ABSTRACT
In clinical trials and animal models, indolent substances have been observed to induce pain relief (placebo analgesia) or increased pain (nocebo hyperalgesia). In recent years, advances in neurobiology field are not only about simple superposition of psychological mechanisms, but also about complex changes in neural networks. This article summarizes the neurophysiological changes and activated characteristics of brain regions in placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia, and expounds the underlying mechanisms involved in placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia in these brain regions, and how different brain regions interact with each other.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To investigate blood concentration monitoring data,therapeutic efficacy,toxic reaction and combi-nation of tacrolimus in patients with Allo-HSCT,and to provide reference for clinical application of tacrolimus. METHODS:The blood concentration of tacrolimus in 16 inpatients were monitored with EMIT 3 months after Allo-HSCT. The occurrence of Graft-versus-Host disease(GVHD),ADR and drug combination were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS:A large individual dif-ferences were found in blood concentration of tacrolimus. When blood concentration 20 ng/ml,the occurrence of diabetes,kidney damage and other side effects seems increased. Tacrolimus had a good effect on treatment and prevention of GVHD,and could have an interaction with other drugs. CONCLUSIONS:Blood concentration monitoring of tacrolimus plays an important role on the prevention and treatment of GVHD,and the decrease of side effects such as diabetes and neurotoxicity. The satisfactory blood concentration is 8-20 ng/ml,when there seems a smaller possibility of GVHD and ADR 3 months after Allo-HSCT.