study of the plerocercoid of diphyllobothriidae [cestoda, pseudophyllidea] in two cyprinid hosts, Abramis brama and Alburnoides bipunctatus from north and northwest of Iran

The plerocercoid stage of Pseudophyllidean cestoda infected a wide range of fresh water fish, particularly the members of the Cyprinidae family. The parasite species are the most common pathogens that have severe effects on fish. The aim of the present study is to determine the occurrence and distribution of the plerocercoid of Diphyllobothriidae in two freshwater fish from north and northwest of Iran. Finally, we discuss the role and dynamics of these species of fish in the transmission of infection. This study was carried out from September 2011 to September 2012on a total of 883 A. bipunctatus and 418 A. brama from north and northwest of Iran. The samples were analyzed to find the plerocercoid infection. From a total number of 883 A. Bipunctatus and 418 A. brama fish samples, 558 fish [63.19%] of the former and 67 fish [16.02%] of the latter were infected. The rate of infection was significantly lower in winter [p<0.01]. Also, the weight of infected fish was significantly lower than noninfected ones [p<0.01]. Moreover, the infection in northwest of Iran was significantly higher than north of Iran [p<0.01]. The family of Diphyllobothriidae is an important cestode and the prevention programs to break the cycle of infection are essential. More suitable solutions to tackle the problem, further epidemiological studies on other fresh water sources of Iran are needed

Frequency and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms/disorders, violence and suicidal in schizophrenic patients

This study determined the prevalence and severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms/disorder [OCS/OCD], aggression and suicidal in schizophrenic patients. Also we compared the prevalence and severity of aggression and suicidal in schizophrenic patients with and without OCS/OCD considering anxiety, depression and substance abuse as confounding factors. During 2007 and 2008, 100 schizophrenic patients were evaluated with Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, Spilberger State/Trait Anxiety Inventory, Beck Scale for suicide Ideation, and Overt Aggression Scale. OCS/OCD and suicidal attempts were seen in 33%, 10% and 12% of patients respectively. The most common form of aggression was against others [55%], and aggressive obsessions were seen in 10% of the patients. Comparing patients with and without OCS/OCD, there were no significant differences in the severity of schizophrenia, suicidal and overt aggression. The severity of overt aggression was related to the patients' age and education reversely. Also, there was a relationship between their suicidal thoughts and residence in the cities. Conclusions: High rate of aggressive obsessions and lack of relationship between severity of aggression and presence of OCD indicated that these patients did not act on these thoughts. The risk of suicide was more serious in patients living in the cities, and risk of violence was more serious in younger and less educated patients

[Evaluation of the effect of daily work and resultant tiredness on near steroacuity in intermittent exotropic patients]

Variations in sterioacuity may be used in an assessment of intermittent exotropia. Intermittent exotropia is divergent squint of eyes that is worsened due to daily visual tasks and its resultant tiredness therefore the amount of deviation increases. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of daily work and resultant tiredness on near sterioacuity among intermittent exotropic patients. In this cross-sectional study, 600 dormitory students of Mashad University of Medical Sciences, ranging in age from 21 to 23 years, examined with alternate cover test to diagnose intermittent exotropic cases. 30 students had intermittent exotropia and along with 15 normal cases constituted the case-control group. Sterioacuity was measured twice, in the morning and at night, with Randot-SO 001 test. Suppression was checked with Bagoloni striate lens and 4 prism diopter base out test. Data were statistically analyzed with SPSS software [version 13]. The measured deviation in intermittent exotropic cases showed a significant difference between the deviation in the morning and late at night among 23.33% [7 cases] [P=0.00]. In addition, sterioacuity decreased significantly at night, [P=0.00] among these cases. Despite the increase in the deviation among 53.3% [16 cases] at night, steriacuity was not changed significantly. 23.33% [7 cases] did not show any changes in the morning and at night, both in deviation amount and sterioacuity measurement. In most intermittent exotropic cases, there is no significant correlation between intermittent exotropia and near sterioacuity variations after daily work and resultant tiredness [P<0.696]

Animal fascioliasis in coastal regions of the Caspian Sea, Iran [2006-2007]

To determine the prevalence of animal fascioliasis in coastal regions of the Caspian Sea, during 2006-2007, a total of 2368 faecal samples were collected from sheep [n=1250], cattle [n=975] and horse [n=143]. The samples were obtained directly from the rectum of animals. Floatation method was performed for determination of egg per gram of faeces [EPG]. Our findings revealed the presence of Fasciola spp. eggs in 9.53, 7.8 and 2.5% of sheep and 32.5, 12.1 and 3.1% of cattle in Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, respectively. Among the horse faecal samples collected from Golestan and Gilan provinces, no eggs were found in Golestan, while 50% of those of Gilan were infected with Fasciola spp. Cattle was one of the most infected animals in the studied areas. A positive correlation was found between climatic conditions and animal fascioliasis. Among different meteorological factors, rainfall seems to be the strongest factor

[Evaluation at ginseng on lipid profiles, liver and renal markers in diabetic rats]

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that occurs as a consequence of decrease in insulin secretion or resistance to insulin. Most diabetes related treatments have problems with adverse reactions. Natural therapeutics have been in use from long time ago up to present time. Ginseng is a traditional drug used for treatment of many dieses particularly diabetes. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of oral Ginseng on the serum glucose and other biochemical parameters such as lipid profile. In this study 30 male rats with a body weight of 250 +/- 25 gr and age of 4-6 months was used. Each animal was housed under controlled temperature [21 +/- 2 C] and standard conditions with free access to food and water. Blood test was carried out to measure glucoses and other biochemical parameters such as cholesterol, TG, ALT, AST and BUN. Animals were equally divided into three groups; 1-control group, 2-the STZ-induced-diabetes [60 mg/kg] group, 3-the STZ-induced-diabetes [60 mg/kg] and150 mg/kg oral ginseng. The study was lasted for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken and tested for glucoses and other parameters. The average blood sugar in the control group was 131.1 +/- 7.9 mg/dl, but it was higher than 550mg/dl in streptozocine-received group. In group 3, which received ginseng, blood sugar decreased up to 50%. Cholestrol decreased up to 40% in the treatment group. Among the measured parameters HDL showed a 50%decrease in treatment group in comparison with diabetic group. AST and ALT values between the control and treatment groups did not show a significant difference. BUN values decreased from 71.6 +/- 6.6 in diabetic group to 50.1 +/- 5.7 mg dl in the treatment group. The results of this study revealed that ginseng can be considered as a substance which decreases blood glucoses, reduces diabetes adverse reactions, and consequently diminishing blood lipids in animal model. However, to apply these results to human, further studies are needed to be carried out

TG-60 dosimetry parameters calculation for the beta-emitter [153]Sm brachytherapy source using MCNP

The formalism recommended by Task Group 60 [TG-60] of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine [AAPM] is applicable for beta sources. Radioactive biocompatible and biodegradable [153]Sm glass seed without encapsulation is a beta-emitter with a short half life and delivers a high dose rate to the tumor in the millimeter range. In this work the dosimetry parameters of the seed for brachytherapy were evaluated. Using MCNP4C code data, the Dosimetric parameters of AAPM TG-60 recommendations including the reference dose rate, the radial dose function and the anisotropy function were obtained. Two dimensional dose distributions were also calculated. The dose rate at reference point was estimated to be 9.41 cGy.h[-1].micro Ci[-1] for [153]Sm. [153]Sm with its relatively low energy beta component falls off the most rapidly of the other beta emitters. The calculated data was compared with that of several beta and photon emitting seeds. The results showed the advantage of the beta emitting [153]Sm source in comparison with the other beta emitting sources, Because of its rapid dose fall-off of beta-ray and high dose rate at the short distances of the seed. The results would be helpful in development of the radioactive implants using [153]Sm seeds for the brachytherapy treatment

First report of Taenia acinonyxi [Ortlopp, 1938] in Acinonyx jubatus venaticus from Iran

The Asian cheetah is known as Iranian panther. A four years old female cheetah was killed in a road accident by a truck in Abbas Abad [Biarjamand] County around Shahrood City in Semnan Province, central part of Iran. Two days after the accident the carcass of animal was autopsied and only five cestodes were obtained from its intestine. In inspection of other organs no other helminth was observed. Cestod samples were fixed and stained by carmine acid. Characterization of the cestodes using morphological standard key, identified the cestodes as Taenia acinonyxi

[Assessing physical spaces of hospitals affiliated to universities of medical sciences in Iran]

Proper site selection, number of manpower and their composition, physical space, optimal allocation of resources, active beds etcare the most important factors affecting the cost of current construction, income and other financial institutions in hospitals. This study assesses economic relationship between physical spaces and the hospital costs and determines hospital scale efficiency in selected hospitals across the country. This is a descriptive study which was conducted in 1386 in139 hospitals [out of 530] covered by the medical universities throughout the country. The sample hospitals selected and grouped based on a combination of factors such as be a teaching and non-teaching hospital, located in deprived and rich areas and also size of hospitals in terms of number of active beds. Information was collected using a questionnaire designed for the study and also through hospital websites. The collected Information included the number of employees, total hospital expenditures and income and information about the physical space of all wards in the hospitals. Findings: Out of total 650/4 hectares physical space of the hospitals, 240/5 hectares were developed [structured building], which 117/3 hectares allocated to treatment [clinical] and rest was administrative and supportive service. The results showed that the hospitals in the second and third groups had lower maintenance costs than the other groups, in a way that they could have more than 10.5% savings of scale through development of hospitals from first into third group

Identification and purification of a specific and immunogenic antigen of the laminated layer of the hydatid cyst and production of an antigen-specific monoclonal antibody

Cystic echinococcosis [CE] is an infection caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This is widely distributed through Iran, where a variety of animals act as intermediate host. The immunogenic antigens [Ag] of different compartments of the hydatid cyst have been already determined. One of these compartments is the laminated layer [LL]. We have extracted a protein with the MW of 24 kDa from a lysate prepared from the LL and produced a monoclonal antibody [mAb] against this protein. Five mAb named P[3]F[6s], P[2]Hp[4s], P[1], A[6s], P[1],C[3s], and P[1],F[7s] have been produced. The isotype analysis showed that P[3]F[6s] is IgG[1], and the rest are IgM. P[3]F[6s] was purified from the ascitic fluid of mice injected with P[3]F[6s] hybridoma intraperitoneally. Western blot and LLISA analysis showed that this mAb could recognize the purified 24 kDa prepared from lysate of LL. Since a 24 kDa protein has been shown to be an immunogenic Ag, this protein can be used as a candidate for the development of diagnostic tests and vaccine strategies. For these aims, P[3]F[6s] can be used for the purification of this 24 kDa protein

[ effects of green tea extract on serum adiponectin concentration and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus]

Adiponectin is a novel adipose tissue-specific adipokine that can increase insulin sensitivity. Many studies have shown anti obesity and anti diabetic effects of green tea consumption. In this study we examined the effects of green tea extract on circulating adiponectin levels and insulin resistance status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]. In this double blind randomized clinical trial 58 type 2 diabetic patients with BMI >/= 25 were recruited from an unselected population from the outpatient clinic of Shariati hospital, Tehran, Iran. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; green tea extract and placebo. All the patients received the capsules for 8 weeks. Laboratory measurements including fasting serum adiponectin, insulin, HOMA-IR, FPG, OGTT, HbA1c and lipid profile and anthropometric were performed before and after the intervention. Nutrient intakes were obtained via 24-hour recall from each patient in three successive days. The data were analyzed using appropriate software. We found a significant effect of green tea extract on increasing the logarithm of serum adiponectin in diabetic patients [0.15 +/- 0.10 micro g/ ml, P<0.05]. A significant independent correlation between the logarithm of serum adiponectin and WHR [Waist to Hip Ratio] was found [P=0.009, t=-2.7]. The consumption of green tea extract had a significant effect in control the levels of HbA1C, weigh and also BMI in green tea group [P<0.05]. The results showed that consumption of green tea extract can be useful in the control of T2DM by increasing the levels of serum adiponectin and controlling the weight, BMI and HbA1C levels in patients with T2DM

Animal fasciolosis in north of Iran

Fasciolosis is a well known parasitic disease of animals with public health importance. In Rasht and Bandar- Anzali, in Gilan Province, where experienced two large human fasciolosis outbreaks, no update information is available on animal fasciolosis. Paucity of information on animal fasciolosis in these regions and its possible impacts on human fasciolosis called us for carrying out this study. During 2005, coprologic surveys using flotation method were applied to fecal samples of 156 stray cattle, 171 calves, 178 sheep, 85 buffaloes, 79 horses and 10 samples from 10 different preserved animal manure collections to detect Fasciola egg. Fecal samples of 32% of sheep, 32.1% of cattle, 0% of calves, 17% of buffaloes, 50% of horses and 100% of animal manure samples harbored Fasciola egg. The mean intensity of Fasciola egg per gram of feces [EPG] was low [0-13]. Fasciolosis was very prevalent among animals in studied regions. Because sheep breeding is not a common practice in Rasht and Bandar -Anzali and horse population is low, cattle and to a lesser extent buffalo were the predominant reservoir hosts of infection. Regular treatment of all animals with an effective flukicide and sanitation of animal manure through its preservation for two month should be applied in order to reduce the level of infection in animals, water, wild and cultivated vegetables and consequently human beings

effects of vitamin E on insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases risk factors in metabolic syndrome

Syndrome X or metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors which can lead to diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and result in death. Considering the important role of oxidative stress in causing the complications of this syndrome, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on insulin resistance and associated risk factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. A randomized double blind placebo controlled clinical trial with parallel design was conducted on 70 metabolic syndrome patients, 29-57 years old, who were randomly divided into two groups one using 400 mg vitamin E [n=35], and group 2- given placebos [n=35] for 3 months 24 hour dietary recalls were completed in the beginning, and end of first, second and third months for each patient. Serum glucose and lipoprotein by enzymatic, Insulin by RIA, uric acid and CRP by colorimetric, insulin resistance by HOMA-IR methods were measured. For statistical analyses, student's t-test, paired t-test, chi square and ANOVA were used. There was significant difference in systolic and also diastolic blood pressure at the end of study in the vitamin E group compared to initial values [p=0.00, p=0.09 respectively]. In this group, systolic blood pressure, serum glucose and triglycerides [TG] had significant decrease at the end of the study compared to the control [p= 0.003, p= 0.02, p= 0.04 respectively]. Serum glucose, TG, insulin and insulin resistance had significant differences in the vitamin E group at the end of study compared to the beginning [p=0.03, p=0.01, p=0.03, p=0.04] Serum TG, glucose and insulin were 221.08 +/- 59.54, 114.07 +/- 9.64, and 8.3 +/- 1.6 at the beginning and 197.65 +/- 56.77, 101.05 +/- 9.7 and 7.48 +/- 1.55, respectively at the end of study. In metabolic syndrome patients, 400 mg vitamin E for 3 months had beneficial effects on blood pressure, TG, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance

Frequency and distribution of microscopic findings in patients with chronic non-bloody diarrhea and normal colonoscopy

Chronic diarrhea is a common problem in patients with symptoms related to gastro-intestinal tract. Some of these patients present with chronic non-bloody, watery diarrhea and no specific clinical, laboratory, or endoscopic findings. The aim of the present study was to investigate the value of histological findings in patients with chronic diarrhea who have normal or non-specific endoscopic findings. We also determined the frequency and distribution of histological changes related to different anatomical sites in the colon. This study was performed in Kerman city on 90 patients with chronic watery diarrhea whose diseases had not been exactly diagnosed after extensive clinical, laboratory, and endoscopic studies. Laboratory tests including complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, stool examination, thyroid and liver function tests, and serologic study for celiac disease were all normal in this group of patients. Colonoscopy was performed and mucosal biopsies were taken from recto-sigmoid, descending, and transverse colon. The histologic findings were as follows: 39 [43.3%] patients showed normal histology, 25 [27.8%] patients showed microscopic colitis, not otherwise specified form. Ten [11.1%] patients had classic lymphocytic colitis, and 15 [16.7%] patients had paucicellular lymphocytic colitis. One [1.1%] patient showed focal active colitis. None of them had collagenous colitis. Diagnostic histological findings were seen in 28.9% of biopsy samples in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal or near normal endoscopic findings. We recommend multiple punch biopsy sampling in such patients from different sites of the colon to avoid missing some cases of microscopic colitis

[ effects of soy bean on serum homocysteine, Lp[a] and lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women]

Because of undesirable serum lipoprotein profiles, postmenopausal women are at risk of cardiovascular disease. Soy protein may help protect against these risk factors although its effect on homocysteine and Lp [a] is not clear; however, the effects of soy bean in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women has not been assessed independently yet. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of soy bean on serum concentration of homocysteine, Lp[a] and lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women. In a randomised clinical trial with parallel design, 34 hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to group 1 and given 130 g soy bean containing 50 g/d soy protein and 159/9mg isoflavones, while group 2 continued their usual diet for 10 weeks [controls]. Serum lipoproteins, homocysteine and Lp [a] were measured at baseline and after the 10[th] week. There were significant decreases in Lp [a] LDL-c, TC, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c, TC/HDL-c in group 1, as compared to group 2, after ten weeks of study [p<0.05, p<0.001, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.05 respectively] at the end of the study. Similarly, Lp[a], homocysteine, LDL-c, TC, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c, TC/HDL were significantly decreased [p<0.01, p<0.05 p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.01] at the end of the study, compared with initial values of the soy group. We can conclude that Soy protein reduces CVD risk in postmenopausal women because of both modest reductions in serum lipoproteins and Lp[a] in hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women

[Two case report of papillary carcinoma of thyroglossal duct cyst]

Thyroglossal duct carcinoma is a rare midline neck carcinoma that is usually diagnosed postoperatively. Its incidence is about 1-1.5%. This article presents two cases of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma and their diagnosis and the management methods are described. Our patients were 24 and 16 year old ladies that referred to Khalili hospital with chief complaint of midline neck mass in 1379, 1377. Their para-clinical tests were negative for malignancy but papillary carcinoma was detected after surgery. They have only been followed up for few years without any thyroidectomy and radioiodine therapy. There is high false negativity in fine needle aspiration and sonography for ruling out malignancy in thyroglossal cyst; therefore, para clinical tests cannot rule out malignancy and excisional biopsy is the only definite way for ruling out thyroglossal cyst carcinoma. On the other hand, severe controversy exists in managing of thyroglossal cyst carcinoma. While some surgeons are interested in total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation, it is not necessary to do thyroidectomy if the thyroid gland, lymph nodes and excised mass margins are free of malignancy because excellent prognosis of thyroglossal cyst carcinoma and probable thyroid involvement can be found by close follow up

Evaluation of different antigens in western blotting technique for the diagnosis of sheep haemonchosis

To use different methods for serodiagnosis of ruminants' haemonchosis is important because detection of egg in the faeces is not so reliable. Peptide bands of 5 different crude antigens of intestine, uterus, cuticle, whole male and whole female of Hae-monchus contortus were determined using SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Five lambs were infected with 10,000 third stage larvae of H.contortus and 2 parasites free were kept as control. Positive and negative sera collected from infected and no infected animal were tested using western blotting for immunodiagnostic antigens. In electrophoresis the major peptide bands of crud antigens of uterus, intestine, cuticle, whole male and whole fe'male of H. contortus were 7, 2, 6, 8 and 5, respectively at molecular weights of 15 to 110 kDa. In immunoblotting positive and negative sera were compared and the molecular weight of specific protein bands for Haemonchus in sheep was deter'mined. Two major peptide bands belong to intestine and uterus with 35 and 40 kDa molecular weight, respectively, were specific for diagnosis of the parasite infection. Our findings suggest the use of these antigens with different molecular weights for immunodiagnosis of hae'monchosis in sheep as a primary screening test is promising

[Psychological aspects in young adults with beta-thalassemia major, control group]

Beta-thalassemia major [TM], a chronic, genetically determined hematological disorder, has received little investigation on the psychological aspects of the disease and the psychosocial adjustment of patients with this anemia. In the present study, the aim was to explore the nature of psychopathology according to age, sex, school performance, severity and complications of the disease in TM patients compared with demographically matched healthy persons. A controlled anterograde cohort study was conducted at the Thalassemia Unit of Boo-Ali Hospital from June 2003 to November 2005 in Sari, Iran. Psychological aspects were evaluated by the Persian version of symptoms checklist-90-revised questionnaire. Information on relevant demographic characteristics, school performance, severity and complications of the disease was collected by one of the investigators who had created the questionnaire. 125 persons with TM completed the questionnaires and were compared with 125 controls and 250 totally. The mean age of the participants was 18.51 +/- 2.0 years and with a range of 15-25 years. 132 [52.8%] were female with equal family status, social and economic status. Patients group reported a significantly lower level of marital status [P<0.01], education level [P<0.0001], school performance [P<0.0001]. TM patients were found to have significantly more psychiatric disorders than the control subjects with GSI: 1.16 +/- 0.47 vs. 1.01 +/- 0.6; [P<0.03], PSD: 54.99 +/- 12.59 vs. 46.42 +/- 18.76 [P<0.0001], and PSDI 2.02 +/- 1.02 vs 2.45 +/- 2.22 [P<0.05]. We recorded significant changes in the mean scores of somatization [P<0.0001], interpersonal sensitivity [P<0.0001], depression [P<0.003], anxiety [P<0.05] and psychoticism [P<0.03] in the TM patients as compared to the control subjects. These findings show that beta-thalassemia major patients are at risk for psychiatric symptomatology and need appropriate psychiatric consultation

[Clozapine induced oculogyric crisis, a case report]

Oculogyric crisis which is a dystonic reaction commonly caused by typical antipsychotics treatment of acute dystonias, rarely occurs with atypical antipsychotics like clozapine. The aim of this report was to describe a rare case of clozapine-induced oculogyric crisis successfully treated with biperiden. The patient was a 42-year-old woman with a 19-year history of schizophrenia treated with high-potency typical antipsychotics, risperidone and lithium augmentation with appropriate doses and duration. Because of poor response to prior medications, she was prescribed clozapine started with 25 mg/d and gradually titrated up to 150 mg/d. She has experienced two episodes of oculogyric crisis treated successfully with biperiden. Although low affinity of clozapine for blocking D2 dopaminergic receptors and its anticholinergic activity may explain the significantly lower incidence of dystonic reactions, they may happen in some patients and could be suppressed with biperiden. should consider dystonic reaction as a possible clozapine adverse effect and on the basis of this report, clozapine-induced oculogyric crisis may be treated successfully with biperiden

[Evaluation the effects of extracts ofzataria, carum and geranium on different stages haemonchus contortus [nematode] invitro and invivo condition]

In Iran different species from Zataria, Carom and Geranium are present and in some areas are endemic. There is no report about effect of this herbal extracts on helminth parasites. This study aims at investigating the effect of three herbal extracts of Zataria, Carom and Geranium on different stages including egg, larvae and mature of Haemonchus contortus, parasitic nematode of sheep. After experimental infection of the lambs was determinated the number of egg per gram [EPG] of feces and its cultured. Evaluating the effect of the extracts breeding, a plant synthesis along with the control group were added to the feces samples separately and after placing the sample in the incubator for its culture and then examined light microscope to evaluate of hatching status. Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effect of extracts on larvae stage, three different volume of herbal extracts were added to the larvae and the percentage of lost larvae was counted through in different period [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min]. Infected lambs were fed by hand during their maintenance and a month after contamination the volume of 20 cm3 of each extract was fed to each lamb. The results showed that three extracts of, Zataria, Carom and Geranium have the effect of 89.9%, 21.6% and 6.6% on egg stage of Haemonchus contortus, respectively. Besides, with direct contact of the larvae, the Zataria extract caused 95.7% 97.7% and 100% loss in volume of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 cm3 after 10 min and the extracts of Carom and Geranium caused 83.2%, 87.5%, 86% and 65.8%, 77.6% and 78.5% respectively. The field condition and necropsy results showed the lack of extracts effects on the adult stage of Haemonchus contortus

[Evaluation of depression and anxiety in patients with tinnitus]

Tinnitus is a troublesome disease that may cause several problems, including the following: insomnia decreased concentration and diminished quality of life. This study was designed in order to evaluate depression and anxiety in patients with tinnitus. This study was an experimental survey and carried out with case - control method. There were 50 persons in case and control groups, case group included patients with non-organic tinnitus. The patients in case and control group completed Beck and Spiel Berger questionnaire, in order to evaluate their level of depression and anxiety. Age, sex, marital status and smoking of case and control groups were similar. Case groups included 50 patients in which 20 of those were smokers and their level of depression and anxiety were higher than non smokers and this difference was significant [P=0.03]. Level of depression in patients with tinnitus was higher than control group [p=0.03], patients with tinnitus experienced more anxiety than control group. The patients with tinnitus suffered more depression and anxiety in comparison to patients without tinnitus