ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Neglected tropical diseases are a growing threat to global health, and endemic Chagas disease has emerged as one of the most important health problems in America. The main strategy to prevent Trypanosoma cruzi transmission is chemical control of vectors. This study presents a descriptive analysis of synanthropic triatomines before and after the implementation of a vector-control program in Bahia, Brazil. Methods: Descriptive analysis and geospatial statistics were performed on triatomine data, (1) the relative abundance and (2) proportional spatial distribution, from Bahia during two periods: (A) 1957 to 1971 and (B) 2006 to 2019. Results: We observed a decrease in the relative abundance of Panstrongylus megistus (A: n=22.032, 61.9%; B: n=1.842, 1.0%) and Triatoma infestans (A: n=1.310, 3.7%; B: n=763, 0.43%), as well as an increase in the relative abundance of T. sordida (A: n=8.314, 23.4%, B: n=146.901, 81.6%) and T. pseudomaculata (A: n=894, 2.5%, B: n=16.717, 9.3%). Conclusions: Our results indicate a clear reduction in the occurrence of P. megistus and T. infestans (last record in 2015) and an increase in the relative abundance and geographical distribution of T. sordida and T. pseudomaculata after 40 years of the vector-control program. The high frequency of other triatomine species in the municipalities of the state of Bahia and their abundance in recent years highlight the need to reinforce permanent entomological surveillance actions to prevent Chagas disease.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: investigar os casos de febre maculosa, verificar os aspectos relacionados à assistência à saúde e caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico desses e do ambiente de infecção. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos confirmados de FM entre janeiro e novembro de 2017. Foi elaborado um formulário semiestruturado para coleta dos dados. Para as análises epidemiológicas, foram utilizados os programas EpiInfoTM 7 e Qgis® 2.18.1. Foram calculadas frequências, medidas de tendência central, dispersão e indicadores de oportunidade de assistência. Nos ambientes prováveis de infecção, foram realizadas coletas de carrapatos que foram identificados e submetidos à pesquisa de Rickettsia do grupo da FM. Resultados: foram confirmados 15 casos de FM; desses, a maioria foi do sexo masculino (93%) com média de 42 anos de idade; 10 evoluíram para óbito. Todos apresentaram febre, 13(87%) cefaleia e 12(80%) mialgia. Apresentaram mediana e média de evolução para óbito pela doença de 6 dias (1 a 9), oportunidades de hospitalização, tratamento, diagnóstico e notificação de 4,5(0 a 8); 7(0 a 26); 9(DP±6) e 33(DP±45) dias, respectivamente. Para assistência à saúde, 14(93%) casos procuraram atendimento mais de duas vezes, com tempo de internação de 4,5 dias (0 a 8 dias). O hospital foi o serviço procurado, exclusivamente, no quarto atendimento. Dengue e FM foram as hipóteses diagnósticas mais frequentes. Foram coletados 250 espécimes de carrapatos em quatro municípios, sendo em um município identificado Amblyomma sculptum naturalmente infectados. Conclusões: foram assinaladas condições assistenciais pouco sensíveis à ocorrência da FM, o que, provavelmente, colaborou para ocorrência de óbitos, além da necessidade de sensibilização de equipes de saúde e vigilância quanto à ocorrência da FM na região.
Objective: investigate the cases of spotted fever, verify aspects related to health care and characterize the epidemiological profile of these and of the environment of infection. Methods: A descriptive study of confirmed cases of SF between January and November 2017. A semi-structured form for data collection was developed. EpiInfoTM 7 and Qgis® 2.18.1. Frequencies, measures of central tendency, dispersion and indicators of opportunity of assistance were calculated. In the probable environments of infection ticks were collected, identified and submitted to Rickettsia research of the SF group. Results: Fifteen SF cases were confirmed; of these, the majority was male (93%) and averaged 42 years old; 10 evolved to death. All presented fever, 13 (87%) headache and 12 (80%) myalgia. They presented an average of evolution to death by SF of 6 days (1 to 9), opportunities for hospitalization, treatment, diagnosis and notification of 4.5(0 to 8); 7(0 to 26); 9(DP± 6) and 33(DP± 45) days respectively. For health care, 14(93%) cases sought care more than twice and were hospitalized for 4.5-days (0 to 8 days). The hospital was the only service exclusively sought in the fourth service. Dengue and SF were the most frequent diagnostic hypotheses. A total of 250 specimens of ticks were collected in four counties, and in one municipality Amblyomma sculptum was identified as naturally infected. Conclusions: It was pointed out that assistance conditions were not very sensitive to the occurrence of SF which probably contributed to the instance of deaths as well as the need for sensitization of health and surveillance teams regarding the appearance of SF in the region.
Subject(s)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Tick-Borne DiseasesABSTRACT
No município de Camaçari, considerado área endêmica para leishmaniose visceral (LV), foi realizado estudo objetivando determinar a influência das variáveis climáticas sobre a flutuação mensal da população flebotomínica e a taxa de infecção natural desses flebotomíneos por Leishmania infantum. Para o levantamento entomológico foram realizadas capturas sistemáticas de flebotomíneos utilizando armadilhas tipo HP, tanto no peri como no intradomicílio. As residências foram selecionadas em bairros pertencentes a zona urbana orla e zona urbana sede, onde casos humanos de LV no foram registrados município. As capturas foram realizadas entre dezembro de 2011 e novembro de 2012. A relação entre pluviosidade, umidade relativa do ar e temperatura e a proporção de flebotomíneos foi calculada utilizando o coeficiente de Spearman. Para o estudo da infecção natural dos flebotomíneos foi utilizada a técnica de qPCR. Os pools avaliados foram compostos por flebotomíneos da mesma espécie, distribuídos pelas residências, ás quais foram investigadas no intra e peridomicilio. Além disso, os pools foram distribuídos de acordo com os 12 meses de coleta. Os resultados mostraram que a fauna flebotomínica é diversificada, sendo composta por quatro gêneros com ocorrência de cinco espécies. Espécimes de interesse epidemiológico foram encontrados com predominância para a espécie Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (98,4%). Foi observada correlação positiva entre a densidade de flebotomíneos e a variável pluviosidade na zona urbana sede durante o período de coleta (r = 0,66, p <0,02). A correlação entre as variáveis bioclimáticas e a densidade dos flebotomíneos também foi avaliada em bairros que se destacaram individualmente pela densidade de flebotomíneos, sendo encontrado correlação positiva para a variável umidade relativa do ar (r = 0,58 p <0,04)...
In Camaçari city, considered an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the study was conducted aiming to determine the climatic variables influence on the sandflies monthly fluctuation and the natural infection rates by Leishmania infantum in the sandflies. The entomological inventory was performed with sandflies systematic captures using HP traps, both in peridomiciliar well as in intradomiciliar. The residences were selected in districts belonging to the coastline urban zone and headquarters urban zone, where human cases of VL were recorded in the city. Captures were performed between December 2011 and November 2012. The correlation between the number of sandflies and the different climatic variables was calculated using Spearman's coefficient. The sandfly natural infection was evaluated by qPCR technique. Pools reviews were composed by sand flies of the same species, distributed among households, which were investigated in peridomiciliare and intradomiciliare. Additionally, pools were distributed according to the 12-month sampling. The results showed that the phlebotomine fauna is diverse, consisting of four genera and five species. Specimens of epidemiological interest were found predominantly for Lutzomyia (Lutzomyia) longipalpis (98.4%). In addition, a positive correlation between sandfly density and pluviosity at headquarters urban zone was observed during the collection period. (r = 0.66, p <0.02). The correlation between bioclimatic variables and density of sandflies was also evaluated in neighborhoods that stood out individually by the sandfly density. A positive correlation was observed for the variable relative humidity during the collection period (r = 0.58 p <0.04)...