ABSTRACT
The establishment of immune system is an orchestrated process from hematopoietic stem cells to immune effector cells.Hematopoietic stem cells development into variety of immune cell subsets with high pluripotency.However,effector immune cells possess specific function with limited pluripotency.Recently,researchers found that differentiated immune cells were able to transdifferentiate to other cell types accompanied with the conversion of effector functions.The plasticity of immune cell subsets were confirmed in many subsets such as T cell,innate lymphoid cell,macrophage,neutrophil and so on.The transdifferentiation of immune cells is accompanied with the process of many diseases.Study on plasticity of immune cells will provide important theoretic basis to clinic trail.In this review,we summarized the subsets,regulatory mechanism,and related diseases about immune cell plasticity.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution and regularities of intractable nasal bleeding site in different aged patients.METHODS The clinical data of 149 patients with intractable epistaxis were reviewed respectively.RESULTS Of the 149 patients, 110 cases were male and 39 cases were female with a age ranged from 18 to 87 years. They were divided into young group (39y or less), middle age group(40~59 y) and elderly group(60y or older), and there were 36, 52 and 61 cases in each group respectively. Hemostasis was performed with local anesthesia or general anesthesia under nasal endoscope. There were 145 cases with definite bleeding site, and electrocautery or micropacking was used for stop the bleeding. There were 4 cases without definite bleeding site. The bleeding site was on the posterior fornix of inferior meatus in 22 cases(61%), posterosuperior of middle nasal meatus in 13 cases(36.1%) and olfactory cleft of nasal septum in one case(2.7%) in young group; The bleeding site was on the posterior fornix of inferior meatus in 23 cases(44.2%), posterosuperior of middle nasal meatus in 10 cases(19.2%) and olfactory cleft of nasal septum in 17 cases(32.7%) in the middle age group; In the elderly group, the bleeding site was on the olfactory cleft of nasal septum in 37 cases(60.6%), posterosuperior of middle nasal meatus in 15 cases(24.6%) and posterior fornix of inferior meatus in 7 cases(11.5%).CONCLUSION In patients with refractory nasal bleeding, the majority responsible vessel was sphenopalatine artery or its branches in young and middle-aged patient and branches of anterior/posterior ethmoidal artery in elderly patients. Along with the increase of age, the sphenopalatine artery branch bleeding decreased, but the branches of anterior/posterior ethmoidal artery bleeding increased.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the incidence of obesity and its modifiable risk factors in Chinese adults aged 35-74 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 27 020 participants aged 35 to 74 years from two prospective cohort studies in China were followed up in the years of 2007 and 2008. Obesity and overweight were defined as body mass index ≥ 28.0, and 24.0-27.9 kg/m(2), respectively. Relative risks of obesity for risk factors were computed by using logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The annual incidence rates of obesity and overweight were 6.97 ‰ and 24.83 ‰ in Chinese adults aged 35-74 years, respectively. Women had a higher incidence of obesity than men (7.74 ‰ vs. 6.10 ‰). Participants in northern China had a higher incidence than those in southern (9.29 ‰ vs. 5.10 ‰) part of the country. Adults in rural had a higher incidence than those in urban (7.28 ‰ vs. 6.52 ‰). After adjusting for the baseline variables, such as gender, age, geographic region, degree of urbanization, the relative risk for obesity was 0.82 (95% CI:0.68-0.99) for participants with ≥ 12 years' education, compared with those <12 years. Participants with middle income, less physical activity at work/housework or being retirees, consuming more red meat and scented tea etc, had higher risk of incidence of obesity. Participants who consumed milk and moderate amount of fruits, would show a lower risk of obesity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence of obesity was 6.97 ‰ in Chinese middle and older adults. Our results underscored that the promotion of healthy lifestyle which include issues as increasing physical activity, consuming moderate amount of fruits and milk but less red meat, drinking less scented tea etc, could play key roles in obesity prevention and control among the Chinese adults, especially among people with low education level or with middle income.</p>