Factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure in infants

Determining the factors associated with secondhand smoke [SHS] exposure in children provides valuable information for smoking control strategies. This study aimed to assess factors related to SHS exposure in infants based on urinary cotinine measures. A cross-sectional analysis of the data that were collected as part of the randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants were 130 smoking households with children under the age of 1 year attending a health care center in southern Tehran. Eligible parents consented to participate in this study and completed a questionnaire including demographic data, questions regarding smoking at home, smoking status and Fagerstrom test through face-to-face interview. The Infants' urinary cotinine level was measured using gas chromatography, adjusted with urinary creatinine level and reported as cotinine [ng]/ creatinine [mg]. Factors related to infants' SHS exposure were assessed using the multivariate logistic regression model based on standard cut-point [30 ng of urinary cotinine/mg creatinine]. The final multivariate logistic regression model showed that social status [p=0.002], home smoking restriction [p=0.05] and the infant's age [p=0.01] were associated with the infants' SHS exposure determined based on urinary cotinine levels. These results support the influence of social status, home smoking restriction and infant's age on the exposure of infants to SHS

Association of body mass index and abdominal obesity with marital status in adults

Obesity continues to be an important public health problem worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the association of body mass index and abdominal obesity with current marital status among the adult population of Iran. A nation-wide cross-sectional survey was conducted from December 2004 through February 2005.The subjects were selected by stratified probability cluster sampling through household family members in Iran. Weight, height, waist circumference, and marital status of 89,404 men and women aged 15 - 65 [mean: 39.2] years were recorded. Four classes of body mass index, i.e., <18.5, 18.5 - 24.9, 25 - 29.9, and ?30 kg/cm2, and three marital status, i.e., currently-, formerly-, and never-married were used. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference ?102 cm in men and ?88 cm in women. The prevalence of overweight was twofold higher in married men [OR: 2.24; 95% CI: 2.08 - 2.41] and women [OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 2.20 - 2.53] than never-married men and women, even when age, educational level, leisure time physical activity, smoking habits, and place of residence were controlled. The multivariate OR of obesity was increased about threefold in married men [2.82; 95% CI: 2.51 - 3.18] and women [3.64; 95% CI: 3.31 - 3.99]. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was twofold higher among married men [2.02; 95% CI: 1.79 - 2.29] and about threefold higher among married women [2.87; 95% CI: 2.69 - 3.06]. The marital status appears to influence the likelihood of developing overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in both men and women in Iran