IL-1β) in the lung tissue was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) . Meanwhile,lung tissue histopathology,the wet-dry weight ratio of lung and the activity of myeloperoxidase(MPO) in the lung tissues were observed. Results Compared with the model group, CABE lessened the lung injury, decreased IL-1β level, reduced the lung dry-wet weight ratio and activity of MPO,and down-regulated the expression of NF-кB/p65(P<0. 05). Conclusion CABE has remarkedly protective effect on ALI induced by LPS in rats. One of the mechanisms may be related to reducing the secretion of IL-1β and interfering with the activity of NF-кB.

Inhibitory effect of total saponins isolated from Taraphochlamys affinis on duck hepatitis B virus replication / 中国中药杂志

It has been previously shown that Taraphochlamys affinis possessed anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities. To identify the active ingredients, the total saponins (TSTA) were isolated from T. affinis and the inhibitory effect of TSTA on HBV in the duck HBV model was examined. The results showed that serum levels of DHBV-DNA decreased in all ducks treated with TSTA (1.0 and 2.0 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and lamivudine (3TC) (50 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) during treatment, but 7 days after the cessation of treatment (p7) with 3TC, the viral replication level returned to the pretreatment baseline. Contrariwise in ducks treated with TSTA, the effect of DHBV DNA inhibition lasted. Compared with model control group,the alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and duck hepatitis B surface antigen (DHBsAg) values of 1.0 and 2.0 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)-dose TSTA groups were significantly lower on 7, 14 days after the treatment (d7, d14) and p7, and at p7, the ALT and DHBsAg levels of 2.0 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)-dose TSTA group was significantly lower than that of 3TC group. Furthermore, significant histological improvement was noted in ducklings of TSTA treatment group 7 days after the withdrawal. The study results demonstrate that TSTA possesses potent anti-HBV activity.

Influence of different extracts from persimmon leaves on the antioxidant activity in diabetic mice / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the antioxidant effect of different solvent extracts from persimmon leaves (PL) in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ).@*METHODS@#The total ethanol-extracted fraction of PL was further extracted with chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, in that order, the residues after ethanol extraction were water-extracted and alcohol-precipitated, and concentrated. The hypoglycemic effects of different solvents extracts from PL were evaluated in diabetic mice induced by STZ. The experimental mice were randomly divided into groups: control group, model group, glibenclamide group, low and high dosage groups of the various solvent extracts. The drugs were administrated to mice in every morning for 15 days. During this time period, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined.@*RESULTS@#The water-extracted and ethanol-precipitated fractions and the ethyl acetate-extracted fraction markedly reduced the content of MDA and increased the activity of SOD in the livers of STZ-induced diabetic mice (P0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The ethyl acetate-extracted fraction, water-extracted and ethanol-precipitated fraction of persimmon leaves have potential value in the treatment of diabetes. The mechanism of action of the antioxidant is related to the hypoglycemic effects of extracts from persimmon leaves.

Effects of L-dopa methyl ester on the strabismic amblyopia cats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effects of the L-dopa methyl ester (LDME) on the pattern visual evoked potentials (P-VEP) and the expression of c-fos mRNA in neurons of the visual cortex of kittens with strabismic amblyopia, and explore the therapeutic effect of L-dopa methyl ester on amblyopia and its action mechanism.Methods 30 normal kittens were randomly divided into 6 groups: low dose of L-dopa methyl ester (20 mg·kg~(-1)), medium dose of L-dopa methyl ester (40 mg·kg~(-1)), and high dose of L-dopa methyl ester (80 mg·kg~(-1)),positive control (L-dopa 40 mg·kg~(-1)),normal control, and model control group.The surgery for producing iatrogenic convergent strabismus was performed on 4 weeks old kittens(normal control group excluded). After the confirmation of the development of amblyopia by pattern visual evoked potential,L-dopa methyl ester,L-dopa and normal saline were given to the corresponding animals, respectively. The P-VEP of amblyopia eyes was observed after one month, and the technique of in situ hybridization was used to detect the expression of c-fos mRNA.Results L-dopa methyl ester could reduce obviously the length of P100 peak latency of the cat strabismic amblyopes, and increase the amplitude of P100. The positive staining cells of strabismic cat visual cortex were less than those of normal cats, whose difference was significant (P<0.01).Positive staining cells in the treatment group were significantly increased when compared with that of the model group (P<0.01).Conclusion L-dopa methyl ester can significantly improve the conduction and sensory function in the model of strabismic amblyopia cats. The mechanism may be related to the increased amount of L-dopa methyl ester into the cerebral cortex and regulation of the expression of c-fos mRNA.

Inhibitory Effect of Compound Liuyuexue on Duck Hepatitis B Virus / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibitory effects of traditional chinese medicine Compound Liuyuexue (CLYX) on hepatitis B surface antigen(DHBsAg) and hepatitis B e-antigen(DHBeAg).METHODS: One-day old guangxi brown spotted ducks infected with DHBV were used as the hepatitis B virus infected animal model. Positive ducks were detected by PCR at 13 days after the infection of DHBV, and were randomly divided into five groups: the high dose group, middle dose group and low dose group of Compound Liuyuexue(CLYX), model group, and positive control group, with 10 ducks in each group. CLYX was given ig.for 14 days. Serum sampling was scheduled at 0, 7, 14 days respectively and 3 days after drug withdrawal, and the contents of DHBsAg and DHBeAg in serum were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: The serum DHBsAg and DHBeAg contents in high dose and middle dose groups of CLYX were decreased significantly(P

Study on Extraction Technique of Sidiming Capsule / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technique for Sidiming capsules.METHODS:The technical conditions for the water decoction and the alcohol precipitation were optimized respectively by the orthogonal experiment design L9(34)with hydrosoluble extract used as the index for the water decoction and the catalpol extract for alcohol precipitation.The content of Catalpol was determined by HPLC.RESULTS:The optimum conditions were as follows:decocting the crude drugs twice with 8-fold water,1 h each time.The physic liquor extracted by water was filtered,mixed and concentrated to 1.0 g?mL-1(crude drug),and then precipitated by 75% concentration of alcohol for 24 h.Then the physic liquor was filtered,concentrated and dried by microwave vacuum concentration dryer to obtain the dry ointment.CONCLUSION:The optimum extraction procedure is stable and reliable,and it can be used as the optimal extraction procedure of Sidiming capsules.

Effects of Ketangte 2 on animal model of hyperglycemia / 中成药

AIM:To study the effect of Ketangte2 (KTT2)on reducing blood glucose and its mechanism.METHODS:Adrenalin and streptozocin were used to induce hyperglycemia in two mice models,and then treated them with glybenzcyclamide (50 mg/kg),three different dose of KTT2 and normal saline(NS)(0.1 ml/10 g weight)for 15 days.And other healthy mice were set up as control group,During the experiment,the fast blood glucose(FBG),insulin was measured in different time.The pancreas and islets of diabetic mice induced by STZ were studied by pathologic section.RESULTS:In the adrenalin-induced model group,KIT2 could lighten hyperglycemic reaction,which Was significant different from that of model group(P＜0.05 or 0.01),while KTT2 high,middle dose group could decrease blood glucose in streptozocin-induced hypoglycemic mice obviously(P＜0.01).Histological examination showed that pancreatic island number in pancreas in KTT2 groups increased in comparison with the model group.CONCLUSION:KTT2 can obviously reduce the blood glucose in the two kinds of animal models of hyperglycemia (P＜0.05 or 0.01).Its mechanism may be related to the protective effect on islet β cells,thereby increase the insulin secretion.

Protective effects of nitidine chloride on rats during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Studies indicated that lipid peroxidation due to increase of free radical is the key factor of ischemia/reperfusion injury.Shinyleaf pricklyash root extracts, rutaceae plant, is bitter in taste, no stimulation, which has the effects of promoting qi, relieving pain, promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis, dispelling wind and dredging collaterals and antioxidation.OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of nitidine chloride on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and analyze its mechanism.DESIGN: Randomized controlled study.SETTING: Departmentof Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry,Guangxi Medical University.MATERIALS: A total of 60 healthy Wistar rats were selected, half male and half female, with the body mass of 250-300 g. Nitidine chloride was provided by Department of Chemistry, Guangxi Medical University, batch number 20050609. MS4000U biological signal quantitative record analysis system, 722N evident spectrophotometer, hydrochloric acid verapamil (batch number 020701, 2 mL in each), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) kit were purchased from Guangzhou Longfeida Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai Precision Scientific Instruments Corporation, Shanghai Harvest Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd. and Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute, respectively. Hitachi 7170A full automatic biochemistry analyzer was also applied.METHODS: The experiment was performed at the Department of Pharmacology and Department of Chemistry, Guangxi Medical University between June 2004 and May 2006. ①Totally 60 healthy Wistar rats with normal ECG (half male and half female) were randomly divided into 6 groups:sham operation group, model group, 2, 1, 0.5 mg/kg nitidine chloride groups, positive control group with 10 rats in each group. The rats in the sham operation group received threading without deligation, and 90 minutes later the experiment was accomplished. Other 50 rats received left anterior descending branch of coronary artery deligation, ischemia for 30 minutes reperfusion for 60 minutes. 2 mg/kg verapamil, 2,1,0.5 mg/kg, 5 mL/kgnitidine chloride, saline of the same volume were injected into femoral vein in rats of the positive control group, different doses nitidine chloride groups and model group, respectively 10 minutes before deligating left anterior descending branch of coronary artery. ②Monitoring was conducted successively with standard limb Ⅱ lead ECG when performing reperfusion. Type,incidence rate and duration of cardiac arrhythmia were recorded within 60minutes. Change of ST segment was also recorded after reperfusion for 15minutes and 60 minutes. ③At the end of experiment, serum myocardial enzymology indexes were measured wi th full automatic biochemistry analyzer.MDA content and SOD activity in myocardial tissues were examined with thiobarbituric acid(TBA) method and xanthine oxidase (XOD) method, respectively. ④Measurement data and enumeration data between two groups were compared with t test and x2 test. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Occurrence of cardiac arrhythmia, ECG ST segment elevation, change of serum myocardial enzymology indexes, MDA content and SOD activity of myocardial tissues in rats of each group.RESULTS: A total of 60 rats were involved in the result analysis. ①Degree of cardiac arrhythmia and ECG ST segment elevation of rats: The emergency time of cardiac arrhythmia in 1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride groups was significantly later than that in the model group (P ＜ 0.05,0.01). The duration of cardiac arrhythmia in the 1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride groups and positive control group was obviously shorter than that in the model group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). The incidence rates of various kinds of cardiac arrhythmia were markedly less than those in the model group (P ＜ 0.01). The degree of ST segment elevation at reperfusion for 15 and 60 minutes was remarkably lower than that in the model group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01). ②Serum myocardial enzyme level: It was significantly higher in the model than the sham operation group after 60-minute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (P?.01). Activity of myocardial enzyme in the 1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride groups was remarkably lower than that in the model group (P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05). The level of myocardial enzyme decreased with the increase of nitidine chloride. It was lower significantly in the positive control group than the model group (P ＜ 0.05-0.01 ). ③SOD activity of myocardial tissues: It was markedly lower in the model group than the sham operation group after 60-minute myocardialischemia and reperfusion (P ＜ 0.01); It was dramatically higher than in the 1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride groups than the model group (P ＜ 0.01). The activity also increased with the increase of nitidine chloride. ④MDA content of myocardial tissues: It was distinctly higher in the model group than the sham operation group after myocardial ischemia reperftsion for 60 minutes (P ＜ 0.01). It was remarkably lower in the 1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride groups than the model group (P ＜ 0.01). The content decreased with the increase of nitidine chloride. It was obviously lower in the positive control group than the model group (P ＜ 0.05 ).CONCLUSION: ①1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride can reduce the incidence rate of cardiac arrhythmia in rats with myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, postpone the emergence time of cardiac arrhythmia and shorten its duration, decrease the degree of ST segment elevation after reperfusion for 15 minutes and 60 minutes, which have similar effect with verapamil.② 1 and 2 mg/kg nitidine chloride can reduce the release of myocardial enzyme, relieve the severity of oxygen-derived free radicals injury, and has the effect of protecting myocardial injury during ischemia-reperfusion, in which represents a dose-dependent effect.