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Ischemic stroke associated with pituitary apoplexy is an extremely rare but devastating complication. Arterial stenosis or occlusion due to direct compression secondary to acute expansion of the hemorrhagic pituitary adenoma may induce ischemic stroke. In case of presentation of diffusion-perfusion or diffusion-clinical mismatch, urgent tumor resection to decompress the involved arteries should be performed to salvage ischemic penumbra. If emergent surgery is not possible, other therapeutic options are needed to prevent the progression of cerebral ischemia. Herein, we report the case of successful revascularization achieved in a patient with ischemic stroke who underwent balloon angioplasty and stent placement for the non-atherosclerotic steno-occlusion of intracranial internal carotid artery due to pituitary apoplexy.
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Background@#and Purpose: Blood pressure (BP) control is strongly recommended, but BP control rate has not been well studied in patients with stroke. We evaluated the BP control rate with fimasartan-based antihypertensive therapy initiated in patients with recent cerebral ischemia. @*Methods@#This multicenter, prospective, single-arm trial involved 27 centers in South Korea. Key inclusion criteria were recent cerebral ischemia within 90 days and high BP [systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >90 mm Hg]. BP lowering was initiated with fimasartan. BP management during the follow-up was at the discretion of the responsible investigators. The primary endpoint was the target BP goal achievement rate (<140/90 mm Hg) at 24 weeks. Key secondary endpoints included achieved BP and BP changes at each visit, and clinical events (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03231293). @*Results@#Of 1,035 patients enrolled, 1,026 were included in the safety analysis, and 951 in the efficacy analysis. Their mean age was 64.1 years, 33% were female, the median time interval from onset to enrollment was 10 days, and the baseline SBP and DBP were 162.3±16.0 and 92.2±12.4 mm Hg (mean±SD). During the study period, 55.5% of patients were maintained on fimasartan monotherapy, and 44.5% received antihypertensive therapies other than fimasartan monotherapy at at least one visit. The target BP goal achievement rate at 24-week was 67.3% (48.6% at 4-week and 61.4% at 12-week). The mean BP was 139.0/81.8±18.3/11.7, 133.8/79.2±16.4/11.0, and 132.8/78.5±15.6/10.9 mm Hg at 4-, 12-, and 24-week. The treatment-emergent adverse event rate was 5.4%, including one serious adverse event. @*Conclusions@#Fimasartan-based BP lowering achieved the target BP in two-thirds of patients at 24 weeks, and was generally well tolerated.
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Background@#and Purpose: Blood pressure (BP) control is strongly recommended, but BP control rate has not been well studied in patients with stroke. We evaluated the BP control rate with fimasartan-based antihypertensive therapy initiated in patients with recent cerebral ischemia. @*Methods@#This multicenter, prospective, single-arm trial involved 27 centers in South Korea. Key inclusion criteria were recent cerebral ischemia within 90 days and high BP [systolic blood pressure (SBP) >140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >90 mm Hg]. BP lowering was initiated with fimasartan. BP management during the follow-up was at the discretion of the responsible investigators. The primary endpoint was the target BP goal achievement rate (<140/90 mm Hg) at 24 weeks. Key secondary endpoints included achieved BP and BP changes at each visit, and clinical events (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03231293). @*Results@#Of 1,035 patients enrolled, 1,026 were included in the safety analysis, and 951 in the efficacy analysis. Their mean age was 64.1 years, 33% were female, the median time interval from onset to enrollment was 10 days, and the baseline SBP and DBP were 162.3±16.0 and 92.2±12.4 mm Hg (mean±SD). During the study period, 55.5% of patients were maintained on fimasartan monotherapy, and 44.5% received antihypertensive therapies other than fimasartan monotherapy at at least one visit. The target BP goal achievement rate at 24-week was 67.3% (48.6% at 4-week and 61.4% at 12-week). The mean BP was 139.0/81.8±18.3/11.7, 133.8/79.2±16.4/11.0, and 132.8/78.5±15.6/10.9 mm Hg at 4-, 12-, and 24-week. The treatment-emergent adverse event rate was 5.4%, including one serious adverse event. @*Conclusions@#Fimasartan-based BP lowering achieved the target BP in two-thirds of patients at 24 weeks, and was generally well tolerated.
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@#Background: Early neurological deterioration is a critical determinant of functional outcome in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke. This study aimed to identify clinical predictors of early neurological deterioration in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke. Methods: A total of 739 patients who experienced acute minor ischemic stroke symptoms between January 2014 and December 2018 were enrolled in this study. All patients were presented within a 4.5-hour time window of stroke symptom onset. Early neurological deterioration was defined as an increment of at least one point in motor power or total National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score deterioration ≥ 2 points within 3 days after admission. Unfavorable functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≥ 2 at 90 days after stroke onset. Demographic characteristics, risk factors for vascular diseases, stroke severity, stroke subtypes, and neuroimaging parameters were analyzed. Regression analysis was used to determine clinical predictors of early neurological deterioration. Results: Of the 739 patients, 78 (10.5%) patients had early neurological deterioration. Among the 78 patients with early neurological deterioration, 61 (78.2%) had unfavorable functional outcome at 90 days after stroke onset. In contrast, 131 of the remaining 661 (19.8%) patients without early neurological deterioration had unfavorable functional outcome. Multivariate analysis identified hemorrhagic transformation (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-10.5; P = 0.010), higher NIHSS score at admission (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.7; P = 0.003), arterial stenosis (odds ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-3.5; P = 0.014) and occlusion (odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-4.8; P = 0.004) in the territory of stroke as significant predictors of early neurological deterioration. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that hemorrhagic transformation, higher NIHSS score at admission, and arterial steno-occlusive lesions in the territory of stroke are independent predictors of early neurological deterioration in patients with acute minor ischemic stroke.
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Objectives@#Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA) fulfils one of the criteria for diagnosing REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition. However, RSWA quantification is an unresolved issue, which is associated with the future direction of revising the diagnostic criteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantification of RSWA in patients with RBD and identify an optimal cut-off value of quantitative RSWA for RBD diagnosis. @*Methods@#Medical records and polysomnographic results were analyzed retrospectively to diagnose sleep disorders from June 2017 to May 2018 at Pusan National University Hospital. Nineteen subjects with idiopathic RBD were included in the present study. Propensity score matching was used to control age, gender, and anti-depressant factors, which influenced RSWA. RSWA was scored according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine scoring manual. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was measured to test inter-rater reliability between two polysomnography raters. @*Results@#Cohen’s kappa coefficients were 0.755 (p<0.001) and 0.689 (p<0.001) for tonic and phasic activities, respectively. RSWA was significantly increased in subjects with RBD compared with controls [median and interquartile range: 16.5 (8.8–24.6) vs. 6.3 (4.1–7.2) p=0.001]. The optimal cut-off value was 8.0% for the proportion of RSWA (sensitivity 78.5%, specificity 85.7%, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.837). @*Conclusions@#Subjects with RBD had significantly increased RSWA compared to controls. The proportion of RSWA during REM sleep can be applied to discriminate subjects with RBD from controls.
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BACKGROUND@#The surgical strategies for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) vary in terms of the anesthesia method, neurological monitoring, shunt usage, and closure technique, and no gold-standard procedure has been established yet. We aimed to analyze the feasibility and benefits of CEA under regional anesthesia (RA) and CEA under general anesthesia (GA).@*METHODS@#Between June 2012 and December 2017, 65 patients who had undergone CEA were enrolled, and their medical records were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. A total of 35 patients underwent CEA under RA with cervical plexus block, whereas 30 patients underwent CEA under GA. In the RA group, a carotid shunt was selectively used for patients who exhibited negative results on the awake test. In contrast, such a shunt was used for all patients in the GA group.@*RESULTS@#There were no cases of postoperative stroke, cardiovascular events, or mortality. Nerve injuries were noted in 4 patients (3 in the RA group and 1 in the GA group), but they fully recovered prior to discharge. Operative time and clamp time were shorter in the RA group than in the GA group (119.29±27.71 min vs. 161.43±20.79 min, p<0.001; 30.57±6.80 min vs. 51.77±13.38 min, p<0.001, respectively). The hospital stay was shorter in the RA group than in the GA group (14.6±5.05 days vs. 18.97±8.92 days, p=0.022). None of the patients experienced a stroke or restenosis during the 27.23±20.3-month follow-up period.@*CONCLUSION@#RA with a reliable awake test reduces shunt use and decreases the clamp and operative times of CEA, eventually resulting in a reduced length of hospital stay.
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BACKGROUND: The surgical strategies for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) vary in terms of the anesthesia method, neurological monitoring, shunt usage, and closure technique, and no gold-standard procedure has been established yet. We aimed to analyze the feasibility and benefits of CEA under regional anesthesia (RA) and CEA under general anesthesia (GA).METHODS: Between June 2012 and December 2017, 65 patients who had undergone CEA were enrolled, and their medical records were prospectively collected and retrospectively reviewed. A total of 35 patients underwent CEA under RA with cervical plexus block, whereas 30 patients underwent CEA under GA. In the RA group, a carotid shunt was selectively used for patients who exhibited negative results on the awake test. In contrast, such a shunt was used for all patients in the GA group.RESULTS: There were no cases of postoperative stroke, cardiovascular events, or mortality. Nerve injuries were noted in 4 patients (3 in the RA group and 1 in the GA group), but they fully recovered prior to discharge. Operative time and clamp time were shorter in the RA group than in the GA group (119.29±27.71 min vs. 161.43±20.79 min, p<0.001; 30.57±6.80 min vs. 51.77±13.38 min, p<0.001, respectively). The hospital stay was shorter in the RA group than in the GA group (14.6±5.05 days vs. 18.97±8.92 days, p=0.022). None of the patients experienced a stroke or restenosis during the 27.23±20.3-month follow-up period.CONCLUSION: RA with a reliable awake test reduces shunt use and decreases the clamp and operative times of CEA, eventually resulting in a reduced length of hospital stay.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia , Anesthesia, Conduction , Anesthesia, General , Carotid Arteries , Cervical Plexus Block , Endarterectomy , Endarterectomy, Carotid , Follow-Up Studies , Length of Stay , Medical Records , Methods , Mortality , Myocardial Infarction , Operative Time , Prospective Studies , Retrospective Studies , StrokeABSTRACT
No abstract available.
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Humans , Male , Clomiphene , Infertility , Sinus Thrombosis, IntracranialABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the technical feasibility and clinical efficacy of emergent carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) for acute stroke due to athero-thrombotic occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). METHODS: Review of medical records identified 17 patients who underwent emergent CAS for treatment of athero-thrombotic occlusion of the cervical ICA with acute stroke between 2009 and 2013. Eleven patients (64.7%) presented with concomitant intracranial artery occlusion, which was treated primarily by mechanical thrombectomy after CAS. RESULTS: Successful revascularization of the cervical ICA with emergent CAS was achieved in all patients. After CAS, intracranial recanalization with Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction > or =2b flow was achieved in four of the 11 patients (36.4%). The overall recanalization rate (cervical ICA and intracranial artery) was 10 of 17 patients (58.8%). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in two patients (11.8%), resulting in death. Ten patients (58.8%) showed improvement (decrease in NIHSS score of > or =4 points) at seven days after recanalization. Nine patients (52.9%) showed a favorable outcome (mRS < or =2) at the last follow-up. A favorable outcome (mRS < or =2) was obtained in four of the six patients with isolated cervical ICA occlusion (4/6, 66.7%) and five of 11 patients with intracranial tandem occlusion (5/11, 45.5%). CONCLUSION: Emergent CAS for acute stroke due to athero-thrombotic occusion of the cervical ICA showed a good technical feasibility and favorable clinical outcome.
Subject(s)
Humans , Angioplasty , Arteries , Carotid Artery, Internal , Cerebral Infarction , Follow-Up Studies , Intracranial Hemorrhages , Medical Records , Stents , Stroke , ThrombectomyABSTRACT
Posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (PRLS) is a disorder that is characterized by reversible white-matter edema affecting the posterior regions of the brain. There are rare cases in which cyclosporine has been cited as a medication responsible for PRLS, which causes hypoperfused ischemia by endothelial injury and vasoconstriction, with resultant vasogenic edema. A PRLS patient in whom the condition was induced by cyclosporine is described herein. Perfusion computed tomography revealed a clinically relevant hypoperfused area, including the zones of vasogenic edema.
Subject(s)
Humans , Brain , Cyclosporine , Edema , Ischemia , Leukoencephalopathies , Perfusion , VasoconstrictionABSTRACT
Moyamoya disease is a cerebrovascular disorder characterized by progressive stenosis of the distal internal carotid arteries, and in rare cases can occur in association with optic disc coloboma. We describe a 31-year-old man with transient left-sided weakness caused by steno-occlusion of the bilateral internal carotid arteries. A fundoscopic examination revealed a coloboma involving the optic disc of the right eye. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of moyamoya disease in patients with optic disc coloboma, even when other classic symptoms of this disease are absent.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Carotid Artery, Internal , Cerebrovascular Disorders , Coloboma , Constriction, Pathologic , Eye , Moyamoya DiseaseABSTRACT
The Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea recently designated cerebrovascularspecified centers (CSCs) to improve the regional stroke care system for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. This study was performed to evaluate the changes in the flow of AIS patients between hospitals and to describe the role of the Emergency Medical Information Center (EMIC) after the designation of the CSCs. Data for coordination of interhospital transfers by the EMIC were reviewed for 6 months before and after designation of the CSCs. The data included the success or failure rate, the time used for coordination of interhospital transfer, and the changes in the interhospital transfer pattern between transfer-requesting and transfer-accepting hospitals. The total number of requests for interhospital transfer increased from 198 to 244 after designation of the CSCs. The median time used for coordination decreased from 8.0 minutes to 4.0 minutes (p<0.001). The success rate of coordination increased from 88.9% to 96.7% (p<0.001). The proportion of requests by CSCs decreased from 3.5% to 0.4% (p=0.017). However, the proportion of acceptance by non-CSC hospitals increased from 15.9% to 25.8% (p=0.015). With the designation of CSCs, the EMIC could coordinate interhospital transfers more quickly. However, AIS patients are more dispersed to CSC and non-CSC hospitals, which might be because the CSCs still do not have sufficient resources to cover the increasing volume of AIS patients and non-CSC hospitals have changed their policies. Further studies based on patients' outcome are needed to determine the adequate type of interhospital transfer for AIS patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Emergencies , Emergency Treatment , Information Centers , Korea , Patient Transfer , StrokeABSTRACT
The Ministry of Health and Welfare of Korea recently designated cerebrovascularspecified centers (CSCs) to improve the regional stroke care system for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients. This study was performed to evaluate the changes in the flow of AIS patients between hospitals and to describe the role of the Emergency Medical Information Center (EMIC) after the designation of the CSCs. Data for coordination of interhospital transfers by the EMIC were reviewed for 6 months before and after designation of the CSCs. The data included the success or failure rate, the time used for coordination of interhospital transfer, and the changes in the interhospital transfer pattern between transfer-requesting and transfer-accepting hospitals. The total number of requests for interhospital transfer increased from 198 to 244 after designation of the CSCs. The median time used for coordination decreased from 8.0 minutes to 4.0 minutes (p<0.001). The success rate of coordination increased from 88.9% to 96.7% (p<0.001). The proportion of requests by CSCs decreased from 3.5% to 0.4% (p=0.017). However, the proportion of acceptance by non-CSC hospitals increased from 15.9% to 25.8% (p=0.015). With the designation of CSCs, the EMIC could coordinate interhospital transfers more quickly. However, AIS patients are more dispersed to CSC and non-CSC hospitals, which might be because the CSCs still do not have sufficient resources to cover the increasing volume of AIS patients and non-CSC hospitals have changed their policies. Further studies based on patients' outcome are needed to determine the adequate type of interhospital transfer for AIS patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Emergencies , Emergency Treatment , Information Centers , Korea , Patient Transfer , StrokeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Stenting of symptomatic intracranial stenosis has recently become an alternative treatment modality. However, urgent intracranial stenting in patients with intracranial stenosis following a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke is open to dispute. We sought to assess the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of urgent intracranial stenting for severe stenosis (>70%) in TIA or minor stroke patients. METHODS: Between June 2009 and October 2010, stent-assisted angioplasty by using a balloon-expandable coronary stent for intracranial severe stenosis (>70%) was performed in 7 patients after TIA and 5 patients after minor stroke (14 stenotic lesions). Technical success rates, complications, angiographic findings, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Stenting was successful in all 12 patients. The mean time from symptom onset to stenting was 2.1 days (1-8 days). Post-procedural angiography showed restoration to a normal luminal diameter in all patients. In-stent thrombosis occurred in one patient (n=1, 8.3%), and was lysed with abciximab. No device-related complications, such as perforations or dissections at the target arteries or intracranial hemorrhaging, occurred in any patient. The mortality rate was 0%. No patient had an ischemic event over the mean follow-up period of 12.5 months (range, 7-21 months), and follow-up angiography (n=7) revealed no significant in-stent restenosis (>50%). CONCLUSION: Urgent recanalization with stenting is feasible, safe, and effective in patients with TIA or acute minor stroke with intracranial stenosis of > or =70%.
Subject(s)
Humans , Angiography , Angioplasty , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Arteries , Constriction, Pathologic , Dissent and Disputes , Follow-Up Studies , Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments , Intracranial Arteriosclerosis , Ischemic Attack, Transient , Phenobarbital , Retrospective Studies , Stents , Stroke , ThrombosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to examine the state of demographic findings with clinical characteristics, cognitive impairment and behavioral psychological symptoms of demented elderly in Busan-Gyeongnam Province. METHODS: Patients with dementia who were registered at nine medical centers in Busan Metropolitan City and Gyeongnam Province were the major subjects of this study. Data was collected by face-to-face interview. The final sample consisted of 144 cases after eliminating several incomplete questionnaires. Based on the collected data, the authors evaluated demographic findings, clinical characteristics, and cognitive impairment and behavioral psychological symptoms of the patients with dementia using statistical analyses. All of the patients were taken the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination(K-MMSE), the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale(CDR) and the the Korean version of Neuropsychiatric Inventory(K-NPI). RESULTS: Approximately 61% of the patients with dementia in Busan-Gyeongnam Province were women, and their mean age was 72.9(SD=8.3) years old. Their average education level was 2.3(SD=1.3) years. Among the demented elderly, Alzheimer's disease accounted for 68% compared with vascular dementia(32%) and the proportion of mild stage of dementia was above 50%. The mean K-MMSE score was 16.7(SD=6.2), the mean CDR score was 1.3(SD=0.8), and the Barthel Index with K-IADL score were 16.7(SD=5.4) and 1.5(SD=0.9). The average score of K-NPI was 22.6(SD=22.5) and the number of manifested K-NPI was 4.9(SD=2.8). The K-NPI score has increased in demented elderly as the severity of dementia getting worse according to the CDR score. The number of manifested K-NPI was significantly more prevalent in patients with AD than that of patients with VD. CONCLUSION: This study is a meaningful approach to the state of demographic findings, clinical characteristics, cognitive impairment and behavioral psychological symptoms associated with the dementied elderly who were comprehensively examined in Busan-Gyeongnam Province. Based on this study, we found that the demographic information was comparable with other epidemiologic study in Korea and our study patients were relatively mild stage of demenitia according to the assessment of cognition and behavioral symptom scales.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Alzheimer Disease , Behavioral Symptoms , Cognition , Dementia , Dementia, Vascular , Education , Korea , Surveys and Questionnaires , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Behavioral and psychological symptoms (BPSD) are common in dementia. These may be helpful for clinical differentiation between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Most previous studies have reported the prevalence and severity of BPSD regardless of severity of progression. However, we evaluated the differences of BPSD by grading dementia progression and including severe cases only. METHODS: 141 dementia outpatients from clinics of Busan-Gyeongnam Dementia Association in Korea were analyzed. All patients were administered the Korean version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (K-NPI), the expanded version of Korean Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). RESULTS: There were 95 patients with AD and 46 patients with VD. AD patients revealed higher frequency of manifested BPSD symptoms and most of subscales showed higher composite scores also. But apathy was more severely and frequently manifested in VD. AD patients had more frequent night-time behavior and aberrant motor symptoms above 3 point in CDR 0.5 and VD patients had more frequent apathy symptom above 3 point in CDR 1. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that generally AD patients revealed more frequent and severe BPSDs than VD patients. Apathy was a more dominant symptom in VD. It seemed that some of the symptoms were valuable clues for the differential diagnosis even though a better designed study was required.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease , Apathy , Behavioral Symptoms , Dementia , Dementia, Vascular , Diagnosis, Differential , Korea , Outpatients , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The differences in clinical features are important when differentiating between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). There have been many studies comparing the severity of progression in both diseases. They have assessed individual symptoms but have not explained the differences and global change of progression comprehensively. We have evaluated the cognitive and non-cognitive functions at the same time and evaluated the differences between AD and VD. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-eight dementia patients from Busan?Gyeongnam Dementia Association outpatient clinics were analyzed. All of the patients underwent the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), the expanded version of the Korean Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR), the Korean version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (K-NPI), the scales for activity of daily living, and the Short form of the Samsung Dementia Questionnaire (S-SDQ). RESULTS: There were 93 patients with AD and 45 with VD. VD patients revealed more severe Barthel Index of Activity of Daily Living (B-ADL) deficits. AD patients had more severe memory and orientation deficiency in CDR 1 and CDR 2. VD patients revealed much faster decline of K-MMSE score between CDR 2 and CDR 3. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that VD patients display more severe B-ADL difficulty, while AD patients display more severe memory difficulty and disorientation. B-ADL progresses in the earlier stages in VD and in the later stages in AD. Global cognitive dysfunction progression is the opposite: in the earlier stages in AD and in the later stages in VD.
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Humans , Alzheimer Disease , Ambulatory Care Facilities , Dementia , Dementia, Vascular , Memory , Surveys and Questionnaires , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a bioactive lipid generated by phospholipase A2-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. In the present study, we demonstrate that LPC stimulates phospholipase D2 (PLD2) activity in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Serum deprivation induced cell death of PC12 cells, as demonstrated by decreased viability, DNA fragmentation, and increased sub-G1 fraction of cell cycle. LPC treatment protected PC12 cells partially from the cell death and induced neurite outgrowth of the cells. Overexpression of PLD2 drastically enhanced the LPC-induced inhibition of apoptosis and neuritogenesis. Pretreatment of the cells with 1-butanol, a PLD inhibitor, completely abrogated the LPC-induced inhibition of apoptosis and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells overexpressing PLD2. These results indicate that LPC possesses the neurotrophic effects, such as anti-apoptosis and neurite outgrowth, through activation of PLD2.