ABSTRACT
The bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis used in developing countries for preventing serious forms of tuberculosis. The neonatal BCG vaccine is applied in countries with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Most of the vaccinated individuals develop no adverse reactions; although, some subjects show side effects due to a host altered immunity. These reactions range from a simple adenomegaly in the same side of BCG vaccine inoculation, to a spread infection, often fatal. A regional or systemic spread has been described in patients with secondary or primary immunodeficiencies and partial or total genetic defects of interleukin IL-12/23 and IFN-gamma called as a whole "Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial infections" (MSMD). We describe five patients infected with M. bovis BCG-diagnosed between 1995-2008, at the base hospital in the city of Puerto Montt, Region de Los Lagos, Chile. These patients have the clinical course of MSMD.
El bacilo Calmette-Guérin (BCG), es la cepa atenuada de Mycobacterium bovis utilizada en países en vías de desarrollo para la prevención de formas graves de tuberculosis. La vacuna BCG neonatal se administra en países con alta prevalencia de la enfermedad. La mayoría de los vacunados no presenta reacciones adversas, algunos evidencian reacciones secundarias a una inmunidad alterada del huésped. Dichas reacciones varían desde una simple adenomegalia ipsilateral a la inoculación de BCG, hasta una infección diseminada, a menudo mortal. La infección diseminada se ha descrito en pacientes inmuno deficientes secundarios, primarios y en pacientes con defectos genéticos del eje interleuquina 12-23 (IL12/23)-interferón gama (IFN-gamma ) denominados "Síndrome de predisposición mendeliana a infecciones micobacterianas" (PMIM). Describimos cinco pacientes con infección por M. bovis-BCG diagnosticados entre 1995-2008, en el Hospital Base de Puerto Montt, Región de Los Lagos, Chile que cumplen con los criterios del PMIM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Mycobacterium Infections/diagnosis , Mycobacterium Infections/etiology , Mycobacterium Infections/therapy , Mycobacterium bovis/immunology , BCG Vaccine/adverse effects , Interferon-gamma/immunology , /immunologyABSTRACT
Clinical and epidemiological aspects of shigatoxin producing E. coli (STEC) infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are reviewed. Surveillance results from 14 sentinel centers during 2000-2002 showed a mean incidence rate of 3.4 HUS cases per 100.000 children, with the highest incidence in the 6 to 28 month age group. Disease is endemic with summer peaks. Between 1988 and 2002 we obtained the clinical characteristics of a group of 119 HUS children with the following results: mean age 16 months, bloody diarrhea 57.8 percent, no previous diarrhea 9 percent, 60 percent received antibiotics, 72 percent had oligoanuria, 53 percent required dialysis, 15 percent had seizures and 31 percent had dizziness; mortality was 3 percent. Four foodborne outbreaks have been detected in Santiago, two outbreaks occurred in household settings, one in a Day Care Center and one in a Neonatal Unit. Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of STEC infections, including potential vaccines are discussed.
Se revisan y actualizan aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de las infecciones por Escherichia coli productora de shigatoxina (STEC), y el síndrome hemolítico urémico (SHU). Se incluyen resultados de una vigilancia de SHU en 14 centros centinelas (2000-2002), que mostró una incidencia promedio de 3,4 casos por 100.000 niños, 78 por ciento) en el grupo de 6 a 48 meses. Esta vigilancia reflejó una situación endémica, con aumento en verano. Se analiza la observación clínica protocolizada de 119 pacientes con SHU hospitalizados en la Región Metropolitana (RM) (1988 y 2002). Edad promedio: 16 meses. El 578 por ciento> tenía diarrea con sangre, 9 por ciento> no tenía diarrea previa, 60 por ciento> recibió antibacterianos, 72 por ciento> presentó oligoanuria y 53 por ciento> necesitó diálisis. El 31 por cientoo tuvo compromiso de conciencia y 15 por cientoo presentó convulsiones. Letalidad 3 por ciento. Se analizan brotes de STEC asociados a alimentos ocurridos en la RM en el hogar (2), un jardín infantil (1) y en un servicio de neonatología (1). Finalmente, se entregar recomendaciones para el manejo clínico y prevención, se revisan los criterios diagnósticos, nuevas estrategias terapéuticas y progresos en el desarrollo de vacunas.
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/microbiology , Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Chile/epidemiology , Escherichia coli Infections/diagnosis , Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/diagnosis , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome/epidemiology , Incidence , Population SurveillanceABSTRACT
Congenital deficiency of C3 fraction of the complement is a very rare condition. Clinically it is expressed as a deficiency of the humoral immunity. We report a case of C3 and C4 deficiency in a 1 year old infant girl. Her parents have a high consanguinity. She presented an acute meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology, and she evolved with severe neurological damage, and recurrent respiratory and urinary bacterial infections, sepsis and osteomielitis, with partial response to antimicrobials. The tests to investigate humoral and cellular immune response (lymphocyte subpopulations, serum immunoglobulins and subtypes of IgG) were normal. The patient had a deficit of C3 and C4, mainly C3, with absence of CH50. Both of her parents had C3 and C4 about 50 percent of normal values, and CH50 slightly under the normal values
La deficiencia congénita del 3er constituyente del Complemento (C3) es extremadamente rara, y se expresa clínicamente como un defecto de la inmunidad humoral. Se comunica un caso de deficiencia C3 y C4 en un lactante de sexo femenino de 1 año de edad, hijo de padres consanguíneos, que presentó un cuadro de meningoencefalitis aguda de etiología no precisada, con secuela neurológica severa e infecciones bacterianas recurrentes, respiratorias y urinarias, septicemia y osteomielitis, con respuesta parcial a antimicrobianos. El estudio de inmunidad humoral y celular (subpoblaciones linfocitarias, inmunoglobulinas séricas y subclases de IgG) fue normal, demostrándose déficit de C3 y C4 con CH50 ausente en la niña y cifras bajas de C3 y C4, cercanas al 50 por ciento del valor normal en ambos padres
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , /deficiency , /deficiency , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , /genetics , /genetics , Bacterial Infections/genetics , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/diagnosis , Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/drug therapyABSTRACT
Background: There is little information about the prevalence of asthma in Latin American children. Aim: To determine the prevalence of asthma among Chilean school age children. Subjects and methods: The prevalence of respiratory symptoms related to asthma in schoolchildren aged 7 and 13 years, coming from South Santiago, Central Santiago, Valdivia and Punta Arenas, was determined using the methodology of the International Study on Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISMC). A random sample of school children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years from each locality was selected. This resulted in 24)470 surveyed children (11,723 aged 6-7 years and 12,747 aged 13-14 years). Results: The current prevalence of wheezing ("wheezing in the last 12 months") ranged from 16.5 percent to 20.- percent in children aged 67 years, and from 6.8 percent to 11.7 percent in children aged 13-14 years. The cumulative prevalence of asthma ("asthma ever"), ranged from 9.7 percent and 16.5 percent in the 6-7 years group and from 7.3 percent to 12.4 percent in those aged 13-14 years. Conclusions: This study found much higher figures for prevalence of respiratory symptoms related to asthma in school children than those previously reported in this country, with a significant variability between centers (p<0.05). The prevalence of asthma in Chilean schoolchildren is as high and variable as that reported in industrialized countries