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Objective:To discuss strategies in treatment of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) .Methods:Clinical data of 31 cases with PDTC were reviewed retrospectively, who were treated in Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute by primary surgical resection with or without adjuvant therapy. 27 cases had total thyroidectomy compounded neck dissection or extened total thyroidectomy when trachea or esophagus involved. 4 cases underwent partial resection of tumor. 11 cases were treated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) after surgery, 10 cases were treated with postoperative radioiodine, and 8 cases had chemotherapy.Results:The median follow-up time was 18 months (ranged from 3-96 months) . 19 patients died of local recurrence or distant metastasis. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Log-rank analysis was used to compare the differences between groups. Five-year survival was 35.9%. Compared to the cases with partial resection, the cases with surgical disease clearance had longer survival ( P=0.00) . The same statistical difference was found between patients with or without radioiodine ( P=0.017) . The patients treated with radioiodine had longer survival. No statistical differences were found among patients with or without chemotherapy or EBRT. COX regression analysis showed stage of tumor ( P=0.005) , total resection ( P=0.006) and postoperative radioiodine ( P=0.013) were same to predict longer survival. Conclusions:Thorough resection of tumor is the most important therapy for PDTC. Postoperative radioiodine is recommended for patients with high recurrence risk. EBRT is recommended to control local unresectable PDTC.
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Two new species of Fulvifomes are described from specimens collected in rainforests of Nonggang Nature Reserve of southern China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nLSU) sequences. Fulvifomes nonggangensis sp. nov. is characterized by perennial, sessile and solitary basidiocarps, applanate pileus, small cystidioles of 9.9–15.4 Â 2.9–3.5 lm, large pores of 5–6 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores of 4.3–5.3 Â 3.3–4.2 lm. F. tubogeneratus sp. nov. is characterized by perennial, sessile, and imbricate basidiocarps, a duplex context, small pores of 7–8 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system, and ovoid to subglobose basidiospores of 5.72 Â 5.00 lm.
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Two new species of Fulvifomes are described from specimens collected in rainforests of Nonggang Nature Reserve of southern China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nLSU) sequences. Fulvifomes nonggangensis sp. nov. is characterized by perennial, sessile and solitary basidiocarps, applanate pileus, small cystidioles of 9.9–15.4 Â 2.9–3.5 lm, large pores of 5–6 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores of 4.3–5.3 Â 3.3–4.2 lm. F. tubogeneratus sp. nov. is characterized by perennial, sessile, and imbricate basidiocarps, a duplex context, small pores of 7–8 per mm, a dimitic hyphal system, and ovoid to subglobose basidiospores of 5.72 Â 5.00 lm.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between shift work and type 2 diabetes in oil workers. METHODS: A total of 2 666 oil workers in an oil group were selected as the study subjects using the typical sampling method. Questionnaire survey was conducted by a self-designed Questionnaire of Health Assessment for Oil Workers, and blood glucose level was measure. RESULTS: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the study subjects was 10.1%(268/2 666). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in shift workers was higher than that in non-shift workers(13.1% vs 6.0%, P<0.01). After adjusting for the influence of confounding factors such as gender, body mass index, family history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hyperlipidemia, and physical exercise, multivariate logistic regression analysis results show that the longer the shift work length, the higher the risk of developing type 2 diabetes(P<0.01), workers with shift work(3 shifts in a day, 2 shifts operating) had a higher risk of type 2 diabetes than that in non-shift workers(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The shift work length and shift workers with 3 shifts in a day, 2 shifts operating can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in oil workers.
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Objective To evaluate the radiosensitization effect and micro CT imaging of multifunctional gold nanoparticles in lung adenocarcinoma A549 tumor-bearing mouse models.Methods The tumor-bearing mice were injected with gold nanoparticles and irradiated with different energy levels of 160 kV and 6 MV X-ray.The tumor volume changes were measured.Intra-tumoral injection of gold nanoparticles was administered and micro CT scan was performed at different time points to observe the imaging and retention time of gold nanoparticles in the tumor tissues.Results The tumor volume did not significantly differ between the control and gold nanoparticles groups (P=0.941).The tumor volume in the 6 MV X-ray combined with gold nanoparticles group was slightly reduced compared with that in the 6 MV X-ray group with no statistical significance (P=0.730).The tumor volume in the 160 kV X-ray combined with gold nanoparticles group was significantly smaller than that in the 160 kV X-ray group (P=0.026).Micro CT scan demonstrated that gold nanoparticles could be deposited in the tumors for 30 d and yielded excellent imaging effect.No gold nanoparticles-induced toxicity was observed.Conclusions Multifunctional gold nanoparticles exert significant radiosensitization effect in the lung adenocarcinoma A549 transplanted tumors irradiated with 160 kV X-ray.Stable CT imaging of the gold nanoparticles-injected tumors can be used as a potential method for mapping and delineating the target area in tumor-guided radiotherapy.
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Orthopaedic implants in the body brings a high risk of microbial infections. Infection is one of the main reasons for failure of implant in department of orthopaedics, and is more common in open fracture surgery. Fracture nonunion after internal fixations is not rare clinically, and reoperation or even multi-operations are required, which will be a heavy burden for the patients physically, mentally and economically. The aggregation and activation of macrophages can increase the cell count around the implants, which improves the immune function of the implant/tissue interface, thus contributing to prevention or treatment of infection. In addition, surface modification of titanium and its alloys, and loading antibiotics or bioactive substances also play a role in prevention or treatment of infection and nonunion. This review summarizes the current research on anti-infection function and fracture healing promotion in the surface modification of titanium and its alloys, so as to provide references for designing orthopaedic implants with anti-infection and fracture healing promotion functions.
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Objective To evaluate the adjunct role of nerve stimulator in ultrasound- guided axillary bra-chial plexus block. Methods 50 patients undergoing lower elbow surgery in our hospital were selected from Sep-tember 2016 to November 2017. They were randomly divided into two groups with 25 cases each,which are guid-ance of ultrasound combined with nerve stimulator group(group US)and ultrasound alone group(group U). 32 mL of 0.4% ropivocaine were administered in both groups. The onset time and duration of sensory blockade in mus-culocutaneous,radial,median and ulnar nerve were recorded. The extent of sensory block of each in nervated re-gion and the anesthetic effect of surgical field(rated as excellent,good and failure)were both assessed. The anes-thetic complications were also observed and recorded. Results There were no significant differences in the onset time and duration of sensory blockade in both groups(P > 0.05). The anesthetic effects of surgical field were 92%in group US and 84% in group U(P > 0.05). No major anesthetic complications occurred in two groups. Conclu-sion Ideal anesthetic effects are achieved in both groups,and the successful rate of anesthesia in group US is not significantly increased. The role of nerve stimulator as an adjunct to ultrasound - guided axillary brachial plexus block may be very limited.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of lateral decubitus intramedullary nailing for treatment of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur.Methods From January 2012 to December 2015,23 patients with simple femoral subtrochanteric fracture were treated at Department of Orthopedic Trauma,Changhai Hospital.They were 15 males and 8 females,aged from 19 to 77 years (average,48.3 years).According to the Seinsheimer classification,there were 6 cases of type ⅡB,8 cases of type ⅡC,6 cases of type Ⅲ A,and 3 cases of type ⅢB.Their injuries were caused by traffic accident in 10 cases,falling from a height in 5 cases,and sprain in 8 cases.All patients were treated by closed reduction and anterograde intrarnedullary nailing at lateral decubitus.Their operative time,bleeding volume,fluoroscopic frequency,fracture healing time,functional recovery and complications were recorded and analyzed.Results Their operative time ranged from 55 to 80 min,averaging 65.7 min;their bleeding volumes ranged from 240 to 420 mL,averaging 304.3 mL;their fluoroscopic frequency ranged from 30 to 60 times,averaging 42.7 times.This cohort was followed up for 12 to 28 months (average,17.9 months).Their fracture healing time ranged from 4 to 10 months,averaging 5.5 months.Nonunion occurred in one patient but was cured by secondary operation.The HSS evaluation at the final follow-ups showed 17 excellent cases and 6 good ones,yielding an excellent to good rate of 100％.All the wounds healed by the first intention.No infection,deep vein thrombosis or implant failure was observed.Conclusion As lateral decubitus intramedullary nailing can achieve satisfactory clinical efficacy for subtrochanteric fractures of the femur,the body position of lateral decubitus may be a good alternative.
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<p><b>Objective</b>To study the influence of povidone-iodine (PI) versus that of the benzethonium chloride wipe (BCW) on semen collection and semen quality of sperm donors undergoing penile skin disinfection and provide some evidence for the selection of disinfection methods for semen collection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We used PI from August to December 2015 and BCWs from January to July 2016 for penile skin disinfection before semen collection, with two samples from each donor, one collected with and the other without penis skin disinfection (the blank control group). After semen collection, we conducted a questionnaire investigation on the influence of the two disinfection methods on semen collection and compared the semen parameters between the two groups of sperm donors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, 185 sperm donors were included in this study, of whom 63 underwent penile skin disinfection with PI and the other 122 with BCWs before semen collection. Statistically significant differences were found between the PI and BCW groups in the adaptability to the disinfectant and rigid disinfection procedures (P <0.05), but not in the other items of the questionnaire (P >0.05). Compared with the sperm donors of the blank control group, those of the PI group showed statistically significant difference in the percentage of progressively motile sperm (PMS) (［63.02 ± 3.18］% vs ［61.45 ± 4.78］%, P<0.05), but not in the abstinence time (［4.97 ± 1.79］ vs ［4.7 ± 0.94］ d, P >0.05), semen volume (［4.11 ± 1.54］ vs ［4.15 ± 1.61］ ml, P >0.05), sperm concentration (［110 ± 29.6］ vs ［107.5 ± 31.79］ ×10⁶/ml, P >0.05), or total sperm count (［439.10 ± 170.13］ vs ［434.02 ± 186.91］ ×106/ejaculate, P >0.05), while those of the BCW group exhibited no remarkable difference in any of the above parameters (P >0.05). Among the samples with abnormal semen quality, significantly fewer were found with abnormal PMS in the BCW than in the PI group (1.64% ［2/122］ vs 9.68% ［6/62］, P <0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the PI and BCW groups in the abnormal semen volume, abnormal sperm concentration, or the rate of semen bacterial contamination (P >0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Before semen collection from donors, penile skin disinfection with povidone-iodine may affect both the semen collection process and the quality of donor sperm, while the benzethonium chloride wipe can reduce the influence on the semen collection process and does not affect the semen parameters.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Anti-Infective Agents, Local , Benzethonium , Disinfection , Methods , Penis , Povidone-Iodine , Semen , Semen Analysis , Skin , Sperm Count , Sperm Retrieval , Spermatozoa , Tissue DonorsABSTRACT
Amylosporus sulcatus sp. nov. is described from Nonggang Nature Reserve, southern China, on the basis of morphological and molecular data. The morphological description and illustrations for the new species are provided. The species is characterized by pileate and stipitate basidiocarps. The pileus surface is obviously concentrically and radiately sulcate and tomentum, and the pore surface is snow white. Phylogenetic analyses based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA confirmed it to be a new species.
Subject(s)
China , Classification , DNA, Ribosomal , Fruiting Bodies, Fungal , SnowABSTRACT
Objective To study the respiratory tract virus infection in dengue fever patients in Guangzhou. Methods Totally 280 patients with dengue fever in 2014 and 32 patients from May to December 2015 were select-ed as group A and group B respectively. The distribution of clinical symptoms and signs ,age and onset time of the 2 groups were compared. Simultaneously ,other respiratory viruses in all patients were detected. Results In group B,the incidence of fever,bone pain,myalgia/body weight fatigue,anorexia,diarrhea,rash diagnosed and hemorrhage was higher than that in group A. The incidence difference of headache,bone pain,myalgia/body weight fatigue,anorexia and rash in 2 groups indicated no statistical significance(P > 0.05)but the incidence of anorexia was significantly different(P 0.05)except that of 51 ~65 years in 2 groups(P 0.05). Conclusions The incidence of dengue fever is different in Guangzhou area at different time. The patients present different clinical symptoms and signs. Analysis of different pathogenic characteristics provides important basis for clinical treatment of dengue fever.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether RhoA/Rho-kinase contributes to the occurrence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain (CPSP) by up regulation of glutaminase 1 (GLS1) expression in the spinal dorsal cord.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty five male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into control group (n=5) and model group (n=20). The rats in the model group were randomized into two sub groups (n=10) for observation on day 10 and day 21 after thoracotomy, and each group was further divided into CPSP and non CPSP groups according to the behavioral test results. All the rats were sacrificed after behavioral test for examination of GLS1 and RhoA expressions in the spinal cord using Western blotting and RT PCR. We also compared the effect of the Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil and saline, both injected intraperitoneally daily at 10 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days following thoracotomy, on CPSP and GLS1 expression in 30 male SD rats on day 21 after thoracotomy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the control group, the rats with CPSP showed significantly increased expressions of GLS1 and RhoA mRNA in the spinal cord on both day 10 and day 21 following thoracotomy (P<0.01), but the rats without CPSP did not show obvious changes in GLS1 and RhoA expressions. In fasudil treated rats, the mechanical pain threshold was obviously increased and the expressions of GLS1 and RhoA were significantly reduced as compared with those in saline treated rats (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RhoA plays an important role in the occurence of CPSP by up-regulating the expression of GLS1 in the spinal dorsal cord of rats.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish an modified rabbit model of the acute lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with ascending aorta and right atrium catheterization and detect the changes in serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level after modeling.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ten healthy adult male New Zealand rabbits were randomly selected to establish CPB models. The model establishment was deemed successful if the rabbits survived for over 4 h with stable heart beat after termination of CPB. The vital signs of the rabbits were recorded after anesthesia (T), before CPB (T), at 15 after blocking the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery (T), immediately after re-opening of the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery (T), and at 1 (T) and 4 (T) after CPB. Arterial blood gas (ABG) was monitored at T, Tand Tand the serum levels of TNF-α were also detected with ELISA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nine rabbit models of CPB with acute lung injury were successfully established. During the operation, the MAP was maintained at a level above 55 mmHg, HCT significantly decreased from (30.18∓2.88)% at Tto (17.73∓1.95)% at T(P<0.05), and plasma lactate level increased significantly from 3.65∓1.13 mmol/L at Tto 9.36∓1.28 mmol/L at T(P<0.05). The oxygenation index (PaO/FiO) at Twas significantly lower than that at T(281.64∓55.76 vs 468.36∓56.28 mmHg, P<0.05). The serum levels of TNF-α were significantly increased (P<0.05) and obvious lung interstitial edema and inflammatory cell infiltration occurred after CPB establishment.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The modified rabbit model of CPB with acute lung injury is stable and reliable and can be used for studying acute lung injury induced by CPB.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the key technique for preparation of the frozen platelet and efficacy of its clinical application.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The influences of the donators' peripheral platelet count, starting time of freeze, injection rate and evenness of the freeze-protective agent, storage mode, re-melting temperature and the capacity of water-bath etc. on the quality of the frozen platelets were analyzed retrospectively in 3 257 samples of frozen platelets before platelet pheresis. Then, the platelet counts were examined in 150 cases transfused with frozen platelets at the time-points of 1, 24, 48 and 72 hrs after transfusion, 90 cases suffered from the obstetrical bleeding were transfused with 200 parts of the re-melting frozen platelets, and then the peripheral blood platelet count, platelet increasing index(CCI), bleeding time and blood clot retraction rate etc. were observed for determining the clinical efficiency of the frozen platelets.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The floccule in the re-melting frozen platelets from the donators with (175-250)×10(9)/L platelets were decreased significantly(P<0.01). The quality of frozen platelets was influenced by the following factors, such as injection of DMSO at a too fast and heterogeneous rate, blood bags stored in a multilamminar space, and re-melting in a water-bath of small capacity etc. The routine storage for 0 and 3 days did not influence the quality of the frozen platelets. The recovery rate of one year-freezing platelets all was higher than 80%. The effects of the frozen platelets transfused into the patients with obstetrical bleeding displayed good haemostatic results, and the blood transfusion reaction did not occur. However, the frozen platelets immediately were exhausted and displayed their function, but the counting after 48 hrs could not display a good effect of raising platelet number.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The peripheral platelet count before platelet pheresis, the injection rate and evenness of the protective agent, the number of stratum for blood bags and the capacity of re-melting water-bath etc. all are the key factors influencing the quality of the frozen platelets. The frozen platelets prepared in this study shows a good efficacy of clinical application.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Platelets , Blood Preservation , Blood Transfusion , Freezing , Hemostasis , Platelet Count , Platelet Transfusion , Plateletpheresis , Transfusion ReactionABSTRACT
Objective Parainfluenza virus is an important pathogen of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children.This study was to search for a method for rapid culture and identification of human parainfluenza viruses from nasal swabs. Methods Nasal swab specimens were collected from 0-5 years old children with acute respiratory tract infection.The specimens were inoculated onto 96 plates with prefabricated LLC-MK2 cells and then centrifuged for 1 hour at 3000 r/min and also inoculated using the traditional culture method, followed by addition of virus mainte-nance medium containing 4 μg/mL TPCK trypsin.The cytopathic effect was observed daily, and hemagglutination and blood absorption tests were done at 2, 5, and 8 days after inoculation.In case of posi-tive result of either test, the specimen was subjected to immunofluo-rescence staining. Results Six strains of parainfluenza virus were isolated from the 83 nasal swab specimens, with a positive rate of 7.2%.There was a significant difference in the rate of separation be-tween the rapid and traditional culture methods after 2 days of culturing (7.2%vs 0%, P<0.05).The infected cells produced a cy-topathic effect that characterized by syncytium and crush formation.Hemagglutination and blood adsorption tests were positive at 4℃and negative at the room temperature.Immunofluorescence staining exhibited specific apple green fluorescence. Conclusion The method for rapid culture and identification of human parainfluenza viruses in nasal swab specimens was successfully established, which can be used to obtain and identify parainfluenza viruses with virulence and biological activity in 2 days.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a RP-HPLC-PDA method for determination of five triterpenic acids (pomolic acid, hawthorn acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid) in different parts of Salvia chinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The isocratic elution and separation was achieved on a Kromasil C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), using acetonitrile-water (90:10) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.8 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength and column temperature were set at 205 nm and 28 degrees C, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The calibration curves of pomolic acid, hawthorn acid, corosolic acid, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid were linear over the ranges of 0.096 0-2.400, 0.1230-3.075, 0.2420-6.050, 0.2830-7.075 and 0.2730-6.825 microg (r = 0.9998, 0.9997, 0.9999, 0.9995, 0.9999), respectively. The average recoveries were 98.43%, 98.13%, 100.6%, 98.19% and 99.15%%, respectively, with RSD (n=6) being 1.3%, 0.67%, 1.2%, 0.87% and 0.43%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The proposed method is so simple and highly reproducible that it promises to be applicable for determination of major triterpenic acids in S. chinensis.</p>
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Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Salvia , Chemistry , Triterpenes , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of different mean arterial pressures (MAP) on arterial to end-tidal CO₂partial pressure difference [(Pa-et)CO₂] and the intrapulmonary shunt (Qs/Qt) in patients undergoing thoracic surgery during one-lung ventilation (OLV).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-two patients undergoing right-sided pulmonary lobectomy were allocated into group A with fluctuation of MAP (at 20 min after OLV) within ± 10% of the baseline (n=22) and group B with lowered MAP by 30% of the baseline (n=20). Arterial and venous blood gas analyses were recorded to calculate [(Pa-et)CO₂] and Qs/Qt at 20 min after induction with two-lung ventilation (T₁), 20 min after OLV (T₂), 30 min after recovery of normal blood pressure (T₃), and 20 min after recovery of two-lung ventilation (T₄).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>PetCO₂and PaCO₂were well correlated during two-lung ventilation and OLV in group A (P<0.05). In group B, [(Pa-et)CO₂] at T₂was significantly higher than that in group A, but PetCO₂was still correlated with PaCO₂(P<0.05). Qs/Qt increased more obviously in group B than in group A in T₂(P<0.05). Bo obvious correlation was found between the [(Pa-et)CO₂] and Qs/Qt during OLV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PetCO₂reflects the dynamic changes of PaCO₂under normal blood pressure during OLV. In the hypotension period, when [(Pa-et)CO₂] increases and the correlation coefficient between PetCO₂and PaCO₂lowers, PetCO₂may not accurately reflect the changes of PaCO₂and blood gas analysis is warranted.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Arterial Pressure , Blood Gas Analysis , Carbon Dioxide , Lung , General Surgery , Monitoring, Physiologic , One-Lung Ventilation , Oxygen , Thoracic Surgical ProceduresABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of intermedin preconditioning on hypoxic injury in rat's cardiac myocytes and to provide the hypothetical mechanism of sudden cardiac death in the field of forensic pathology.@*METHODS@#The H9c2 cultured rat cardiac myocytes were randomly divided into control group, hypoxia group and IMD group. The myocardial cell viability, cellular ultrastructure, intracellular calcium concentration and apoptosis rate were determined by MTT assay, transmission electron microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscope and flow cytometry, respectively.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, cell viability obviously decreased with inner ultrastructure injury in the hypoxia group (P<0.05), while cell viability significantly increased in the IMD group by reducing the hypoxia injury of cardiac myocytes (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, [Ca2+]i (fluorescence intensity) and apoptosis rate significantly increased in the hypoxia group, but decreased in the IMD group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#IMD increases the cell survival rate and decreases the cell apoptosis inhibited by intracellular calcium overload from hypoxia. This finding may reveal the mechanism of protective effects of myocardial hypoxia, and provide a scientific basis for the identification sudden cardiac death.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Apoptosis , Calcium , Cell Hypoxia , Cell Survival , Hypoxia , Myocardial Ischemia , Myocardium/cytology , Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Objective To develop an accurate finite element (FE) model of human L1-S1 spine segment for investigating the pathology of annulus fibrosus rupture of L4-5. Methods Based on CT images of a healthy adult, three-dimensional (3D) model of vertebras and intervertebral discs of lumbar L15 and sacral S1 segment was reconstructed by Mimics 10.01 and Geomagic 10.0 software. The 3D model was then imported into Hypermesh for meshing. With adding various ligaments and assigning material properties of all components, the FE model of L1-S1 segment was established to investigate its biomechanical responses under various loading conditions including axial compression, flexion, lateral bending and extension. Results The global stiffness of the model under flexion, lateral bending, extension with 10 N•m load was 0.61, 0.7 and 0.75 N•m/(°), respectively, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. The strain of annulus fibrosus between L4 and L5 was higher under axial compressive force and bending moment；annulus fibrosus showed obviously stress concentration under any of the different loads. Conclusions The stress concentration and higher strain in annulus fibrosus between L4 and L5 could be one of the reasons leading to rupture. The developed 3D FE model of L1~S1 motion segment demonstrated to be effective in reflecting the biomechanical response of spine and could be used for further spine biomechanics study.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the treatment outcomes, complications and histopathologic features between conventional parotidectomy and functional regional parotidectomy in the treatment for pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland and to provide clinical, and pathological evidence for determining the safe surgical margin.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Of 109 patients, 60 patients received conventional parotidectomy and 49 patients received functional regional parotidectomy. The rates of tumor recurrence and complications were compared between the groups of patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There was no significant difference in the incidence of tumor recurrence, the facial paralysis and sialosyrinx between two groups. The rates of Frey's syndrome, numbness of auricular region, and facial asymmetry were 30.0%, 61.7%, and 38.3% in the patients with conventional parotidectomy respectively, while the rates were 6.1%, 30.6%, and 8.2% in the patients with functional regional parotidectomy, with significant statistically difference, respectively (P < 0.05). Of 109 patients, 33 with incomplete capsule, 29 with capsule penetration, 25 with pseudopodia, and 13 with satellite nodules. There was no significant difference in the depth of tumor infiltration between two groups of patients. For the tumor smaller than 2 cm, the depth of infiltration in conventional group was from 0.061 to 1.122 mm, functional group was from 0.442 to 3.127 mm (Z = -1.093, P = 0.057); for the tumors between 2 - 4 cm, the depth in conventional group was from 0.081 to 7.908 mm, functional group was from 0.082 to 6.632 mm (Z = -0.214, P = 0.831); for the tumor larger than 4 cm, the depth of infiltration was from 0.340 to 8.476 mm.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with conventional parotidectomy, functional regional parotidectomy has good outcomes and less complications. The surgical margins of pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland should be determined by the size of tumor. The 1 cm-surgical margins are safe for the tumors less than 4 cm, and the tumors more than 4 cm should be treated with superficial parotidectomy.</p>