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Abstract@#Secondary metabolites present in the plants are predominantly responsible for treating various ailments. Secondary metabolites are also called as plant constituents or natural compounds which exert significant pharmacological and toxicological effects in humankind. The chemical compounds present in the plant sources are categorized as primary and secondary metabolites based on the chemical structure and biosynthetic derivation. These substances are called plants secondary metabolites. One of the most important of secondary metabolites is Tannins. Tannins are phenolic compounds, secondary metabolites of plants widespread in terrestrial and aquatic natural environments. As they can be found in plenty of plants and herbs, they have been traditionally used for medicinal and other purposes, such as the leather industry. This fact is explained by the fact that they exert plenty of different biological activities and, thus, they entail a great potential to be used in the food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industry.</br> Among the biological activities of tannins, the most relevant ones are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, healing and antimicrobial (antiviral and antibacterial) </br> Consequently, this review article is directed towards the description of the biological activities exerted by tannins as they could be further extracted from by-products of the agri-food industry to produce high-added-value products.
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Abstract@#Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-fungi, antibac- terial and anti-inflammatory properties, protect liver and promote bile secretion. Flat leaved birch (<i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz) cortex contains betulin and lupeol of triterpenoids and it’s leaves contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The amounts of compounds found in the cortex are smaller than leaves. Specifically, the amount of flavonoid in leaves is more contained than the that of cortex and leaf buds. In any pharmacology study of new medicines, determination and evaluation of toxicity is the first priority. According to scientific evidences that birch leaves are considered to have less toxins. Not many studies have been conducted on determining toxicity of birch leaves in Mongolia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the species of birches, hippolytii birch (<i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz) and flat leaved birch (<i>B.platyphylla. </i> Sukacz), that were noted to have medical properties in traditional medications and identify their acute toxicity using dry extract and determine mortality dosage (LD<sub>50</sub>) on animals.@*Research materials and methods@#Evaluation of the acute toxicity of birch leaves was conducted in Pharmacology laboratory of Monos group’s Drug Research Institute between June 19, 2020 and August 10. In this research, 150-204 g of WISTAR breed non-linear 44 white rats were used and 20 g of <i>B.Hippolytii’</i>s dry extract and 20 g of B. <i>Platyphylla</i> ‘s dry extract were injected.</br> The experiments to determine the toxicity of dry extracts of <i>B. hippolytii</i> and <i>B. platyphylla</i> (LD<sub>50</sub>) were conducted according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method and subcutaneous injects were per formed in the pelvic area of the rats. @*Results of determining acute toxicity level@#The experiments to determine the acute toxicity level of the birch’s dry extracts followed Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method with 2-stage. LD<sub>50</sub> level was determined from the first stage of the research using G.N.Pirshen’s method and the toxicity level was identified using K.K.Sidorov’s toxicity categorization.</br> From the acute toxicity research, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), animal daily dosage and human daily dosage (experimental) were determined. LD<sub>50</sub> 2950 mg/kg was determined as a result of acute toxicity research of B.hippolytii and B.platyphilla leaves’ dry extract.
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Abstract@#The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, and <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats.@*The study materials and methods@#The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin).@*Study Result@#The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the <i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the <i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.</br> The study results showed that <i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B.platyphilla</i> Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect.@*Conclusion@#<i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B. platyphilla </i> (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.
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Abstract@#Trees and shrubs of the genus <i>Betula</i> (Betulaceae) inhabit various ecosystems in temperate and boreal climate zones of the northern hemisphere. The healing properties of <i>Betula</i> bark and bark extracts have been known for a long time in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Several species of <i>Betula</i> have traditionally been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. The purpose of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the botany, traditional uses and phytochemical research of <i>Betula</i> species in order to explore their therapeutic potential and evaluate future research opportunities.
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Background@#In 716 Mongolian patients who had breast augmentation surgery at Perfect Clinic during 18 years. The purpose of this study evaluates Mongolians predictors of early and late outcome after primary breast augmentation surgery.@*Aims of study@#In this study, we aimed to clarify predictors of early and late outcome after breast augmentation surgery.@*Methods@#We selected patients who underwent breast augmentation implant surgery between 1999 and 2017. Development of hematoma was chosen for measure of early outcome and capsule contracture was chosen for measure of late outcome. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression and Kaplan-Meier estimations were used to clarify independent relationship between possible predictors and outcomes.@*Results@#A total of 716 patients were chosen and mean age was 32±7 years old. Hematoma was occurred in 43 patients (6%) and median time to hematoma was 3 days (IQR 1; 7).). According to the univariable analysis, every 1 year experience was associated with 9% decreased risk of hematoma development. (HR=0.91, 95% CI 0.84-0.99, p<0.05). Finally, Kaplan-Meier estimation was showed that hematoma free survival is higher in more experienced years and patients who had subpectoral muscle.(log rank p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Capsule contracture was occurred in 38 patients (5.3%) and median time to capsule contracture was 10 months (IQR 3; 27). According to the univariable analysis, every 1 year increase of surgical experience is related to 9% decreased risk of capsule contracture (HR=0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.88, p<0.001), and more textured implant type is associated with less capsule contracture (HR=0.47, 95% CI 0.34-0.66, p<0.001). </br> Multivariable hazard regression was revealed that implant type (HR=0.55, 95% 0.33-0.90, p<0.05) and surgical time (HR=1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.01, p<0.001) were independently associated with capsule contracture after breast augmentation surgery (Table 4). Kaplan-Meier estimation was determined that capsule contracture free survival is higher in more experienced years and patients who had more textured implant and subpectoral muscle implant (log rank p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively).@*Conclusions@#For breast augmentation surgery, implant type is independent predictor of capsule contracture and surgical experience is predictor for both hematoma and capsule contracture. Therefore, above mentioned predictors should be considered to prevent complications related to breast augmentation implant surgery.
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Abstract@#Diabetes is describe as a disease of the thirst (undaasah) in the four foundations of traditional drug (Kh. Tumbaa, 1991).</br> There are drugs such as Jur Ur-4, Sopagi-14, Yunva-4 and Usu-3 used for thirst disease. One of the main medicines used in Mongolian traditional drug is “Usu-3”. This is drug with 3 ingredients (Coriandrum sativum L.), (Inula helenium L.), (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). Each of these ingredients were studied indivudually, but not studied in combination.@*Purpose@#To study liver protection effects and toxicity of the “Usu-3” traditional drug in the pathological diabetic model.@*Methods@#The experiment were performed using acute and chronic toxicity study by Organization economic cooperation development (OECD 423), effect of antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic on the alloxan induced diabetic milletus. (Sheriff Modu*, A. Laila et al, 2011) and (Ju JB, Kim JS et al, 2008) method.@*Results@#</br> 1. The “Usu-3” traditional drug was tested in animals at a dose of 5 to 5000 mg/kg in accordance with OECD guideline 423 for acute toxicity study and was found to be harmless in the GHS category. Therefore showed no signs of chronic poisoning with the maximum dose determined for chronic toxicity studies oral administration by 5000mg/kg for 2 months.</br> 2. The “Usu-3” traditional drug’s group has been shown to reducing the levels of Aspartate Aminotransferase and Alanine Aminotransferease comparison with other groups. @*Conclusion@#“Usu-3” traditional drug was found to be harmless in the GHS category, showed no signs of acute and chronic toxicity. </br> “Usu-3” traditional drug have a protection effect for liver at short and medium time in alloxan induced diabetic rats model.
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Abstract@#Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally and diabetes is one of the top 5 causes of these diseases.According to Mongolia's health statistics, diabetes accounted for 41.5% of all diseases of endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders and the morbidity rate was 82.9 per 10 000 population in 2018. </br> We chose to study the Usu-3 traditional medicine, which has been used in medicine for diabetes.@*Purpose@#The study of effects for "Usu-3" traditional medicine in alloxan-induced diabetic model@*Methods@#The experiment were performed using (Sheriff Modu*, A. Laila et al, 2011) and (Ju JB, Kim JSet al, 2008) method.@*Results@#The "Usu-3" traditional drug has been shown to have a gradual effect on lowering serum glucose in short time and normal level in medium time. Therefore as well as normal levels of lipids in all groups.@*Conclusion@#"Usu-3" traditional drug has been shown to gradually lower blood serum glucose and when to study the antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidaemic effects of "Usu-3" traditional drug at in alloxan induced diabetic rats.
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Background@#There is an attitude to prefer bio preparation made from raw materials of plants, animals and minerals to medicines made under synthetic method in today's world. Also, traditional Mongolian medicine is rising and studying in detail medicinal plants which are used in traditional Mongolian medicine from ancient time. As well as it interested in defining dependence between substances and its biological activity. </br> Therefore, we have chosen Dracocephalum foetidum Bge which has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions such as oral cavity diseases, rheumatic edema and wounds. </br> In addition the leaves and flowers of Dracocephalum foetidum Bge are used as traditional medicine among Mongolian nomads to wash their faces and hands to prevent bacterial and fungal infections. The flowers of the plant are used for fever and suppurative diseases. </br> There have been few studies on D. foetidum, and the only report on chemical constituents, mainly focused on the essential oil components that are effective against bacteria. Therefore, it is important to study the specific chemical characteristics and physiological roles of constituents of D.foetidum. </br> The sediments of the genus are found in the northern hemisphere of Lamiaceae, which grows over 60 species. In Mongolia, there are 17 species, which are abundant in the northern and eastern parts of the country.@*Purpose and objectives@#We aimed to study the Dracocephalum foetidum Bge plant, which was used in traditional Mongolian medicine, and has set the following objectives. </br> These include: </br> • Isolation and purification of chemical constituents from aerial parts of Dracocephalum foetidum Bge</br> • Structure elucidation of isolated compounds @*Innovative research@#We have isolated and structure elucidated total of 6 compounds including Rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid trimer, acacetin, acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide, acacetin -7-0- (3-O-malonyl) -β-D-glucuronide. </br> From this plant, the only glycosides that have not been distinguished before are the acacetins and lutleolins.@*Materials and methods@#o <sup>1</sup>H NMR (400 MHz) and <sup>13</sup>C NMR (100 MHz), <sup>1</sup>H-<sup>1</sup>H COSY, HMQC (optimized for <sup>1</sup>J<sub>C-H</sub> =145 Hz), and HMBC (optimized for <sup>n</sup>J<sub>C-H</sub> = 8 Hz) spectra were recorded on a JNM-AL400 FT-NMR spectrometer (Jeol Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and chemical shifts are given as δ values with TMS as an internal standard. HRFABMS data were obtained on a JMS700 mass spectrometer (Jeol Ltd.), using either an m-nitrobenzyl alcohol or glycerol matrix.</br> ○ A porous polymer gel (Diaion HP-20, 60 x 300 mm, Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) and octadecyl silica (ODS) (Cosmosil 140 C<sub>18</sub>-OPN, 150 g, Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) were used for column chromatography.</br> ○ Preparative HPLC was performed on a Jasco 2089 and detected with UV at 210 nm (columns, Cosmosil AR-II, 20 x 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque; Cosmosil 5PE-MS, 20 x 250 mm, Nacalai Tesque; Develosil C<sub>30</sub>-UG-5, 20 x 250 mm, Nomura Chemical Co. Ltd., Aichi, Japan; Mightysil RP-18 GP, 10 x 250 mm, Kanto Chemical Co. Inc., Tokyo, Japan).@*Conclusions@#</br> 1. A total of six compounds isolated and purified from acetone extract of aerial parts of Dracocephalum foetidum Bge. using column chromatography and HPLC method.</br> 2. Structure elucidation of the molecular structure of the compounds using the nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopic methods. </br> Rosmarinic acid (1), caffeic acid trimer (2), acacetin (3), acacetin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (4), acacetin -7-0- (3-O-malonyl)-β-D-glucuronide (5), luteolin (6)
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Background@#Headache disorders are most prevalent public-health problem. Worldwide, among the adults 46% suffer from primary headache, where the migraine presents 11% and tension type headache (TTH) presents 25%. Recently, one type of the primary headache, medication overuse headache tends to increase. Nowadays, there is no sufficient study about primary headache in Mongolia. So that, it is necessary to investigate prevalence, clinical type and risk factors of the primary headache.@*Purpose@#To study prevalence and risk factors of primary headache in Mongolia.@*Materials and Methods@#This cross-sectional study was carried out from June to November of 2017. Participants aged 18-65 years old were randomly selected from four provinces and three districts of Ulaanbaatar city. The diagnosis of headache was made using the International Classification of Headache Disorders-3 beta. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS-23 program.@*Results@#A total of 2043 participants (812 men and 1231 women) were reviewed. The participant’s average age was 38.6±13.4years. 1350 (66.1%) participants reported recurrent headache within the last 1 year. Of the total study population, the prevalence rate of primary headache was 1305 (63.9%). Number of people who suffered from migraine was 494 (24.2%), significantly greater in female than male participants (p=0.0001), with most frequent attacks at age 26-45 years. The risk of migraine associated with sex, education and family history (p=0.001). 592 (29.0%) of participants had TTH, mean age of them was 37.7±5.24, significant high rate in female than men, risk of TTH depends on education and job. The medication overuse headache was diagnosed at 116 (5.7%), 29.4% in men and 70.5% in women with average of 45.6±11.4 and 43±12.7 respectively. Among the participants 38.6% used medications, 28% people had one drug, 8.5% two drugs and 2% used three or more drugs. Use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) made up major percent in headache patients. Increased frequency of medication and multidrug affected to medication overuse headache (p=0.008).@*Conclusion@#More than half of studied population had primary headache. Migraine was in 24.2%, TTH in 29.0% of people, and associated with sex, education and family history. Use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs made up major percent in headache patients.
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Background@#The primary headache disorders are one of the most common complaints among children and adolescents. Migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) are the most frequently types of primary headache, with prevalence of approximately 9.1% for migraine and 10–24% for TTH among children. </br>The aim of this study was to determine the 1-year prevalence and some risk factors of primary headache disorders in school-aged children.@*Material and Methods@# A cross-sectional, school-based survey consisting of semi-structured questionnaires was administered to randomly select aged 6-11 years using stratified multistage cluster sampling during the period from April to June 2018. The questionnaire of primary headache was based on International Classification of Headache Disorders-III criteria. Statistical analysis was performed by using the SPSS, version 21. Student’s T-test, chi-square test and analysis of variance were used for comparisons when appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.@*Results@#We surveyed totally 635 participants; the one-year prevalence of all types of headache was 54.6%. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache was 3.0% and 5.4%, respectively. Elucidated biometric and socio-demographic risk factors showed statistically significant difference in prevalence of migraine: type of household, life situation and residential quarter.@*Conclusion @#Our study found that frequency of prevalence of primary headaches among the school-aged children is relatively high and comparable with other countries.
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Mental health team includes a psychiatrist, a psychiatric nurse, psychologist and social workers. Mental health workers are more stressful than other sector’s workers. Mental workers are working with mental patients, who have chronic,severe and poor prognosis disorders for long time, and may have Work Burnout Syndrome (WBS). Worldwide, many researches are used Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) for assessing WBS. Our goal was to detect risk factors of WBS among mental health workers. We conducted the survey among workers mental (doctors, nurses and assistant nurses) and study design was a descriptive cross-sectional. We are used a questionnaire, is including MBI. Our subjects were 103 workers, who were 27 (26,2%) doctors, 32 (31,1%) nursesand 44 (42,75) nurse- assistant. They were 15 (14,6%) male and 88 (85,4%) female and average age was 38.21 (SD = 8.92). The worker’s average professional working year was 13.09 (SD = 9.76). Most of subjects (n=63 61.2%) were shift-workers and they (n=99 96.1%) have high workload. We determined 3 groups by level of MBS among mental workers, such as the group with EE’s high scale (n = 27; 27%), thegroup with DP’s high scale (n = 23; 22.8%) and the group with PA’s high scale (n = 50; 50.5%).MBS was high among NMHC’s workers. However their work time is low, but theyhave risk factors for MBI such as high workloads, shift work, number of patients. Workers of emergency department had termination burnout syndrome more than other acute departments. This was associated with working condition.