Motherhood Ideology and Parenting Stress according to Parenting Behavior Patterns of Married Immigrant Women with Young Children

PURPOSE@#This study aims to provide base data for designing education and counseling programs for child-raising by identifying the types, characteristics and predictors of parenting behaviors of married immigrant women.@*METHODS@#We used a self-report questionnaire to survey 126 immigrant mothers of young children, who agreed to participate, and who could speak Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, or English, at two children's hospitals and two multicultural support centers. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis, K-means clustering, χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, Schéffe's test, and multinominal logistic regression.@*RESULTS@#We identified three clusters of parenting behaviors: ‘affectionate acceptance group’ (38.9%), ‘active engaging group’ (26.2%), and ‘passive parenting group’ (34.9%). Passive parenting and affectionate acceptance groups were distinguished by the conversation time between couples (p=.028, OR=5.52), ideology of motherhood (p=.032, OR=4.33), and parenting stress between parent and child (p=.049, OR=0.22). Passive parenting was distinguished from active engaging group by support from spouses for participating in multicultural support centers or relevant programs (p=.011, OR=2.37), and ideology of motherhood (p=.001, OR=16.65). Ideology of motherhood was also the distinguishing factor between affectionate acceptance and active engaging groups (p=.041, OR=3.85).@*CONCLUSION@#Since immigrant women's parenting type depends on their ideology of motherhood, parenting stress, and spousal relationships in terms of communication and support to help their child-raising and socio-cultural adaptation, it is necessary to provide them with systematic education and support, as well as interventions across personal, family, and community levels.

Motherhood Ideology and Parenting Stress according to Parenting Behavior Patterns of Married Immigrant Women with Young Children

PURPOSE: This study aims to provide base data for designing education and counseling programs for child-raising by identifying the types, characteristics and predictors of parenting behaviors of married immigrant women. METHODS: We used a self-report questionnaire to survey 126 immigrant mothers of young children, who agreed to participate, and who could speak Korean, Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, or English, at two children's hospitals and two multicultural support centers. Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis, K-means clustering, χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, Schéffe's test, and multinominal logistic regression. RESULTS: We identified three clusters of parenting behaviors: ‘affectionate acceptance group’ (38.9%), ‘active engaging group’ (26.2%), and ‘passive parenting group’ (34.9%). Passive parenting and affectionate acceptance groups were distinguished by the conversation time between couples (p=.028, OR=5.52), ideology of motherhood (p=.032, OR=4.33), and parenting stress between parent and child (p=.049, OR=0.22). Passive parenting was distinguished from active engaging group by support from spouses for participating in multicultural support centers or relevant programs (p=.011, OR=2.37), and ideology of motherhood (p=.001, OR=16.65). Ideology of motherhood was also the distinguishing factor between affectionate acceptance and active engaging groups (p=.041, OR=3.85). CONCLUSION: Since immigrant women's parenting type depends on their ideology of motherhood, parenting stress, and spousal relationships in terms of communication and support to help their child-raising and socio-cultural adaptation, it is necessary to provide them with systematic education and support, as well as interventions across personal, family, and community levels.

A Survey on the Educational Needs and Competence of Nurses in Maternal Fetal Intensive Care Unit / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: Maternal Fetal Intensive Care Unit (MFICU), which provides intensive care to high-risk mothers with increasing maternal age and high-risk newborns, has become a new field of nursing work in South Korea. The present study was conducted to identify the educational needs and self-assessing clinical competence of nurses in MFICU. METHODS: The education needs and competencies of MFICU nurses were measured through prepared questionnaires by researchers based on the previous studies on job analysis of nurses in MFICU. Data were collected from January 2019 to March 2019. The study involved 168 nurses working in MFICUs at 12 hospitals nationwide as study subjects. The data were analyzed using the SPSS WIN 23.0 program. RESULTS: The education needs of nurses in MFICU had an average of 4.21 points (±0.50) and their nursing competence was average 3.38 points (±0.60). The items reported as high education needs but low competency by nurses in MFICU were as following: ‘postpartum hemorrhage and shock,’ ‘cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for neonate,’ ‘CPR during pregnancy,’ ‘disseminated intravascular coagulation,’ ‘sepsis,’ and ‘mechanical ventilation during pregnancy.’ CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it is proposed that a comprehensive education program for nurses in MFICU should be developed by considering low capabilities among MFICU nurses as a priority factor.

Factors Influencing the Experience of Depression among School-aged Children from Multicultural Families

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors affecting the experience of depression in school-aged children from multicultural families. METHODS: Data from 1,812 school-aged children of multicultural families were collected from the 2015 National Multicultural Family Survey. Logistic regression was conducted based on complex sample analysis using SAS 9.4. RESULTS: Significant predictors for experiencing depression were lower self-esteem, lower Korean proficiency, less time spent conversing with the father, lower degree of parental interest, poorer school adjustment, greater difficulties with schoolwork, and experiencing violence at school. CONCLUSION: This study showed that factors related to the individual, family, and school environment influenced the experience of depression. Based on a consideration of these factors, it is necessary to develop an effective program to prevent depression by establishing high-risk criteria for depression.

Influence of Job-seeking Stress on Perimenstrual Symptoms of Female College Students in Health and Non-health related Majors: Mediating Effects of Stress Coping Styles

PURPOSE: To determine effects of job-seeking stress on perimenstrual symptoms of female college students with health and non-health related majors and mediating effects of stress coping styles. METHODS: Data were collected from 189 female college students who were juniors or seniors. This study was conducted using questionnaires on job-seeking stress, perimenstrual symptoms, and stress coping styles. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS, version 23.0. Mediation analysis was performed according to the Baron and Kenny method and Sobel test. RESULTS: Job-seeking stress was significantly and positively correlated with perimenstrual symptoms in non-health college students. Passive stress coping styles demonstrated a complete mediating effect on the relationship between job-seeking stress and perimenstrual symptoms of those with non-health related majors (β=0.31, p=.002). Such effect was significant (Sobel test; Z=2.06, p=.039). CONCLUSION: Effects of job-seeking stress on perimenstrual symptoms were mediated by passive stress coping styles of non-health related major students. Based on findings of this study, effective stress cope strategies should be developed considering characteristics of majors to manage perimenstrual symptoms of female college students with high job-seeking stress.

Research Trend of Women's Health in Korean Nursing Journals (2010~2015)

PURPOSE: To explore trends of women's health in nursing research by analyzing articles on women aged 13 years or older that were published in Korean Journal for Women Health Nursing from 2010 to 2015. METHODS: Seven focus areas were identified and modified to reflect integrative conceptual models of women's health: maternity care, menstrual concerns, health problems in women, gender influences on health risks, social influences on women's health, women and health care policy, and sexual health and violence against women. A total of 383 studies were analyzed according to these seven focus areas. RESULTS: Health problems in women, maternity care, and societal influences on women's health were the most widely studied topics in Korean women's health. There was increased attention to societal influences on women's health and gender influences on health risk. However, these areas are still limited in nursing research. Only 1% of these studies were in area of women's health policy. CONCLUSION: More studies in area of sexual health and violence against women are needed. Studies in area of women and health care policy are also needed to improve women's health in Korea.

Effect of Sexual Maturation, Parenting Attitude and Maturity Fear on Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Elementary School Girls

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify the sexual maturation, parenting attitude, maturity fear and emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school, and to examine the relation between these variables and factors that influence emotional and behavioral problems. METHODS: Participants were 128 second, third and fourth year students from 3 elementary schools. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 21.0. RESULTS: Emotional and behavioral problems were related to eating rate, eating breakfast, frequency of late-night snacks and main communicator on pubertal development. Emotional and behavioral problems showed a positive correlation with maturity fear and father's parenting attitude (strictness) and a negative correlation with parenting attitude and father's parenting attitude (intimacy). Maturity fear, father's parenting attitude, eating breakfast, and main communicator on pubertal development had significant influence on emotional and behavioral problems of girls in elementary school. CONCLUSION: Findings show that for effective management of emotional and behavioral problems in elementary school girls, programs including coping with maturity fear, supportive parenting of father, diet education, and functional communication with mother on pubertal development should be developed.

Relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone and night shift work

BACKGROUND: Night shift work has well-known adverse effects on health. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between thyroid diseases and night shift work. This study aimed to examine night shift workers and their changes in thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) levels over time. METHODS: Medical check-up data (2011–2015) were obtained from 967 female workers at a university hospital in Incheon, Korea. Data regarding TSH levels were extracted from the records, and 2015 was used as a reference point to determine night shift work status. The relationships between TSH levels and night shift work in each year were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM). The generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to evaluate the repeated measurements over the 5-year period. RESULTS: The GEE analysis revealed that from 2011 to 2015, night shift workers had TSH levels that were 0.303 mIU/L higher than the levels of non-night shift workers (95 % CI: 0.087–0.519 mIU/L, p = 0.006) after adjusting for age and department. When we used TSH levels of 4.5 ≥ mIU/L to identify subclinical hypothyroidism, night shift workers exhibited a 1.399 fold higher risk of subclinical hypothyroidism (95 % CI: 1.050–1.863, p = 0.022), compared to their non-night shift counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: This result of this study suggests that night shift workers may have an increased risk of thyroid diseases, compared to non-night shift workers.

Knowledge about Asthma, Empathy, and Attitudes to Child with Asthma for Students in a University of Education

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify knowledge about asthma, attitude to asthma, and empathy for children with asthma as held by university of education students, and to examine the relation between these variables and factors that influence them. METHODS: Participants were 347 third and fourth year students from a national university of education in G city. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients, ANOVA and Tukey test with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: The score for participants' knowledge about asthma was 0.53 out of a possible 1, for empathy, 3.63 out of a possible 5, and for attitude towards asthma, 3.33 points of a possible 5. The attitude towards asthma showed significant differences according to year, satisfaction with major, and satisfaction with practice teaching. Knowledge about asthma and empathy showed a positive correlation with attitudes to children with asthma. Year and Knowledge about asthma, and empathy showed a significant influence on attitudes to children with asthma. CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that development of appropriate knowledge and empathy in students in a university of education should lead to positive attitudes to children with asthma. This development could be enhanced with structured and on-going education about asthma.

Association between second-hand smoke and psychological well-being amongst non-smoking wageworkers in Republic of Korea

BACKGROUND: Worldwide, exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has been responsible for more than 0.6 million deaths and 10.9 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYS) lost in never smokers in 2004. The world health organization (WHO) reported smoking-related death of 58,000 per year in South Korea. There is recent emerging evidence of the associations of SHS exposure with anxiety or depression and poor mental health. Although exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) has been associated with various physical health conditions and mental health, we are unaware of any studies examining its association with psychological well-being as mental factor. This study aimed to investigate the association between self-reported exposure to SHS and well-being among non-smoking wageworkers.  METHODS: The Third Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS, 2011) was conducted on a representative sample of economically active population aged 15 years or over, who were either employees or self-employed at the time of interview. In this study, after removing inconsistent data, 19,879 non-smoking wageworkers among 60,054 workers were participated. Psychological well-being was measured through the WHO-Five Well-Being Index (1998 version). Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the association of SHS exposure with psychological well-being. RESULTS: The unadjusted OR of poor psychological well-being (OR: 1.594, 95 % CI: 1.421-1.787) was significantly higher for SHS exposure group compared to non-exposure group. Multiple logistic regression analysis results indicated that these relationships were still significant after adjusting for potential confounders (adjusted OR: 1.330, 95 % CI: 1.178-1.502). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to SHS was associated with poor well-being measured by the WHO-5 well-being index, indicating the importance of reducing SHS exposure at the workplace for psychological well-being amongst non-smoking wageworkers.

Association of Sexual Maturation and Parent-Child Communication on Maturity Fears in Elementary School Girls

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors that influence maturity fears in elementary school girls. METHODS: The participants were 118 3rd and 4th grade students from 3 elementary schools in 3 cities in Korea. Data were collected using questionnaires which included measurement scales for the relative variables and demographic data. Data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchial regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0. RESULTS: The significant predictors of maturity fears were weight, father-child communication, frequency of maturity communication with father, and close relation with mother. CONCLUSION: For effective management of maturity fears in elementary school girls, programs including weight control, functional communication with father and supportive nurturance of mother should be developed.

Effects of an Individual Breast-feeding Promotion Program for Married Immigrant Women

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an individual breast-feeding promotion program to address breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice for married immigrant women. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used (experimental group=16, control group=17). The intervention consisted of 3 phases: (1) Within 2 hours of delivery - individual breast-feeding training through video/verbal/practical training education and demonstration (2) After 1~2 days - group training using video, model doll, and breast models (3) After 7 days - family visit, counseling, retraining and reinforcement training. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests with the SPSS program. RESULTS: Married immigrant women who participated in the individual breast-feeding program scored high in knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the individual breast-feeding program is very effective in increasing breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practicing breast feeding for married immigrant women. So, nurses are encouraged to aggressively utilize individual breast-feeding programs to help married immigrant women, who are exposed to vulnerability due to various situations.

Factors Influencing Performance of End-of-life Care by ICU Nurses / 정신간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was a descriptive research to assess the level of and the relationship of related factors in the performance of end-of-life care by intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. METHODS: Participants were 238 ICU nurses from university and general hospitals. Data were collected, using structured questionnaires, and collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 22.0. RESULTS: There were significantly positive effects between performance of end-of-life care and end-of-life care attitudes. Performance end-of-life care was negatively associated with end-of-life care stress and obstacles. Factors that significantly influenced ICU nurses' performance of end-of-life were end-of-life care stress, medical team in obstacles related to end-of-life care, and end-of-life care attitudes, which explained about 53% of the variance in the performance of end-of-life care. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that hospital organizations should carry out stress management and counseling programs in order to lower ICU nurses' end-of-life care stress, and to enhance end-of-life care attitudes. In addition, concern needs to be given to the medical team which was one of the obstacles to end-of-life care. It is also necessary to decrease the heavy workload and increase the communication with medical workers.

Anger, Anger Expression Types, Problem Behaviors, and Suicide Probability in Adolescent Women using Cluster Analysis

PURPOSE: This cross-sectional study was designed to identify anger-expression types of adolescent women and investigate the relationship between the identified anger-expression types and their problem behaviors and suicide probability. METHODS: The participants were 942 students at two female high school located in Gwangju. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and Scheffe multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct anger expression types; Anger-out, Low anger expression, Anger-control, and Anger-in/out types. Female adolescent women had a higher level of trait anger or who frequently used the anger-in/out type reported internalized-externalized problem behaviors and suicide probability more frequently compared to those who frequently used the other three types of anger expression. CONCLUSION: Female adolescent women who had the low anger expression type and anger control type managed anger most effectively. The findings suggest the necessity of a development of the program for lowering the trait anger level and controlling the unfavorable anger expression types such as the anger-in/out.

Maternal-Fetal Attachment and Maternal Identity according to Type of Stress Coping Strategies on Immigration Pregnancy Women

PURPOSE: The purpose of this descriptive survey study was designed to identify the stress coping types of married immigrant pregnant women and find out the differences in maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity based on each types. METHODS: 151 married immigrant women who visited 3 women's hospitals located in J-do for pre-pregnancy checkup were selected as study objects. Data were analyzed by dsecriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t- test, ANOVA, and Scheffe multiple comparison test. RESULTS: Cluster analysis revealed 4 distinct stress coping styles; low stress-coping involvement social support-oriented type, high stress-coping involvement hopeful thinking type, low stress-coping involvement type, effective stress coping types. Women frequently using effective stress coping type among the four types reported higher maternal-fetal attachment. The group of active coping styles got significantly higher score on maternal identity. CONCLUSION: Proper stress coping of married immigrant pregnant women regarding pregnancies proved to result in high levels of maternal-fetal attachment and maternal identity. Studies measuring the stress coping styles that affect pregnancies should be continuously conducted.

The relationship between working condition factors and well-being

OBJECTIVES: Working conditions can exert influence on the physical, mental, and even social health of workers. Well-being is an appropriate index for the evaluation of a person's overall health. This paper investigated the association between various working conditions and worker's well-being. METHODS: Data from 10,019 interviews were collected from the second wave of the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2010) conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency between June and October 2010. The data from 5,995 employed workers were examined in this study. Well-being was measured through the WHO Five Well-Being Index (1998 version). Sociodemographic and working conditions were analyzed. Adjusted odds ratios for well-being were calculated with adjusted sociodemographic factors, working condition factors, or both. RESULTS: Workers' well-being was significantly higher when they were satisfied with their working conditions (OR = 1.656, 95% CI = 1.454-1.885), when their actual working hours were the same as their anticipated working hours (OR = 1.366, 95% CI: 1.120-1.666) or exceeding less than 10 hours (OR = 1.245, 95% CI: 1.004-1.543), and when their employment was stable (OR = 1.269, 95% CI: 1.098-1.467). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the association between working condition factors and well-being in workers.

A Study of the Relationship between Anger Thought And Problem Behavior in Perfectionist High School Girls

PURPOSE: This descriptive correlational study was designed to examine the relationship of perfectionism to anger thought and problem behaviors. In addition, the mediating effect of anger thought in relation to perfectionism and problem behaviors was investigated. METHODS: Data were collected from 807 students in a girls' high school, and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and hierachical multiple regression were used with SPSS/PC 18.0 program to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significant differences in anger thought (primary and secondary anger-thought) and problem behaviors between the upper 25% and lower 25% group for perfectionism. Primary and secondary anger-thought had a significant mediating effect in relation to perfectionism and problem behaviors. CONCLUSION: For effective management and prevention of adolescent women's problem behaviors, programs including perfectionism and anger thought should be developed. Further research is necessary in order to draw a consensus on cognitive factors as mediators between the related factors of problem behaviors.

Association among Working Hours, Occupational Stress, and Presenteeism among Wage Workers: Results from the Second Korean Working Conditions Survey

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to identify the association between presenteeism and long working hours, shiftwork, and occupational stress using representative national survey data on Korean workers. METHODS: We analyzed data from the second Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS), which was conducted in 2010, in which a total of 6,220 wage workers were analyzed. The study population included the economically active population aged above 15 years, and living in the Republic of Korea. We used the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression to test the statistical association between presenteeism and working hours, shiftwork, and occupational stress. RESULTS: Approximately 19% of the workers experienced presenteeism during the previous 12 months. Women had higher rates of presenteeism than men. We found a statistically significant dose-response relationship between working hours and presenteeism. Shift workers had a slightly higher rate of presenteeism than non-shift workers, but the difference was not statistically significant. Occupational stress, such as high job demand, lack of rewards, and inadequate social support, had a significant association with presenteeism. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that long working hours and occupational stress are significantly related to presenteeism.

Perception of Recovery, Self-esteem, Role Performance, and Job Satisfaction in Psychiatric Mental Heath Nurse / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify perception of recovery, self-esteem, role performance, job satisfaction and factors influencing job satisfaction of psychiatric mental heath nurses. METHODS: Data were collected from 161 psychiatric nurses from G city & J province who understood the purpose of the study and agreed to participate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: There were significant differences in job satisfaction between upper 25% and lower 25% group for perception of recovery, self-esteem, and role performance. Results from the multiple regression analysis revealed difference in the related factors and in the magnitude of the relationship evaluated by standardized beta coefficients. Significant factors, listed by the magnitude of beta coefficients, were role performance, self esteem, roles and responsibilities in recovery, expectations regarding recovery in perception of recovery. These variables accounted for 16% of job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that to improve psychiatric nurses' job satisfaction, there is a need to develop programs including personal qualities and perception of recovery. Further research is necessary in order to establish consensus on roles of the related factors of job satisfaction.

Factors Influencing Attitude to Menstruation in Elementary School Girls according to the Presence of Menarche

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to attitudes to menstruation in elementary school girls according to menarche experience. METHODS: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 208 girls in 5th or 6th grade (90 who were menarche and 118 who were not). The study was a cross-sectional study. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression. RESULTS: There were significant differences in body image, menstrual knowledge and attitude between the two groups of students. Results from the multiple regression analysis revealed difference in related factors and in the magnitude of the relationship evaluated by standardized beta coefficients. Significant factors, listed by the magnitude of beta coefficients, among students in menarche were positive affect of menarche, self-oriented perfectionism-critical, negative affect of menarche. Significant factors among non-menarche students were menstrual knowledge and self-oriented perfectionism-critical. CONCLUSION: There are differences between menarche and non-menarche girls in attitude to menstruation and related factors. Based on the results of the present study, systemic health education according to differences between the two groups should be developed to foster positive attitudes to menstruation.