El teatro guiñol, la televisión mexicana y la educación para la salud a mediados del siglo XX / Puppet shows, Mexican television and health education in the mid-twentieth century

Resumen Este artículo rescata la obra de teatro guiñol Las calenturas de Don Ferruco, televisada a finales de la década de 1950 para promover la erradicación del paludismo en México como un útil instrumento de educación para la salud. Se analiza cómo la difusión del teatro guiñol educativo en la televisión mexicana evidenció la necesidad de mantener vigente la enseñanza dirigida a prevenir enfermedades y se subraya la importancia de la televisión como una producción educativa para promover la salud hacia mediados del siglo XX. El artículo muestra los inicios de su uso como una herramienta de especial importancia para lo que posteriormente sería la masificación de los discursos emitidos por la Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia.

This article resurrects the puppet show Las calenturas de Don Ferruco (Don Ferruco’s Fevers), which was televised in the late 1950s in order to help eradicate malaria in Mexico, as a useful instrument for health education. It analyzes how the spread of educational puppet shows on Mexican television showed the need to keep updating preventive healthcare pedagogy and it underlines the importance of television as an educational health-promotion production in the mid-twentieth century. The article discusses the early use of puppet shows as an especially important tool for what would later become mass-media transmission of discourses from the Secretaría de Salubridad y Asistencia (Department of Health and Healthcare).

Dar casa a las voces infantiles, reflexiones desde la historia / Providing a home to children’ s voices, reflections from history / Dando casa para as vozes das crianças, reflexões a partir da história

En este artículo reflexiono sobre algunas paradojas que surgen al rescatar las voces de las niñas y los niños en las investigaciones académicas. Analizo qué se hace desde la academia con las voces infantiles una vez que las investigaciones o proyectos llegan a su fin. Aquí planteo que es necesario pensar en la voz infantil como un documento que puede enmarcarse en diversos géneros discursivos. En tanto se sostiene que las niñas y los niños son autores de discursos y de documentos, en este texto propongo que las voces infantiles sean preservadas y compartidas, con la finalidad de que puedan ser reutilizadas y reinterpretadas. Para ello sugiero la construcción de archivos con documentos infantiles.

This article discusses some paradoxes that arise when the voices of children are used in academic research. The author analyzes what academia does with children’ s voices when projects and research end. An argument is proposed that it is necessary to think about children’ s voices as documents that can be framed in different discourse genres. If it is assumed that children are authors of speeches and documents, then this text suggests that children’ s voices must be preserved and shared so that they can be reused and reinterpreted. For this reason the author concludes by suggesting the construction of archives for documents that include children’ s voices.

Este artigo discute alguns paradoxos que surgem quando as vozes das crianças são usadas na pesquisa acadêmica. Analisou-se o que é feito a partir da academia com as vozes das crianças, uma vez que as pesquisas ou projetos devem chegar a um fim. Nesse sentido, considerou-se que é necessário pensar sobre a voz da criança como um documento que pode ser enquadrado em diferentes gêneros discursivos. Partindo do princípio de que as crianças são autoras de discursos e documentos, o presente trabalho propõe que as vozes das crianças sejam preservadas e compartilhadas, a fim de que eles possam ser reutilizadas e reinterpretadas. Para isso, foi sugerida a construção de arquivos com documentos infantis.

En defensa de los niños y las mujeres: un acercamiento a la vida de la psiquiatra Mathilde Rodríguez Cabo / In defense of children and women: a life approach to a psychiatrist Mathilde Rodriguez Cabo

Mathilde Rodríguez Cabo was the first female psychiatrist in Mexico. She was a prominent feminist leader who participated in the movement for childhood protection. She was also part of the struggle for political, social, and human rights of women. However, her outstanding career has remained forgotten and unknown to the public for a long time. This article seeks to bring to light her biography by rebuilding two important aspects of her life: her performance in the field of child psychiatry in post-revolutionary Mexico, and her fierce struggle as an activist defending Mexican women's rights. Mathilde Rodríguez was born in Las Palmas, San Luis Potosí, in 1902. While the country was convulsed by the revolutionary war, she joined the Colegio Alemán in Mexico City at the age of fourteen. An outstanding student, she finished her high school studies and learned German, which became useful for traveling and studying in Germany. Later she also translated in to Spanish important works from German psychiatry, such as Carl Gustav Jung's Symbolik des Geiste, and the Correspondence, between Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister. In 1922, Rodríguez began studing medicine at the Universidad Nacional de México. In 1929, she received a scholarship from the Alexander von Humboldt Society, given to young doctors to study a specialty in psychiatry and neurology at Cursos Internacionales de Perfeccionamiento Médico, offered annually by the University of Berlin. Thus, doctor Rodríguez became part of the small and selected group of Mexicans who got a university degree and a specialty. While still in Germany after finishing her curses, the Mexican government commissioned Rodríguez to travel to the Soviet Union to do research and learn the methods to protect children in that country. The permanence of Mathilde in Stalinist SSRU allowed her to observe directly the Russian social organization, and to get involved in socialist and progressive ideas. In 1932, the Children's Pavilion was created at the General Mental Hospital of La Castañeda, which responded to the general concern on childhood that characterized the Mexican twentieth century. Also, this was considered as a way to revalue and reconstruct the credibility of the institution. In October of the same year, the director of the Mental Hospital named Rodríguez Cabo director of the Children Psychiatric Pavilion. The early work of doctor Mathilde was to plan the organization of the place in order to enhance services and to obtain economical funds for its management. She removed unnecessary personnel and regulated the operation of the annexed school by including life conditions of students and general rules that should be followed in the institution. In addition, she developed a curriculum to include courses on special teaching and general culture, she proposed a class schedule with teaching procedures and evaluation systems, and elaborated a spending budget, which included food and attention of children, as well as the implementation of workshops. During her term as director of the Children's Pavilion, Mathilde Rodríguez intensified the work with mentally ill patients at the mental hospital, seeking a social rehabilitation and considering specific clinical circumstances in each particular case. Also, young patients had to be trained for social life as responsible individuals showing respect, submission, and capability to work. Psychiatrist Rodríguez Cabo not only was outstanding in the field of child psychiatry. Her activities for the struggle for women's rights made her one of the most politically committed Mexican doctors, with a high level of social activism. The government of General Lázaro Cárdenas had given a powerful impulse to the mobilization, organization, and consolidation of feminist struggles. In 1935, women who fought in the ruling Partido Nacional Revolucionario (the current PRI) and the Partido Comunista Mexicano were in charge of organizing a congress, established a united front for the rights of women. Mathilde Rodríguez Cabo participated in this congress, as in many others. In relation to women's civil rights, her criticism focused on the law, which did not sufficiently protect single mothers or natural children. She claimed it was necessary to regulate and structure and regulate the investigation over paternity to compel parents to cooperate with the mothers in raising their children, especially among the proletarian class, in which marriage or permanent unions were exceptional and children were very often the result of casual sex. Another issue Mathilde was concerned with was abortion. Between 1920 and 1940 several doctors discussed the pros and cons of the legalizing abortion in the context of eugenic ideas. Until then, criminal justice described abortion as infanticide. Mathilde Rodríguez Cabo shared the eugenic thought in Mexico, which gave women a role as the reproductive, and protector agent of the genetic heritage, and which recommended abortion and birth control for mentally weak, insane or epileptic women. Abortion was proposed as a measure to assist in the improvement of race. Rodríguez Cabo strongly defended that abortion had to be removed from the catalog of crimes, and thus she established the antecedents of the struggle for the legalization of abortion in Mexico. Furthermore, being the first female psychiatrist in Mexico, doctor Mathilde Rodríguez Cabo had a deep awareness of the importance of women in professional, social, and political life of the country. She was related to great figures in medicine, law, politics, and literature of her time. Mathilde was aware of maternity and health problems of both Mexican mothers and children, as well as of social problems related to social rehabilitation centers. She was also a figure who supported child psychiatry as a profession and she helped to develop it in our country. She argued that it was possible to rehabilitate abnormal or mentally ill children by making them useful to society, helping them to reintegrate into social life as early as possible. Feeding, working, music, and gymnastics became the most important therapeutic activities for Rodríguez Cabo. However, she was convinced that a substantial part of children's rehabilitation depended on a close and loving treatment, as well as psycho-physiological studies to determine appropriate diagnosis of illness and its treatment. Although she acknowledged that the causes of children's mental and school retardation could result from genetics or inheritance, she argued that the economic situation of their families contributed to these problems as well. Such thought was contrary to the biological and hereditary deterministic ideas, which were predominant during the post-revolution. Mathilde spread the word of Mexico at each of the international conferences she attended, especially in relation to women and children, the two major groups to whom she devoted her life. From the public institutions where she worked, she became actively involved in the development of law projects, and she fought permanently for a more just and equal society to face inequality and social injustice. Finally, she sought to provide men and women with the same rights, in spite of the fact that the Mexican Revolution had not yet reached society.

Mathilde Rodríguez Cabo fue la primera especialista en psiquiatría en México, además de una destacada líder feminista que participó en el movimiento por la protección a la infancia y en la lucha por los derechos políticos, sociales y humanos de las mujeres. Nació en Las Palmas, San Luis Potosí, en 1902. En su adolescencia logró un dominio completo del idioma alemán lo que más tarde utilizó para traducir al castellano algunas obras de psiquiatría alemana como la Simbología del espíritu de Carl Gustav Jung o la Correspondencia entre Sigmund Freud y Oskar Pfister. En 1922, Rodríguez Cabo buscó ingresar a la carrera de médico cirujano en la Universidad Nacional de México, y fue en 1929 cuando la Sociedad Alexander von Humboldt becó a la joven médica Mathilde para estudiar una especialidad en psiquiatría y neurología en los Cursos Internacionales de Perfeccionamiento Médico que se impartían anualmente en la Universidad de Berlín. De tal modo, la doctora Rodríguez Cabo entró en el minúsculo y selecto grupo de mexicanas que contaban con una carrera universitaria y estudiaban una especialidad. Al concluir sus cursos de psiquiatría y encontrándose todavía en Alemania, el gobierno mexicano la comisionó para viajar a la Unión Soviética para investigar y conocer los métodos de protección a la infancia que se realizaban en aquél país. La permanencia de Mathilde en la URSS estalinista le permitió observar de cerca la organización social soviética y además imbuirse en ideas socialistas y de progreso social. En 1932 se creó el Pabellón Infantil en el Manicomio General de La Castañeda, suceso que respondió al contexto de preocupación generalizada por la infancia que inundó al siglo XX mexicano. En octubre de 1932, el director del Manicomio General notificó a Rodríguez Cabo su designación como directora del Pabellón de Psiquiatría Infantil. Las primeras labores de la doctora Mathilde fueron elaborar un proyecto de organización del pabellón que diera eficiencia tanto en los servicios como en los fondos del manicomio. En su gestión al frente del Pabellón Infantil intensificó el trabajo de los enfermos mentales internados en el Manicomio, intentando una readaptación social que, sin olvidar las circunstancias clínicas específicas a cada caso individual, capacitara al enfermo para la vida social, lo hiciera un individuo responsable, con respeto, sumisión y capacidad de trabajo. La psiquiatra Rodríguez Cabo no sólo sobresalió en el campo de la psiquiatría infantil. Sus actividades en torno a la lucha por los derechos de la mujer la convirtieron en una de las médicas mexicanas más comprometidas políticamente y con un mayor ámbito de acción social. En relación a los derechos civiles de la mujer, la crítica de la psiquiatra se enfocó en que la ley no protegía suficientemente ni a la madre soltera ni a los hijos naturales y en que sería necesario sistematizar y reglamentar la investigación de la paternidad para obligar a los padres a colaborar con la madre en el sostenimiento de los hijos, sobre todo en las clases proletarias en las que el matrimonio o las uniones permanentes eran excepcionales y los hijos eran muy frecuentemente resultado de relaciones sexuales accidentales. Otro de los temas que le preocupó fue el del aborto. Entre 1920 y 1940 varios médicos discutieron los pros y contras de su legalización en el marco de las ideas eugenistas. Hasta ese momento el código penal lo calificaba como infanticidio. Rodríguez Cabo se manifestó con una férrea defensa de que el aborto fuera eliminado del <>, y marcó así los antecedentes de la lucha por su legalización en México. Rodríguez Cabo fue la primera psiquiatra en México, la caracterizó su profunda conciencia de la importancia de la mujer en la vida profesional, social y política del país. Estuvo relacionada con grandes figuras de la medicina, del derecho, de la política y de la literatura de su época. Fue una figura que marcó la profesionalización y el desarrollo de la psiquiatría infantil en nuestro país.