Real-Life Effectiveness and Tolerability of Perampanel in Pediatric Patients Aged 4 Years or Older with Epilepsy: A Korean National Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND@#AND PURPOSE: The US Food and Drug Administration approval for perampanel has only recently been expanded to patients as young as 4 years, and so there have been few real-life studies of the effects of perampanel in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term efficacy, factors affecting treatment response, and tolerability of perampanel as an add-on therapy in pediatric patients aged 4 years or older with epilepsy.@*METHODS@#This multicenter retrospective observational study collected data from pediatric epilepsy centers of four Korean national universities. Changes in the seizure frequency from baseline, adverse events, and retention rates were obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months. Adverse events and discontinuation profiles were obtained to assess tolerability.@*RESULTS@#This study included 220 children and adolescents (117 males and 103 females) aged 4 to 20 years. The overall response rate was 43.6%, and the seizure-freedom rate was 17.7%. Factors affecting a good treatment response were the absence of intellectual disability, small number of concomitant antiepileptic drugs, and low baseline seizure frequency. Eighty-eight patients (40%) experienced adverse events, but they mostly were of mild severity and resolved after the dose reduction or discontinuation of perampanel. The retention rates at 3, 6, and 12 months were 85.0%, 71.8%, and 50.5%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Adjunctive treatment with perampanel was efficacious and tolerated in pediatric patients aged 4 years or older with epilepsy. Early perampanel treatment may help to reduce the burden of their seizures and improve their quality of life.

Bone health in pediatric patients with neurological disorders

Patients with neurological disorders are at high risk of developing osteoporosis, as they possess multiple risk factors leading to low bone mineral density. Such factors include inactivity, decreased exposure to sunlight, poor nutrition, and the use of medication or treatment that can cause lower bone mineral density such as antiepileptic drugs, ketogenic diet, and glucocorticoids. In this article, mechanisms involved in altered bone health in children with neurological disorders and management for patients with epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy regarding bone health are reviewed.

Transient Abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Absence Seizures / 대한소아신경학회지

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for patients with epileptic seizures to rule out an underlying focal lesion. However, abnormalities in idiopathic generalized epilepsy, including childhood absence epilepsy, cannot usually be identified using brain imaging modalities such as MRI. Peri-ictal MRI abnormalities have been most commonly reported secondary to status epilepticus and are rarely observed in patients with focal seizures and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Transient peri-ictal MRI abnormalities in absence epilepsy are extremely rare. A five-year-old girl presented with a three-day history of absence seizures that persisted despite continued treatment with sodium valproate. Electroencephalography showed bursts of generalized 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharges, during and after hyperventilation. Abnormal cortex thickening in the left perisylvian region was detected on T2-weighted brain MRI, and cortical dysplasia or a tumor was suspected. The patient started treatment with lamotrigine and was seizure-free after one month. The abnormal MRI lesion was completely resolved at the two-month follow-up. We report on a patient with childhood absence epilepsy and reversible brain MRI abnormalities in the perisylvian region. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transient MRI abnormalities after absence seizures. Transient peri-ictal MRI abnormalities should be considered for differential diagnosis in patients with absence seizures and a focal abnormality on brain MRI.

HLA DRB1*04:03 and Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Induced by Oxcarbazepine: A Case Report / 대한소아신경학회지

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms(DRESS), which occurs 2–8 weeks after taking a medication is a rare and potentially life-threatening drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction, which includes skin eruption, hematologic abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ such as liver, lung, kidney involvement. Antiepileptic agents (e.g., carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital) and allopurinol are the most commonly reported causes. However, new antiepileptic agents, such as oxcarbazepine, rarely cause drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. A 11-year-old boy who was administered oxcarbazepine for 34 days developed widespread rashes, facial edema, fever, cough, nasal stuffiness, tonsillitis, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory test results showed leukocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, elevated c-reactive protein, and elevated liver transaminase levels. As we suspected drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, we immediately withdrew oxcarbazepine and commenced corticosteroid therapy. The patient's skin lesions and abnormal laboratory results slowly improved. Before change the antiepileptic agents, we performed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing to assess the genetic risk factors of the drug reaction and the result was positive for HLA DRB1*04:03 known to cause severe acute drug hypersensitivity, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome by oxcarbazepine in Koreans. We have presented the first report of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms associated with oxcarbazepine in a patient with HLA DRB1*04:03. Although DRESS by oxcarazepine is extremely rare and unpredictable, when suspected clinical symptoms occur, it is necessary to interrupt the causative drug rapidly and confirming the patient's HLA typing may help to select a safer alternative drug.

Comparison of conservative therapy and steroid therapy for Bell's palsy in children / 소아과

PURPOSE: Bell's palsy is characterized by sudden onset of unilateral facial weakness. The use of corticosteroids for childhood Bell's palsy is controversial. This study aimed to identify clinical characteristics, etiology, and laboratory findings in childhood Bell's palsy, and to evaluate the efficacy of corticosteroid treatment. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of children under 19 years of age treated for Bell's palsy between January 2009 and June 2017, and followed up for over 1 month. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging data, laboratory findings, treatments, and outcomes were reviewed. Patients with Bell's palsy were divided into groups with (group 1) and without (group 2) corticosteroid treatment. Differences in onset age, sex, laterality, infection and vaccination history, degree of facial nerve palsy, and prognosis after treatment between the groups were analyzed. RESULTS: One hundred patients were included. Mean age at presentation was 7.4±5.62 years. A total of 73 patients (73%) received corticosteroids with or without intravenous antiviral agents, and 27 (27%) received only supportive treatment. There was no significant difference in the severity, laboratory findings, or neuroimaging findings between the groups. Significant improvement was observed in 68 (93.2%) and 26 patients (96.3%) in groups 1 and 2, respectively; this rate was not significantly different between the groups (P=0.48). CONCLUSION: Childhood Bell's palsy showed good prognosis with or without corticosteroid treatment; there was no difference in prognosis between treated and untreated groups. Steroid therapy in childhood Bell's palsy may not significantly improve outcomes.

A Unique Mutational Spectrum of MLC1 in Korean Patients With Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy With Subcortical Cysts: p.Ala275Asp Founder Mutation and Maternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 22

BACKGROUND: Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is a rare inherited disorder characterized by infantile-onset macrocephaly, slow neurologic deterioration, and seizures. Mutations in the causative gene, MLC1, are found in approximately 75% of patients and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. We analyzed MLC1 mutations in five unrelated Korean patients with MLC. METHODS: Direct Sanger sequencing was used to identify MLC1 mutations. A founder effect of the p.Ala275Asp variant was demonstrated by haplotype analysis using single-nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers. Multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and comparative genomic hybridization plus SNP array were used to detect exonic deletions or uniparental disomy (UPD). RESULTS: The most prevalent pathogenic variant was c.824C>A (p.Ala275Asp) found in 7/10 (70%) alleles. Two pathogenic frameshift variants were found: c.135delC (p.Cys46Alafs*12) and c.337_353delinsG (p.Ile113Glyfs*4). Haplotype analysis suggested that the Korean patients with MLC harbored a founder mutation in p.Ala275Asp. The p.(Ile113Glyfs*4) was identified in a homozygous state, and a family study revealed that only the mother was heterozygous for this variant. Further analysis of MLPA and SNP arrays for this patient demonstrated loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 22 without any deletion, indicating UPD. The maternal origin of both chromosomes 22 was demonstrated by haplotype analysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to describe the mutational spectrum of Korean patients with MLC, demonstrating a founder effect of the p.Ala275Asp variant. This study also broadens our understanding of the mutational spectrum of MLC1 by demonstrating a homozygous p.(Ile113Glyfs*4) variant resulting from UPD of chromosome 22.

Seizure Aggravation Following Adjunctive Levetiracetam Therapy in Children with Epilepsy: a Single Tertiary Center Experience / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of seizure aggravation of adjunctive levetiracetam therapy in children with epilepsy. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 125 children (0.3–18 years) with epilepsy who were newly treated with adjunctive levetiracetam therapy from November 2008 to July 2014 in Pusan National University Hospital, and 44 patients were excluded according to the exclusion criteria. Aggravation was diagnosed if the seizure frequency increased by more than 50% of baseline or there were new types of seizures after 1 month of adjunctive levetiracetam therapy. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients (male:female, 44:37) were enrolled, including 27 (33.5%) with generalized seizures and 54 (66.7%) with focal seizures. Twelve patients (14.8%) exhibited seizure aggravation and 69 patients (85.2%) had improvement or no change after 1 month of levetiracetam therapy. Eleven patients (91.7%) in seizure aggravation group and 16 patients (23.2%) in non-seizure aggravation group had generalized seizures, with aggravation significantly more frequent in patients with generalized seizures (P < 0.001). Other factors such as age at diagnosis, age at adding levetiracetam, sex, baseline seizure frequency, etiology, electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, and concomitant drug use were not identified as risk factors. CONCLUSION: Although levetiracetam is an effective antiepileptic drug in children with epilepsy, adjunctive levetiracetam therapy was associated with worsening of seizures in 14.8 % of included patients, especially those with generalized seizures. Careful monitoring for increased seizure frequency or the onset of a new type of seizures is advised for patients prescribed levetiracetam add-on treatment.

Herpes Zoster with Aseptic Meningitis in Immunocompetent Children: A Case Series / 대한소아신경학회지

Primary clinical features of rash and neurological complications due to varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation are rare in a healthy population, especially in immunocompetent children. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are delayed often due to their rarity. We present four immunocompetent children with VZV reactivation resulting in aseptic meningitis and herpes zoster affecting multiple cranial and spinal nerves. We reviewed the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, treatment options and outcome of aseptic meningitis associated VZV reactivation. All patients presented with the typical skin lesion of VZV reactivation and definitive laboratory findings of central nervous system infection, without systemic inflammation. Initial manifestations of VZV reactivation included Ramsay Hunt syndrome, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and herpes zoster affecting the left thoracic dermatomes 4–5. Intravenous acyclovir was administered and all patients recovered fully without any significant sequelae. VZV reactivation can lead to various neurological complications in immunocompetent children. Early recognition and treatment with acyclovir are important for improving the outcome of neurologic complications of VZV reactivation.

Characterization and Predictors of Headache-Related Disability among School Children: A Population-Based Study / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Headache is a frequent neurological symptom in school aged individuals and recurrent headache has significant disabling effects among children and adolescents that manifest as school absenteeism, decreased extracurricular activities, and poor academic performance, as shown in previous studies. In Korea, there has not yet been a population-based study of headache-related disability in children and adolescents. We sought to estimate headache-related disability and investigate relevant predictors of disability due to headaches among schoolchildren in South Korea. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional school-based study. We surveyed 5,039 (boys 2,405, girls 2,634) students aged 6-18 years. Among 1,465 students with headache, six hundred sixty-six schoolchildren (225 boys, 441 girls) completed all questionnaires. The questionnaires collected demographic data, in addition to headache specific questions consistent with International Classification of Headache Disorder criteria, 2nd edition. Disability was evaluated using the 6-question Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS). RESULTS: Six hundred sixty six school children and adolescents (225 boys, 441 girls) among 1,465 students with headaches completed all questionnaires. The percentage of headache sufferers with grade I disability was 88.6%. The mean (±standard deviation) PedMIDAS score was 5.11±11.17. There was a trend towards more severe disability in the older age groups, particularly among the 16 to18 year-olds. Students with migraine had the highest PedMIDAS scores (6.69±10.66) whereas students reporting other types of headache had the lowest scores (3.81±7.52). The predictors of headache-related disability were intensity (P=0.028), frequent headache (P=0.003), and longer duration of symptoms prior to presentation (P=0.008). CONCLUSION: A trend towards a more severe disability was observed in the older age group. Schoolchildren with migraine had the most headache-related disability. The predictors for headache-related disability were intensity, frequent headache, and longer duration of symptoms prior to presentation.

Characterization and Predictors of Headache-Related Disability among School Children: A Population-Based Study / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Headache is a frequent neurological symptom in school aged individuals and recurrent headache has significant disabling effects among children and adolescents that manifest as school absenteeism, decreased extracurricular activities, and poor academic performance, as shown in previous studies. In Korea, there has not yet been a population-based study of headache-related disability in children and adolescents. We sought to estimate headache-related disability and investigate relevant predictors of disability due to headaches among schoolchildren in South Korea. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional school-based study. We surveyed 5,039 (boys 2,405, girls 2,634) students aged 6-18 years. Among 1,465 students with headache, six hundred sixty-six schoolchildren (225 boys, 441 girls) completed all questionnaires. The questionnaires collected demographic data, in addition to headache specific questions consistent with International Classification of Headache Disorder criteria, 2nd edition. Disability was evaluated using the 6-question Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment (PedMIDAS). RESULTS: Six hundred sixty six school children and adolescents (225 boys, 441 girls) among 1,465 students with headaches completed all questionnaires. The percentage of headache sufferers with grade I disability was 88.6%. The mean (±standard deviation) PedMIDAS score was 5.11±11.17. There was a trend towards more severe disability in the older age groups, particularly among the 16 to18 year-olds. Students with migraine had the highest PedMIDAS scores (6.69±10.66) whereas students reporting other types of headache had the lowest scores (3.81±7.52). The predictors of headache-related disability were intensity (P=0.028), frequent headache (P=0.003), and longer duration of symptoms prior to presentation (P=0.008). CONCLUSION: A trend towards a more severe disability was observed in the older age group. Schoolchildren with migraine had the most headache-related disability. The predictors for headache-related disability were intensity, frequent headache, and longer duration of symptoms prior to presentation.

Acute Combined Central and Peripheral Demyelination in Children: in Comparison with Isolated Demyelinating Disease / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with acute combined central and peripheral nervous system demyelination (CCPD); and compare with the children of isolated acute central or peripheral nervous system demyelination. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 145 children with acute demyelinating disease between 2010 and 2015 was undertaken in children with younger than 18 years old. Among these, 96 fulfilled criteria (clinical features and positive neuroimaging or electromyography/nerve conduction studies) for either acute central (group A, n=60, 62.5%) or peripheral (group B, n=30, 31.3%) nervous system demyelination, or a CCPD (group C, n=6, 6.3%). RESULTS: Significant differences among the groups (A vs B vs C) were evident for occurrence of disease between 2013-2015 (45.0% vs 43.3% vs 83.3%; P=0.024), admission to intensive care unit (8.3% vs 26.7% vs 50.0%; P=0.027), length of hospitalization (median, 9.7 vs 12.3 vs 48.3 days; P<0.001), treatment with steroids (88.3% vs 10.0 vs 100.0%; P=0.003), immunoglobulins (13.3% vs 100.0% vs 100.0%; P=0.002) and plasmapheresis (0.0% vs 3.3% vs 50.0%; P=0.037) and severe disability at discharge (3.3% vs 16.7% vs 33.3%; P=0.012). Children of group C showed good response to simultaneous use of immunoglobulin and high-dose corticosteroids and earlier try of plasmapheresis, however, two patients had moderate degree of neurological disability. CONCLUSION: Systemic studies using neuroimaing and electromyography/nerve conduction studies in all patients with demyelinating disease will be necessary to verify the combined or isolated disease, because CCPD might have the poorer outcome than isolated disease.

Clinical Heterogeneity of Atypical Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration in Koreans

OBJECTIVE: Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a group of inherited movement disorders characterized by iron accumulation in the basal ganglia. Recent advances have included the identification of new causative genes and highlighted the wide phenotypic variation between and within the specific NBIA subtypes. This study aimed to investigate the current status of NBIA in Korea. METHODS: We collected genetically confirmed NBIA patients from twelve nationwide referral hospitals and from a review of the literature. We conducted a study to describe the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Korean adults with atypical pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN). RESULTS: Four subtypes of NBIA including PKAN (n = 30), PLA2G6-related neurodegeneration (n = 2), beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (n = 1), and aceruloplasminemia (n = 1) have been identified in the Korean population. The clinical features of fifteen adults with atypical PKAN included early focal limb dystonia, parkinsonism-predominant feature, oromandibular dystonia, and isolated freezing of gait (FOG). Patients with a higher age of onset tended to present with parkinsonism and FOG. The p.R440P and p.D378G mutations are two major mutations that represent approximately 50% of the mutated alleles. Although there were no specific genotype-phenotype correlations, most patients carrying the p.D378G mutation had a late-onset, atypical form of PKAN. CONCLUSIONS: We found considerable phenotypic heterogeneity in Korean adults with atypical PKAN. The age of onset may influence the presentation of extrapyramidal symptoms.

A neonate with Joubert syndrome presenting with symptoms of Horner syndrome / 소아과

Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by the “molar tooth sign” (MTS) with cerebellar vermis agenesis, episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, and hypotonia. Ocular and oculomotor abnormalities have been observed; however, Horner syndrome (HS) has not been documented in children with JS. We present the case of a 2-month-old boy having ocular abnormalities with bilateral nystagmus, left-dominant bilateral ptosis, and unilateral miosis and enophthalmos of the left eye, which were compatible with HS. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the presence of the MTS. Neck MRI showed no definite lesion or mass around the cervical sympathetic chain. His global development was delayed. He underwent ophthalmologic surgery, and showed some improvement in his ptosis. To the best of our knowledge, the association of HS with JS has not yet been described. We suggest that early neuroimaging should be considered for neonates or young infants with diverse eye abnormalities to evaluate the underlying etiology.

Endovascular stenting of tracheoinnominate fistula after tracheostomy in a 14-year-old boy / 소아과

Tracheoinnominate artery fistula is a rare, fatal complication of tracheostomy, and prompt diagnosis and management are imperative. We report the case of tracheoinnominate artery fistula after tracheostomy in a 14-year-old boy with a history of severe periventricular leukomalacia, hydrocephalus, cerebral palsy, and epilepsy. The tracheoinnominate artery fistula was successfully treated with a stent graft insertion via the right common femoral artery. Endovascular repair of the tracheoinnominate artery fistula via stent grafting is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive treatment for patients in poor clinical conditions and is an alternative to traditional open surgical treatment.

Venous angioma may be associated with epilepsy in children / 소아과

PURPOSE: Venous angioma (VA) is the most common congenital abnormality of the intracranial vasculature. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between VA and epilepsy and to identify the characteristics of children with VA and epilepsy. METHODS: The records of all patients aged less than 18 years who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at Pusan National University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with isolated VA and patients with normal MRI were compared in terms of the prevalence of epilepsy. RESULTS: In total, 2,385 pediatric patients who underwent brain MRI were enrolled. Isolated VA was identified in 26 patients (VA group). Among the patients with normal MRI findings, 225 age- and sex-matched patients to the VA-group were assigned to the control group. Nine patients in the VA group (9 of 26, 34.6%) and 27 patients in the control group (26 of 225, 11.5%; P<0.001) had epilepsy. In the VA group, 20 patients (76.9%) had the VA in the cerebral hemispheres, and 6 patients (23.1%) had the VA in the brainstem and cerebellum. The latter showed a higher prevalence of epilepsy (5 of 6, 83.3%) than the former (4 of 20, 20.0%; P=0.004). Among the nine patients who had epilepsy with VA, patients whose VA involved the brainstem and cerebellum showed a significantly higher frequency of abnormal Electroencephalographic findings than patients whose VA involved the cerebral hemispheres (P=0.016). CONCLUSION: VA, especially in the brainstem and cerebellum, might be associated with epilepsy.

The use of complementary and alternative medicine in children with common neurologic diseases / 소아과

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a phrase used to describe additional health care methods such as mind/body practices and natural products not regarded as treatments by conventional medicine. The use of CAM in children with common neurologic diseases is more frequent than its use in healthy children (24%–78% vs. 12%). However, less than half of patients report such use to their physicians. The preferred modalities of CAM vary in different countries due to their different cultures and traditions. The most common factor significantly associated with the use of CAM is parental CAM use in most studies. The frequency of the use of CAM in children and adults with neurologic diseases is similar, and both rates are higher than the rates in those without these conditions. The preferred modalities of CAM in adults are diverse, and megavitamins and mind/body therapy (prayer and chiropractic care) are included. The most common factor significantly associated with the use of CAM in adults with neurologic diseases is high educational level. Physicians need to be concerned with patients' use of CAM and provide correct information about CAM so that patients may make the right decisions. Further study is needed to determine the evidence-based efficacy of CAM use in children with common neurologic diseases.

Acute Bilateral Mydriasis and Abducens Nerve Palsy with anti-GQ1b Antibody / 대한소아신경학회지

Ophthalmoplegia without ataxia has various etiologies. An atypical Miller Fisher syndrome implies an ophthalmoplegia without ataxia, areflexia or both. The presence of anti-GQ1b antibody supports the diagnosis of an atypical Miller Fisher syndrome. A 4-year-old Russian girl visited our hospital because of acute bilateral abducens nerve palsy and mydriasis. Although the muscle power of extremities was normal and she didn't show an ataxia, the deep tendon reflex of both knees and ankles was absent. The results of nerve conduction study and cerebrospinal fluid analysis were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an enhancement of the bilateral abducens nerve. The anti-Gq1b antibody titer was elevated. The diagnosis of atypical Miller Fisher syndrome was made and a therapy with intravenous immunoglobulins led to the clinical recovery. We report a girl with atypical Miller Fisher syndrome with acute bilateral abducens nerve palsy and mydriasis, diagnosed by of anti-GQ1b antibody positivity.

A Carrier Of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy In An 8-month-old Girl / 대한소아신경학회지

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe form of childhood muscular dystrophy. Females are affected in rare cases because of its' X-linked, recessive inheritance. A small number of female DMD carriers have muscle weakness to some extent. A healthy 8-month-old girl was brought to our tertiary center because of the elevated serum liver enzyme (aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 986 IU/mL, alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 1,126 IU/mL), that was first noted 1 month ago when she was hospitalized for an acute respiratory infection. Follow-up her serum liver enzyme, AST and ALT level remained increased to 613 and 1,049 IU/mL, respectively without serologic evidence of viral hepatitis. Serum creatinine kinase (CK) level was highly elevated to 5,245 U/L. She showed normal development. Pseudohypertrophy of bilateral calf muscle was not observed, and Gowers' sign was not seen because of her young age. Electromyography and cardiac echocardiography showed no abnormal findings. A multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification confirmed the heterozygote deletion mutation of DMD gene in exon 10-17. The result of karyotyping was normal 46,XX. She was diagnosed as an asymptomatic DMD carrier. Female carriers are usually asymptomatic but may have an elevated serum CK and/or mild calf hypertrophy. A girl with persistent elevated liver enzyme and CK level should be evaluated for the neuromuscular disease including DMD, despite her normal motor activity.

Epilepsy Associated with Encephalomalacia in Children / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Encephalomalacia is one of the major causes of symptomatic epilepsy. However, no previous study has examined the correlation between encephalomalacia and epilepsy in children. In this study, we aimed to quantify the prevalence, clinical features, and risk factors of epilepsy associated with encephalomalacia. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of 95 patients who were diagnosed with encephalomalacia by neuroimaging techniques at Pusan National University Children's Hospital between November 2008 and July 2013. Patients were classified into two groups: epilepsy (Group A) and non-epilepsy (Group B). We compared the demographics, underlying causes, and distribution of encephalomalacic lesions of these two groups. RESULTS: Groups A and B comprised 35 (36.8%) and 60 (63.1%) patients, respectively. Compared to Group B, Group A showed shorter mean gestational period (35.99+/-4.63 vs. 38.09+/-3.70, P=0.02), lower birth weight (2.60+/-0.94 vs. 3.02+/-0.64, P=0.02), and earlier onset of encephalomalacia (2.74+/-3.52 vs. 5.60+/-5.96, P=0.01). In comparing the underlying cause of encephalomalacia, the occurrence of epilepsy was lower after cerebrovascular disease (P<0.01), but trended towards a higher incidence after a central nervous system infection (P=0.09). Multifocal encephalomalacic lesions were significantly higher in Group A (P=0.04). CONCLUSION: The risk factors for epilepsy associated with encephalomalacia are early gestational age, low birth weight, early onset of encephalomalacia, and multifocal encephalomalacic lesions. It may be necessary for clinicians to search for these risk factors, and make a particularly close observation on these patients.

Factors Affecting Post-Lumbar Puncture Back Pain in Children / 대한소아신경학회지

PURPOSE: Lumbar puncture is an essential and commonly practiced diagnostic tool and post-lumbar puncture headache and post-lumbar puncture back pain are common neurological complications. The aim of this study is to identify the factors that might cause post-lumbar puncture back pain and to reduce those complaints by eliminating the causes. METHODS: From June 5, 2013 to July 29, 2013, we studied 155 patients, male and female between the age 1 and 18,who received diagnostic or therapeutic lumbar puncture at Pusan National University Hospital and Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital. We collected data of variable aspects that may influence post-lumbar puncture back pain, by reviewing the medical records retrospectively. The independent variables were sex, age, symptoms, diagnosis, number of trials to successful lumbar puncture, year of the resident who carried out the procedure, opening pressure of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF), spinal level of punctured site, duration of strict bed rest, and use of sedatives for the procedure. RESULTS: Among the 155 patients whounderwent lumbar puncture, 36 (23.2%) experienced back pain after the procedure. Back pain subsided within 48hours in 24 ofthe 36 patients. Only one patient suffered from post-lumbar puncture back pain for more than 5days. There is no clear causality between the occurrence rate of post-lumbar puncture back pain and the independent variables which includeage, sex, duration of bed rest, symptoms, diagnosis, number of trials, skill, opening pressure, anatomic location, and use of sedatives. CONCLUSION: Back pain was a frequent complication of lumbar puncture. Various factors we expected to influence on the incidence of post-lumbar puncture back pain had no statistical significance. Further studies should be performed to investigate the causes and risk factors of post-lumbar puncture back pain.