ABSTRACT
Objective: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Phthalate analogues of diclofenac in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) induced Arthritis in the rat. Methods: Twenty four female albino wistar rats were enrolled in this study and are divided into 4 groups (six each). The groups were designed as follows: Group I: vehicle control, Group II: arthritic control, Group III: diclofenac treated, Group IV: phthalate analogue of diclofenac treated. Various assessments such as anti-arthritic activity, biochemical estimations, haematological parameters, ulcerogenesis, radiological and histopathological studies were evaluated. Results: Arthritic control group exhibited significant increase in the level of paw volume, arthritic score (p<0.0001), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) (p<0.001), Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) p<0.01), rheumatoid arthritis factor, C-reactive protein (CRP), White Blood Cells (WBC), Creatinine and uric acid and a significant decrease in Red Blood Cells (RBC). Increased swelling of joints, bony destruction and profound ulceration were observed in the Arthritic control group. All these conditions were reversed in diclofenac and phthalate analogue of diclofenac groups. Conclusion: We conclude that phthalate analogue of diclofenac shows potent anti-arthritic activity with milder ulceration when compared to diclofenac treatment.
ABSTRACT
Background: The clinical manifestations of HIV infection vary widely among infants, children, and adolescent. So there is a need to study the mode of transmission, clinical presentations, WHO and immunological staging among HIV infected children. Methods: Observational analytic cross sectional study. The children who were HIV positive (confirmed by ELISA for HIV-1 and HIV-2), and attending the OPD of ART Centre and SN Children Hospital, Allahabad during period of one year. The study population consisted of 47 patients, belonging to both sexes and age of 18 months to 19 years. Detailed history was taken and full clinical examination done in all cases. CD4 count was estimated at the time of presentation. Results: Predominant mode of transmission in our study was vertical and it was present in 95% cases. Fever was the most common presenting complaint and was present in 28 (59.57%) cases. The most common clinical sign was pallor in our study, present in 37 cases (78.72%) followed by lymphadenopathy 34 (72.34%). On the basis of WHO clinical staging, most of the patients in our study were found in stage 2 .On the basis of immunological staging, 51% had no evidence of immunosuppression (stage1), 18 (38.3%) had mild to advanced immunosuppression (stage 2 and 3) and 5 (10.63%) patients were severely immunosuppressed (stage 4). Conclusion: In HIV infected children predominant mode of transmission is vertical. Fever and pallor are common clinical manifestations. Most of the patients are found in WHO clinical stage 2 and immunological stage 1.
ABSTRACT
Background: A study of habit of fast food eating among school going adolescents and parental advice and its relation with their nutritional status. Methods: Design: an epidemiological analytic observational study. Subjects: 600 adolescents’ 15-19 years of age, studying in 11 and 12 classes and included both boys and girls. A single observer interviewed each student and gathered the information regarding their eating habits. It was recorded on a pre-tested open and closed ended Performa. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI. The adolescents for the purpose of analysis were broadly grouped in two groups. Group I (those having normal BMI ranging 18.5 to 25) and group II (Malnourished i.e. those having BMI <18.5 to >25). Group II adolescents were further divided into group IIa (Underweight, BMI<18.5) and group IIb is (Over weight and obese BMI >25). Results: Adolescents who took both fast food and soft drinks 73.1% were malnourished (group II) as compared to those who did not take both the things 13.7% in group II. Difference was found to be statistically significant (p value <0.01). Out of 73.1% who took both fast food and soft drinks 62.1% and 11.0% were in group IIa (Underweight, BMI <18.5) and group IIb (Over weight and obese BMI >25) subsequently. Incidence of malnutrition was significantly less in 12.4% adolescents’ interfered by their parents as compared to 69.6% of those where parents was not interfering. Difference was found to be statistically significant (P value <0.01). Conclusion: A habit of fast food eating and taking soft drink provokes malnutrition. Interference in eating by parents is beneficial among adolescents.
ABSTRACT
Background: Children under-five are most vulnerable for malnutrition and infection. Morbidity pattern of this age group has several determinants like socio-economic status, basic education, occupation, socio-cultural practices, living environment etc. Objectives: To study the morbidity pattern in under-five children and to find out it’s association with various factors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in paediatrics OPD of a tertiary care level hospital in rural area of Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh for three months. We included 379 children by random sampling design. Mothers of children were interviewed using a predesigned schedule. Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Commonest morbidity was malnutrition (70.71%), followed by ARI (63.59%), anaemia (47.76%), diarrhea (20.58%), malaria (13.33%) and worm infestation (10.03%) while around 25 percent suffered from other illnesses. Most common symptom was fever (70.71%) and cough (62.8%). A statistically significant association was found in morbidity pattern of ARI, diarrhea, malaria, malnutrition and anaemia with various factors like education, socio-economic status, and occupation. Congenital anomalies were found in around 3 percent children. 3.69 percent children were admitted in wards from OPD. Conclusion: Common childhood illnesses were prevalent though children suffered from serious illnesses on very few occasions.