ABSTRACT
The treatment guidelines are generally decided on the basis of either percent resistant (%R) or percent sensitive (%S) bacterial population tested with a given antimicrobial that vary geographically and represent only a part of total bacterial population existing in response to the antimicrobial used. The isolates with intermediate sensitivity (%I) are either not reported or clubbed with resistant isolates though the two may differ in clinical response. Sensitivity Index (SI) of an antimicrobial is sensitive to change in any of the three co-existing bacterial population and may be a better criterion for rational use of antimicrobial.
ABSTRACT
A herbal hepatoprotective formulation Liv 52 down regulated the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) production in Charles Foster Rats treated with CCl4. Inhibition of TNF activity was proportional to the hepatoprotective activity.
Subject(s)
Animals , Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/metabolism , Down-Regulation/drug effects , Drug Combinations , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/metabolism , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Rats , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesisABSTRACT
The effect of pregnancy on the protective immune response of mice to tissue culture-derived inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) Nakayama vaccine and to live sublethal doses of JE virus, was studied. Thirty per cent protection was found in mice, immunized with three doses of inactivated vaccine, before pregnancy and challenged after delivery. In contrast, all the mice immunized with two sublethal doses of JEV tolerated the challenge under similar condition.
Subject(s)
Animals , Antibody Formation , Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology , Female , Immunization , Mice , Pregnancy , Pregnancy, Animal/immunology , Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology , Viral Vaccines/immunologyABSTRACT
Administrations of hepatotoxicants namely carbon tetrachloride (CCl4:0.4 ml in 1.2 ml of liquid paraffin) and ANIT (1 ml of 1.5% solution in liquid paraffin) in Charles foster rats (force fed) and D-galactosamine (8 mg in water per swiss albino mouse, ip) induce the release of TNF-alpha in case of CCl4 and D-galactosamine. High TNF-alpha level was observed up to 48 hr in CCl4 and up to 24 hr in D-galactosamine treated animals. Elevated levels of biochemical like ALP and SGPT are also recorded. TNF-alpha level can be measured of tissue damage and prognosis in case of hepatitis.