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Objective To explore the changes in serum energy metabolites in patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma,and investigate serum biomarkers for monitoring peripheral T-cell lymphoma from the perspective of energy metabolism.Methods Multiple/selected reaction monitoring(MRM/SRM)was used to detect the energy-related metabolites in the sera of 16 patients with newly diagnosed peripheral T-cell lymphoma admitted in the Hematology Medical Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from November 2020 to December 2021,as well as 10 recruited healthy volunteers.The corresponding clinical data including medical history,laboratory results and image data were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results Significant differences were seen in the contents and expression profiles of serum energy metabolism-related products between the patients and the healthy volunteers.The patients had significantly reduced serum contents of cyclic AMP,succinate,citrate and cis-aconitate(P<0.05),and elevated D-glucose 6-phosphate content(P<0.05).The serum contents of citrate and succinate were negatively correlated with the risk stratification(low-,moderate-and high-risk)and clinical stage of the disease(P<0.05).Meanwhile,there was a negative correlation between the contents of L-malic acid and citrate and the mid-term efficacy evaluation results,such as complete/partial response(CR/PR)or stable disease(SD)(P<0.05).For patients with extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma(n=10),there were also significant reductions in the contents of cyclic AMP,succinate,citrate,isocitrate and cis-aconitate in the sera of patients compared with healthy volunteers(P<0.05),and the contents of citrate and succinate were negatively correlated with the clinical stage(P<0.05)and were rather correlated with mid-term efficacy evaluation results(CR/PR or SD)(P<0.05).For patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma(n=6),the serum contents of cyclic AMP,citrate and succinate were significantly lower,while the content of D-glucose 6-phosphate was higher when compared with the healthy volunteers(P<0.05),and the content of succinate was negatively correlated with both clinical stage and risk grade of the patients(P<0.05).Conclusion There are 5 serum differential metabolites identified between patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma and healthy controls,and succinate and citrate are expected to be serum biomarkers of peripheral T-cell lymphoma.
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Objective To analyze the registered clinical trials of headache treated by TCM;To discuss the current research status;To provide reference for the optimization of subsequent clinical trial research plans.Methods All clinical trials of headache treated by TCM were retrieved from the ChiCTR and the ClinicalTrials.The retrieval time was from the database establishment to May 22,2023.The general characteristics,study types,intervention measures and outcome indicators of the trials were analyzed respectively.Results A total of 104 registered studies were included,with the number of registered studies increasing since 2004 and reaching a peak in 2020,involving 25 provincial administrative regions or countries and 69 clinical trial institutions;the funding sources were mainly scientific research funds of universities,national finance and local finance.The research type was mainly intervention research;the designing scheme was mainly randomized parallel control study;the high frequency random method was simple random method;45 registered studies used blind methods.Exploratory studies/pre-trials were the most commonly used in the phases of clinical researches.Most of the registered studies were single-center clinical trials with a total sample size of 9 648 patients.The main interventions were acupuncture and oral Chinese medicines.The high frequency outcome indicators included life quality of score,headache attack frequency,headache attack days and headache severity,etc.There were some problems in outcome indicators,such as non-standard,lack of TCM characteristic advantages,and insufficient patient participation.Conclusion The number of registered studies of headache treated by TCM has increased by year,but there are some problems in design elements,such as random method,blind method,number of research centers,sample size and the setting of outcome indicator.
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ObjectiveThis study analyzed the outcome indicators in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment of vertigo, aiming to provide a reference for clinical trial protocol design and the establishment of core indicator sets for vertigo treatment. MethodCNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for the RCTs on TCM treatment of vertigo, and data extraction was conducted. ResultA total of 375 RCTs involving 33 593 patients were included, from which 482 outcome indicators were extracted, with a frequency of 2 715 and an average of seven outcome indicators used for each RCT. In addition, there were some differences in outcome indicators reported by different study groups. According to the functional properties, the reported outcome indicators were classified into nine domains: clinical symptoms and signs, TCM symptom efficacy, physical and chemical examinations, quality of life, mental health, safety events, patients’ satisfaction degree, long-term prognosis, and economic evaluation. The outcome indicators with higher frequency were clinical total effective rate, total TCM symptom score, occurrence of adverse reactions, dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) score, average flow velocity of the basilar artery, incidence of adverse reactions, average flow velocity of the left vertebral artery, average flow velocity of the right vertebral artery, plasma viscosity, and vertigo score. ConclusionThe outcome indicators reported by RCTs of TCM treatment of vertigo mainly have two problems: lack of unified standards and norms and insufficient attention to outcome indicators that can reflect the characteristics of TCM. The construction of the core indicator set for TCM treatment of vertigo should fully highlight the characteristic advantages of TCM and unify the standards and norms for the outcome indicators on this basis, so as to improve the quality of clinical research and the value of secondary research.
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Glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON)is the difficulty of glaucoma treatment. In recent years, a variety of theories have been put forward about the pathogenesis of GON, but none of them can explain the principle of optic neuropathy caused by all types of glaucoma, which makes the disease difficult to treat in clinical treatment and is not conducive to early intervention. The latest research found that the transient receptor potential channel vanillic acid subfamily 4(TRPV4)in the retina plays an important role in various pathogenesis of GON. This article will review TRPV4 and its role in the occurrence and development of GON in order to find a common “connection point” for the multiple mechanism theories of GON, which will contribute to further understanding and clinical treatment of the disease.
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Information technology has become an important driver to facilitate higher education developments in the context of new medical sciences. A new “virtual-real combination” experimental teaching model was designed and created through integrating information technology with experimental teaching by Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University and was applied in Human Parasitology teaching, which achieved satisfactory teaching effectiveness. This new model showed effective to deepen the understanding of the basic human parasitology knowledge, improve the operative skills, and cultivate the moral literacy and comprehensive capability among medical students. This report presents the teaching protocols and implementation, teaching effectiveness and evaluation, and experiences of comprehensive schistosome experiments.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the dynamic changes of macrophage numbers and apoptosis during Schistosoma japonicum infection, and to investigate the possible mechanisms of macrophage apoptosis induced by S. japonicum soluble egg antigen (SEA).@*METHODS@#C57BL/6 mice at ages of 6~8 weeks were randomly divided into 4 groups, including three experimental groups and a normal control group. Each mouse in the experimental groups was infected with (12 ± 1) cercariae of S. japonicum via the abdominal skin, and all mice in an experimental group were sacrificed 3, 5, 8 weeks post-infection, respectively, while mice in the control group were not infected with S. japonicum cercariae and sacrificed on the day of S. japonicum infection in the experimental group. Mouse liver specimens and peritoneal exudation cells were sampled in each group, and the dynamic changes of macrophage numbers and apoptosis were detected. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were isolated, purified and treated with S. japonicum SEA, PBS and ovalbumin (OVA) in vitro, and the macrophage apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein expression of BCL-2 protein family members were determined in macrophages using real-time quantitative PCR (qP-CR) and Western blotting assays, and the activation of caspase 3 was determined using flow cytometry and Western blotting. In addition, macrophages were in vitro treated with S. japonicum SEA in presence of a caspase inhibitor, H2O2 or N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and the apoptosis of macrophages was detected using flow cytometry.@*RESULTS@#The total macrophage numbers continued to increase in mouse liver [(0.873 ± 0.106) × 106, (2.737 ± 0.460) × 106 and (3.107 ± 0.367) × 106 cells, respectively; F = 81.900, P < 0.01] and peritoneal specimens [(5.282 ± 1.136) × 105, (7.500 ± 1.200) × 105 and (12.800 ± 0.800) × 105 cells, respectively; F = 55.720, P < 0.01] 3, 5 and 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum, and the numbers of apoptotic macrophages also continued to increase in mouse liver [(0.092 ± 0.018) × 106, (0.186 ± 0.025) × 106 and (0.173 ± 0.0270) × 106 cells; F = 57.780, P < 0.01] and peritoneal specimens [(0.335 ± 0.022) × 105, (0.771 ± 0.099) × 105 and (1.094 ± 0.051) × 105 cells; F = 49.460, P < 0.01] 3, 5 and 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum. The apoptotic rate of SEA-treated macrophages [(24.330 ± 0.784)%] was significantly higher than that of PBS-[(18.500 ± 1.077)%] and OVA-treated macrophages [(18.900 ± 1.350)%] (both P values < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the mRNA or protein expression of Bcl-2 [Bcl - 2 mRNA expression: (1.662 ± 0.943) vs. (1.000 ± 0.000), t = 1.215, P > 0.05; BCL protein expression: (0.068 ± 0.004) vs. (0.070 ± 0.005), t = 0.699, P > 0.05], Bax [Bax mRNA expression: (0.711 ± 0.200) vs. (1.000 ± 0.000), t = 2.507, P > 0.05; BAX protein expression: (0.089 ± 0.005) vs. (0.097 ± 0.003), t = 2.232, P > 0.05] and Bak [Bak mRNA expression: (1.255 ± 0.049) vs. (1.00 ± 0.00), t = 0.897, P > 0.05; BAK protein expression: (0.439 ± 0.048) vs. (0.571 ± 0.091), t = 2.231, P > 0.05] between in SEA- and PBS-treated macrophages. S. japonicum SEA induced macrophage apoptosis in the presence of a caspase inhibitor (F = 0.411, P > 0.05); however, SEA failed to induce macrophage apoptosis in the presence of H2O2 or NAC (F = 11.880 and 9.897, both P values < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#S. japonicum SEA may induce macrophage apoptosis through promoting reactive oxygen species expression during S. japonicum infections in mice.
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Animals , Mice , Apoptosis , Caspases , Hydrogen Peroxide , Macrophages , Mice, Inbred C57BL , RNA, Messenger , Schistosoma japonicum , Schistosomiasis japonica , bcl-2-Associated X ProteinABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the serum microRNA (miRNA) expression and examine the impact of miRNA expression profiles on T helper type 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Treg) imbalance among patients with cystic echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the illustration of the mechanisms underlying chronic Echinococcus granulosus infections, and long-term pathogenesis.@*METHODS@#Total RNA was extracted from the sera of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls, and subjected to high-throughput sequencing with the Illumina sequencing platform. Known miRNAs were annotated and new miRNAs were predicted using the miRBase database and the miRDeep2 tool, and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. The target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using the software miRanda and TargetScan, and the intersection was selected for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs with the 20 highest fold changes, miRNAs that targeted genes relating to key transcription factors RORC and FOXP3 that determine the production of Th17 and Treg cells or their important regulatory pathways (PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways) were matched.@*RESULTS@#A total of 53 differentially expressed miRNAs were screened in sera of cystic echinococcosis patients and healthy controls, including 47 up-regulated miRNAs and 6 down-regulated miRNAs. GO enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNA were involved DNA transcription and translation, cell components, cell morphology, neurodevelopment and metabolic decomposition, and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed miRNA were mainly involved in MAPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs with the 20 highest fold changes, there were 3 miRNAs that had a potential for target regulation of RORC, and 15 miRNAs that had a potential to target the PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathways.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Significant changes are found in serum miRNA expression profiles among patients with E. granulosus infections, and differentially expressed miRNAs may lead to Th17/Treg imbalance through targeting the key transcription factors of Th17/Treg or PI3K-Akt and mTOR pathways, which facilitates the long-term parasitism of E. granulosus in hosts and causes a chronic disease.
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Humans , Echinococcosis/genetics , Gene Expression Profiling , MicroRNAs/metabolism , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics , T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory , TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics , Th17 Cells , Transcription Factors/geneticsABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of gender on hepatic pathology and antibody-mediated immunity in Schistosoma japonicum-infected C57BL/6 mice. Methods Female and male C57BL/6 mice were infected with S. japonicum, and the hepatic pathological changes were observed using HE and picrosirius red staining in mice 8 weeks post-infection. The serum specific IgG antibody levels against the soluble adult worm antigen (SWA) and soluble egg antigen (SEA) were measured in mice using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the percentages of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells were detected in mouse spleen and lymph nodes using flow cytometry. Results HE staining showed no significant difference in the mean area of a single hepatic egg granuloma between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum [(28.050 ± 3.576) × 104 μm2 vs. (26.740 ± 4.093) × 104 μm2; t = 0.241, P = 0.821], and picrosirius red staining revealed no statistical differences between female and male mice in terms of the mean proportion of picrosirius red stained hepatic tissues [(7.667 ± 1.856)% vs. (7.667 ± 1.764)%; t = 0, P = 1] or the mean optical density [(0.023 ± 0.003) vs. (0.027 ± 0.007); t = 0.447, P = 0.678]. ELISA detected no significant differences in the serum IgG antibody levels against SWA [(2.098 ± 0.037) vs. (1.970 ± 0.071); t = 1.595, P = 0.162] or SEA [(3.738 ± 0.039) vs. (3.708 ± 0.043); t = 0.512, P = 0.623] between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum. Flow cytometry detected significantly greater percentages of Tfh cells in the spleen [female mice, (8.645 ± 1.356)% vs. (1.730 ± 0.181)%, t = 5.055, P = 0.002; male mice, (8.470 ± 1.161)% vs. (1.583 ± 0.218)%, t = 5.829, P = 0.001] and lymph nodes [female mice, (3.218 ± 0.153)% vs. (1.095 ± 0.116)%, t = 11.040, P < 0.001; male mice, (3.673 ± 0.347)% vs. (0.935 ± 0.075)%, t = 8.994, P = 0.001) of both female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum than in uninfected mice; however, no significant differences were seen between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum in terms of the percentages of Tfh cells in the spleen [(8.645 ± 1.356)% vs. (8.470 ± 1.161)%; t = 0.098, P = 0.925] or lymph nodes [(3.218 ± 0.153)% vs. (3.673 ± 0.347)%; t = 1.332, P = 0.241]. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Treg cells in the spleen of male mice between infected and uninfected mice [(10.060 ± 0.361)% vs. (10.130 ± 0.142)%; t = 0.174, P = 0.867], while a higher proportion of Treg cells was seen in the spleen of female mice 8 weeks post-infection with S. japonicum than in uninfected mice [(10.530 ± 0.242)% vs. (9.450 ± 0.263)%; t = 3.021, P = 0.023]. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Treg cells in the spleen between female and male mice infected with S. japonicum [(10.530 ± 0.242)% vs. (10.060 ± 0.361)%; t =1.077, P = 0.323]. In addition, the proportions of Treg cells were significantly greater in the lymph node of S. japonicum -infected female [(17.150 ± 0.805)% vs. (13.100 ± 0.265)%; t = 4.781, P = 0.003] and male mice [(18.550 ± 0.732)% vs. (12.630 ± 0.566)%; t = 6.402, P = 0.001] than in uninfected mice; however, no significant difference was seen between female and male mice 8 weeks post-infection [(17.150 ± 0.805)% vs. (18.550 ± 0.732)%; t = 1.287, P = 0.246]. Conclusion There are no gender-specific hepatic pathological changes or antibody-mediated immunity in C57BL/6 mice post-infection with S. japonicum.
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Objective To investigate the immunological functions of heat shock protein 40 kDa of Schistosoma japonicum (SjHSP40). Methods The homology of the SjHSP40 protein sequence was analyzed and the B and T cell epitopes of SjHSP40 were predicted using bioinformatics tools. The full-length SjHSP40 gene was amplified using a PCR assay, and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-6P-1, which was transformed into Escherichia coli BL-21. The protein expression was induced with isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPDG), and then, the recombinant protein was purified with glutathione-sepharose 4B resin to yield the fusion protein GST-SjHSP40, which was checked with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Following immunization with GST-SjHSP40, the serum levels of anti-SjHSP40 IgG antibody and IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes were detected in BALB/c mice using ELISA. In addition, the effect of SjHSP40 on CD4+ T-cell subset differentiation was examined using flow cytometry. Results SjHSP40 contained 7 potential B cell epitopes and multiple T cell epitopes (CTL epitopes and Th epitopes). The prokaryotic expression plasmid pGEX-6p-1-SjSHP40 was successfully constructed, and the fusion protein GST-SjHSP40 was obtained following IPDG induction and protein purification. Significantly higher serum levels of anti-SjHSP40 IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies were detected in mice immunized with GST-SjHSP40 than in other groups; however, SjHSP40 showed no remarkable effects on CD4+ T-cell subset differentiation. Conclusions SjHSP40 may induce specific humoral immune responses in mice; however, it does not affect the balance of Th immune responses. It is suggested that SjHSP40 may be a potential vaccine candidate.
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A case of ichthyosis follicularis,alopecia and photophobia syndrome caused by a novel mutation c.1165C>T in the membrane-bound transcription factor protease site 2 (MBTPS2) gene was firstly reported.The proband presented with dry skin,congenital hairlessness,follicular keratotic papules,photophobia,epilepsy,and mental and motor retardation.Next-generation and Sanger sequencing analysis confirmed that the proband and his mother both had a c.1165C>T (p.pro389Ser) mutation in exon 9 of the MBTPS2 gene.According to the clinical manifestations of the patient and genetic characteristics of the MBTPS2 gene mutation,the patient was diagnosed with ichthyosis follicularis,alopecia and photophobia syndrome.
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Clinical features of and genetic mutations in two cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ⅰ a(PHP Ⅰ a) with early-onset skin nodules were analyzed.Both of the two patients were males,and their ages at onset were 2 and 3 months respectively.They both presented with early-onset skin nodules as the main clinical manifestation,and were clinically characterized by a round face,short neck and early obesity.Histopathological examination of skin lesions showed subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis in both patients.The first patient had low blood calcium,high blood phosphorus,high parathyroid hormone (PTH),and gene sequencing showed a heterozygous mutation c.399delT causing a T base deletion at position 399 in exon 5 of the GNAS gene.The second patient had normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels as well as normal PTH levels at early stage,and gene sequencing showed a heterozygous mutation c.939delT causing a T base deletion at position 939 in exon 9 of the GNAS gene.The blood PTH level was found to increase in the second patient after 1-year follow-up.Both the patients were confirmedly diagnosed with PHP Ⅰa.After treatment with vitamin D3,no new skin nodules occurred,and the blood calcium and phosphorus levels returned to normal.
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A male patient, who was aged 3 months and 12 days, presented with well-circumscribed erythema and scales on the scrotum, perineum, buttocks and perianal region at 1 month after birth. The lesions gradually involved the perioral and axillary regions, flexor aspect of the elbow, popliteal fossa and neck. Shortness of breath, crying, dysphoria and vomiting occurred without fever and cough 3 days before hospitalization. Laboratory examinations at admission showed metabolic acidosis, hyperlactacidemia, hyperammonemia and organic aciduria. Second-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing of the holocarboxylase synthetase gene revealed a known mutation c.1522C>T in exon 9 and a novel mutation c.1796_1814del in exon 11. According to a guideline from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, this novel mutation was ranked as a pathogenic mutation. The patient was diagnosed as multiple carboxylase deficiency. His clinical symptoms were improved after oral biotin treatment, no neurological symptoms or signs were observed.
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Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare extranodal aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that differs from other NHL in terms of morbidity, diagnosis, and treatment. PCNSL accounts for 1%-6% of all central nervous system tumors, and 4%-6% of extranodal lymphomas. The incidence of PCNSL has increased gradually in the past 10 years, from 0.15/100 000 to 0.48/100 000. The pathological diagnosis is the only method for definite diagnosis. Stereotactic puncture is the currently preferred invasive procedure. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for diagnosis and follow-up of PCNSL. The chemotherapy based on large doses of methotrexate (≥3 g/m2) is currently the main treatment. For patients who are suitable for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, autologous transplantation can improve the short-term and long-term survival. New drug treatment and clinical research are encouraged for patients with relapsed and refractory PCNSL. This review will briefly introduce the current status and progress in treatment of PCNSL.
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Chemotherapy is one of the main treatments for malignant tumors, aiming to kill tumor cells and improve patient survival. However, the new study have found that chemotherapy also promotes distant metastasis of tumors while treating tumor, and the article will give further new meaning to "chemotherapy side effects." On the other hand, tumor metastasis is the main cause of short-term survival of patients. Inhibition of tumor metastasis caused by chemotherapy is a hot topic that should be widely concerned. Modern research suggests that chemotherapeutic drugs promote tumor metastasis by inducing changes in the biological characteristics of tumors and causing a series of "host reactions". The article summarizes the mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced tumor metastasis in combination with the seed and soil theory related to tumor metastasis.
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· AIM:To evaluate the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for the treatment of dry eye effect in the past five years by using meta analysis method.· METHODS:According to the Cochrane evaluation system method,we searched Medline (January 2013 to October 2017),EMbase (2013-2017),Cochrane Library (2017),Wanfang database (2013-2017),VIP (2013-2017),and CNKI(2013-2017) for studies published.We included randomized controlled trials conducted the TCM in the treatment of dry eye.RevMan 5.0 statistical software data extraction and Meta analysis were conducted.· RESULTS:A total of 10 studies were identified,nine were from Chinese literature and one was from English literature,of which including 1 229 eyes.Nine of these studies performed BUT measurements at the end of the course of treatment.The results showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.00001).Nine studies performed tear flow measurements at the end of the course of treatment and the results showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.0001).Two studies performed FL measurements after the end of the course of treatment;the results showed no statistically significant difference (P=0.25).Three studies performed dry eye symptoms after the end of the course of treatment;the results showed that the differences were statistically significant (P=0.0003);the overall efficacy comparison,the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.00001).· CONCLUSION:TCM treatment can significantly prolong BUT and increase tear flow,and has more advantages in the treatment of dry eye.
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Objective To explore the possible mechanisms by which Schistosoma japonicum heat shock protein 60(SjH-SP60)enhances CD4+CD25+regulatory T cell(Treg)immunosuppressive function.Methods An in vitro method was used to investigate the effect of SjHSP60 on Treg immunosuppressive activity.Co-cultures in transwells and in vitro suppression assay were performed to investigate how SjHSP60 enhanced the immunosuppressive function of Tregs.Intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry was used to detect Treg-expressing IL-10 and TGF-β,and flow cytometry was also used to analyze the expressions of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in Tregs.Results SjHSP60 enhanced the immunosuppressive function of Tregs.Soluble cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β mediated inhibitory activity of SjHSP60-triggered Tregs.SjHSP60 induced significant increases in both IL-10 and TGF-β expressions of Tregs.Further investigation showed significant increased Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in SjHSP60-trggered Tregs.Conclusion SjHSP60 enhances Treg immunosuppressive function by promoting the expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β,possibly due to SjHSP60-mediated induction of Foxp3 and CTLA-4 in Tregs.
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Objective To assess the influence of glycolytic pathway on the proportion and numbers of regulatory T cells dur-ing Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods A S. japonicum-infected mouse model was established,and C57/BL6 male mice infected with S.japonicum were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG)or PBS for 6 times,and then the cells from spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes(LNs)were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry(FCM)to detect the percentage of Glut1+CD4+T cells and Treg cells. Results The proportions of Glut1+CD4+T cells in the spleen(43.58%±2.50% vs.21.15%±0.96%;t=8.834,P<0.01)and mesenteric LNs(38.97%±1.97% vs.28.40%± 2.11%;t=3.662,P<0.05)were higher in the normal mice than those in the infected mice,and the percentages of Treg cells in the spleen(6.83% ± 0.21% vs. 13.30% ± 0.35%;t = 15.65,P < 0.01)and LNs(8.26% ± 0.15% vs. 14.37% ± 0.44%;t =13.14,P<0.01)were lower in the normal mice than those in the infected mice.In addition,the proportions of Treg cells in the spleen(15.50%±0.76% vs.13.07%±0.15%;t=3.130,P<0.05)and LNs(17.00% ± 0.41% vs.13.83% ± 0.18%;t=6.947, P<0.01)were higher in the infected mice injected intraperitoneally with 2DG than those in the infected mice injected intraperi-toneally with PBS. Conclusion Glycolytic pathway inhibits Treg differentiation in the spleen and mesenteric LNs of S.japoni-cum-infected mice.
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Objective To investigate the role of TIGIT signal in Th1/Th2 balance in the process of Schistosoma japonicum in-fection.Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were infected with cercariae of S.japonicum,and normal uninfected mice served as the controls.The percentages of TIGIT+cells,Ki67+CD3+CD4+TIGIT+cells,Ki67+CD3+CD4+TIGIT-cells,IFN-γ+CD3+CD4+TIGIT+cells,IFN-γ+CD3+CD4+TIGIT- cells,IL-4+CD3+CD4+TIGIT+cells and IL-4+CD3+CD4+TIGIT- cells were evaluated in mouse spleen by flow cytometry.Results The proportion of TIGIT+CD4+T cells was higher in the spleen of S.japonicum-infected mice than in the normal uninfected mice(29.30%±0.70% vs.3.09%±0.50%;t=8.834,P<0.01).However,no significant differ-ence in the percentages of TIGIT+CD8+T cells between the infection group and normal controls(3.61% ± 0.26% vs. 3.58% ± 0.16%;t=0.108,P>0.05),and no significant difference was detected in the percentages of TIGIT+cells in non-T cells be-tween the infection group and controls(1.86%±0.19% vs.1.37%±0.17%;t=1.931,P>0.05).In addition,the proportion of Ki67 in the TIGIT+cells was higher than that in the TIGIT-cells(17.03%±0.64% vs.6.59%±0.37%;t=14.09,P<0.01).The Th2/Th1 ratio was higher in the TIGIT+CD4+T cells than in the TIGIT-CD4+T cells(39.28%±3.75% vs.11.79%±1.64%;t=6.721,P<0.01).Conclusion The TIGIT signaling may be involved in the development of Th2 responses in the mice infected with S.japonicum.
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Invigorating blood and dissolving stasis method is a kind of unique therapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) treatment, which efficacy has become increasingly prominent in the treatment of ophthalmology.With the further studies of blood stasis and invigorating blood and dissolving stasis therapy, it is widely used in clinical ophthalmology, and get good effects beyond thought, especially when western medicine has no curative effects.It improved the cure rate of fundus oculi disease from the eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal sac, vitreous body to the choroid and retina, optic nerve and macula lutea, from surface to fundus, or pathological changes related to inflammation, degeneration, necrosis, atrophy, hyperplasia of fibrous tissue hyperplasia.This paper is aim to explain the definition of invigorating blood and dissolving stasis and make a review of basic research and clinical application about it in several diseases.
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Objective To investigate the pathogen infections of Mongolian gerbils raised in a conventional facility,and to provide a basis for the establishment of local standards for pathogen detection in Mongolian gerbils. Methods A total of 16 species of bacteria,11 species of viruses and 8 species of parasites were detected in 30 gerbils raised in a conventional facility, according to the national standards of microorganism and parasite detection in mice and rats. Results Gerbils raised in this conventional facility were infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus(a positive rate of 6. 7%), sendai virus(3. 3%), pneumonia virus of mice(100. 0%), reovirus type III(6. 7%), mouse encephalomyelitis virus(10. 0%), mycoplasma spp.(6. 7%), Tyzzer's organism(6. 7%)and Helicobacter spp. (56.7%),according to our antibody detection results. Meanwhile,the detected positive rate of Pasteurella pneumotropica was 3.3%,Staphylococcus aureus 10.0%,Escherichia coli O115 a,C,K(B)6.7%,Tritrichomonas muris 100.0% and flagellates 100.0%. Conclusions The results of our study provide a reference for the establishment of classification standards for gerbils according to their pathogen and parasite infections.