Plasmodium malariae malaria--a case report.

The tropical zone is the endemic home for all malarial parasites. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are the species that are prevalent commonly in India. Plasmodium malariae is a parasite of both the tropical and subtropical zones, especially West and East Africa, Guiana and parts of India, but its presence in various zones tends to be patchy. In Karnataka state, its prevalence is rare. A case of Plasmodium malariae malaria from St John's Medical College, Bangalore in the background of the rarity of occurrence in this part of the country is presented.

The diagnostic utility of bone marrow trephine biopsies.

The bone marrow examination is invaluable in the diagnosis of certain haematological and non haematological conditions. The diagnosis of haematological disorders is achieved mainly by the examination of peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate smears. Although bone marrow histology can provide additional information, for many technical reasons, trephines are not so popular and their diagnostic value is overlooked. Our experiences in the role of trephine biopsies in the diagnosis are presented in this article. All the bone marrow biopsies performed at the St. John's Medical College Hospital over the last 12 years (1990-2002) were reviewed The bone marrow biopsies were grouped into 3 categories for analysis. The trephine biopsy is invaluable in cases where the aspirate fails or is a dry tap as in the case of myelofibrosis, focal marrow involvement as in granulomatous lesions, metastatic tumour and lymphomas.

Antiphospholipid antibodies--our experience.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) have aroused multispeciality interests. In our study of 200 cases worked up for APA, we have used a few simple coagulation tests to detect lupus anticoagulant (LA) and ELISA to detect anticardiolipin antibodies. The positivity rate for LA among cases with recurrent pregnancy loss was 4.16% and for aCL 20.8%. The positivity rate for LA in patients with venous thrombosis was 6.2%, in arterial thrombosis was 7.14% and in SLE patients was 58.3%. In conclusion APAs are to be looked for in cases of recurrent pregnancy loss, thrombosis in people < 45 years of age without risk factors and SLE patients to assess the thrombotic risk and to decide on anti coagulant therapy for further management.

Changing trends in malaria--a decade's experience at a referral hospital.

A 10 year study of malaria during 1989-98 recorded an increase in the incidence of malaria from 0.22 in 1989 to 1.3 in 1996 following which it has reached a plateau. The cases were chiefly from Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil nadu. The P. falciparum infection and mixed infections (P. falciparum and vivax) were found to be on the rise. Peak of malaria cases were recorded in the months of June-July and in Oct-Nov coinciding with the rains showing a seasonal pattern. The common haematological findings were anemia, thrombocytopenia, pancytopenia and leucopenia. Complications noted in our study were haemolysis, renal failure, hepatopathy and cerebral malaria. The unusual cases were congenital malaria, malaria with sickle cell anemia, AIHA and G-6PD deficiency. Mortality due to cerebral malaria was found to be 13.5%.

Haematological changes in HIV infection.

HIV infection is associated with a wide range of hematological abnormalities. The peripheral blood findings and the morphological abnormalities in the bone marrow can simulate myelodysplastic syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, and T cell lymphoma. We studied the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow findings of 42 patients with HIV infection over a 3-year period with the aim of recognising the morphological findings sufficiently characteristic of HV infection. The salient peripheral blood smear findilngs were anemia, bicytopenia and pancytopenia. The bone marrow revealed trilineage dysplasia, plasma cells and eosinophils, increased megakaryocytes, increased iron and reticulin fibrosis. In two cases the bone marrow revealed granulomata.

Disseminated histoplasmosis in an AIDS patient diagnosed on bone marrow.

A 29 year old male drug addict, who was HIV positive presented with fever and hepatosplenomegaly. Bone marrow examination revealed Histoplasma capsulatum confirmed by PAS & GMS stains. However patient had a rapid downhill course with multiorgan failure and died before specific treatment could be instituted.