Emodin Ameliorates High Glucose-Induced Podocyte Apoptosis via Regulating AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Signaling Pathway / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of emodin on high glucose (HG)-induced podocyte apoptosis and whether the potential anti-apoptotic mechanism of emodin is related to induction of adenosine-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated autophagy in podocytes (MPC5 cells) in vitro.@*METHODS@#MPC5 cells were treated with different concentrations of HG (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mmol/L), emodin (2, 4, 8 µ mol/L), or HG (40 mmol/L) and emodin (4 µ mol/L) with or without rapamycin (Rap, 100 nmol/L) and compound C (10 µ mol/L). The viability and apoptosis of MPC5 cells were detected using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3, autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3) I/II, and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins were determined by Western blot. The changes of morphology and RFP-LC3 fluorescence were observed under microscopy.@*RESULTS@#HG at 20, 40, 80 and 160 mmol/L dose-dependently induced cell apoptosis in MPC5 cells, whereas emodin (4 µ mol/L) significantly ameliorated HG-induced cell apoptosis and caspase-3 cleavage (P<0.01). Emodin (4 µ mol/L) significantly increased LC3-II protein expression levels and induced RFP-LC3-containing punctate structures in MPC5 cells (P<0.01). Furthermore, the protective effects of emodin were mimicked by rapamycin (100 nmol/L). Moreover, emodin increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and suppressed the phosphorylation of mTOR. The AMPK inhibitor compound C (10 µ mol/L) reversed emodin-induced autophagy activation.@*CONCLUSION@#Emodin ameliorated HG-induced apoptosis of MPC5 cells in vitro that involved induction of autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, which might provide a potential therapeutic option for diabetic nephropathy.

Optimization of ethanol precipitation process of Nauclea officinalis extract based on concept of quality by design(QbD) / 中国中药杂志

The ethanol precipitation process of Nauclea officinalis extract was optimized based on the concept of quality by design(QbD). Single factor tests were carried out to determine the levels of test factors. The ethanol volume fraction, pre-ethanol precipitation drug concentration, and ethanol precipitation time were taken as critical process parameters(CPPs). With the comprehensive scores of strictosamide transfer rate and solid removal rate as the critical quality attributes(CQAs), Box-Behnken design was employed to establish the mathematical models and space design between CPPs and CQAs, and the obtained optimal operating space was validated. The optimal operating space included ethanol volume fraction of 65%-70%, pre-ethanol precipitation drug concentration of 22-27 mg·mL~(-1), and ethanol precipitation time of 12 h. Based on the concept of QbD, this study adopted the design space to optimize the ethanol precipitation process of N. officinalis extract, which provided a reliable theoretical basis for the quality control in the production process of N. officinalis preparations. Moroever, this study provided a reference value for guiding the research and industrial production of traditional Chinese medicines.

Preparation of vitexin albumin nanoparticles and its pharmacokinetic study / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to prepare vitexin albumin nanoparticles(VT-BSA-NPs) to alleviate the low bioavailability of vitexin(VT) in vivo due to its poor water solubility. VT micro powders were prepared by the antisolvent crystallization method, and the morphology, size, and physicochemical properties of VT micro powders were studied. The results showed that the VT micro powder had a particle size of(187.13±7.15) nm, an approximate spherical morphology, and a uniform size distribution. Compared with VT, the chemical structure of VT micro powders has not changed. VT-BSA-NPs were prepared from VT micro powders by desolvation-crosslinking curing method. The preparation process was screened by single factor test and orthogonal test, and the quality evaluation of the optimal prescription particle size, PDI, Zeta potential, EE, and morphology was performed. The results showed that the average particle size of VT-BSA-NPs was(124.33±0.47) nm; the PDI was 0.184±0.012; the Zeta potential was(-48.83±2.20) mV, and the encapsulation rate was 83.43%±0.39%, all of which met the formulation-related requirements. The morphological results showed that the VT-BSA-NPs were approximately spherical in appearance, regular in shape, and without adhesion on the surface. In vitro release results showed a significantly reduced release rate of VT-BSA-NPs compared with VT, indicating a good sustained release effect. LC-MS/MS was used to establish an analytical method for in vivo analysis of VT and study the plasma pharmacokinetics of VT-BSA-NPs in rats. The results showed that the specificity of the analytical method was good, and the extraction recovery was more than 90%. Compared with VT and VT micro powders, VT-BSA-NPs could significantly increase AUC, MRT, and t_(1/2), which was beneficial to improve the bioavailability of VT.

Cellular behavior of carbon dots derived from Poria cocos polysaccharide / 药学学报

The biological behavior of carbon dots, especially the mechanism of cellular uptake and intracellular distribution, is the basis of its biomedical applications. In this paper, blue fluorescent carbon quantum dots were synthesized by hydrothermal method with Poria cocos polysaccharide as raw material, and the specific biological behavior of carbon dots entering cells was explored to evaluate its biological activity. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Two different cell lines, immunocytes-RAW264.7 cells (mouse mononuclear macrophages cells) and cancer cells-4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells), were used as the research objects to study the uptake kinetics, uptake pathway, distribution and efflux of polysaccharide carbon dots in cells. The results showed that the carbon dots have a size distribution of 2 to 10 nm, and the average size was 6.85 nm. The carbon dots were mainly composed of C, O and N elements, with abundant surface functional groups such as -OH, C=O, C-N and C=C, and the fluorescence quantum yield was 4.72%. Carbon dots enter cells in a certain concentration and time dependence. Different cell lines have different uptake pathways. RAW264.7 cells enter the cells mainly by macrophage-specific phagocytosis, and a small part of the endocytosis is mediated by caveolin, while 4T1 cells are mainly mediated by grid protein endocytosis and giant cell drinking process. In summary, the synthesized carbon dots have good fluorescence properties, low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, which can be used for cell imaging applications.

Extracts of Poria cocos polysaccharides improves alcoholic liver disease in mice via CYP2E1 and NF-κB inflammatory pathways / 中国中药杂志

The present study investigated the effect of extract of Poria cocos polysaccharides(PCP) on cytochrome P450 2 E1(CYP2 E1) and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) inflammatory signaling pathways in alcoholic liver disease(ALD) mice and explored its protective effect and mechanism. Sixty male C57 BL/6 N mice of SPF grade were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, a positive drug group(bifendate, 200 mg·kg~(-1)), and high-(200 mg·kg~(-1)) and low-dose(50 mg·kg~(-1)) PCP groups. Gao-binge mo-del was induced and the mice in each group were treated correspondingly. Liver morphological and pathological changes were observed and organ index was calculated. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were detected. Malondialdehyde(MDA) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) in liver tissues were detected by assay kits. The levels of interleukin-6(IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) were detected by ELISA. The activation of macrophages was observed by immunofluorescence staining and protein expression of CYP2 E1, Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4), NF-κB p65, and phosphorylated NF-κB p65(p-NF-κB p65) were analyzed by Western blot. The ALD model was properly induced. Compared with the model group, the PCP groups significantly improved the pathological injury of liver tissues. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that compared with the model group, the groups with drug intervention showed decreased macrophages in liver tissues. Additionally, the PCP groups showed reduced ALT, AST, MDA, IL-6, and TNF-α(P<0.05), and potentiated activity of SOD(P<0.01). PCP extract has the protective effect against alcoholic liver injury in mice, and the underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of the expression of CYP2 E1 and inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory injury, thereby inhibiting the development of ALD.

Effect and Mechanism of Banxia Baizhu Tianmatang on Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the effects of Banxia Baizhu Tianmatang （BBTT） on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein-E knockout （ApoE^-/-） mice induced by high fat diet. Method:The atherosclerosis model of ApoE^-/- mice was established with high-fat diet， and BBTT was used for intervention. The pathological changes of aorta after atherosclerosis were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE）， oil red O and Masson staining. The changes of serum total cholesterol （TC）， triglyceride （TG）， high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C） and low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C） were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>）， interleukin-6 （IL-6） and oxidized low density lipoprotein （ox-LDL） were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Total tissue proteins were extracted， quantified by protein quantification （BCA） method， and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） protein was detected by Western blot. Thiobarbituric acid （TBA） method was used to detect the change of malondialdehyde （MDA） content. The change of superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was detected by 2-（2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl）-3-（4-nitrophenyl）-5-（2，4-disulfobenzene）-2H tetrazole monosodium salt （WST-8） method. Result:Compared with the control group， there was a large amount of lipid accumulation in the blood vessels of the model group， the serum levels of TG， TC， HDL-C and LDL-C significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， the expression of MMP-9 protein in the blood vessels significantly increased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， the expression levels of IL-6 and TNF-<italic>α</italic> in the serum increased （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01）， the SOD activity was significantly reduced （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， and the levels of MDA and ox-LDL expression increased （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Compared with the model group， the treatment with BBTT could inhibit the accumulation of lipids in blood vessels， the TG levels were reduced in the high and medium dose groups of BBTT （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， high， medium and low dose groups significantly reduced the levels of LDL-C in serum （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， the expression of MMP-9 protein in blood vessels （<italic>P</italic><0.05） and IL-6 in serum （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， the high-dose group down-regulated the expression of TNF-<italic>α</italic> in serum （<italic>P</italic><0.01） and ox-LDL （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， both the high and medium-dose groups increased the level of MDA （<italic>P</italic><0.05， <italic>P</italic><0.01） and the activity of SOD （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:BBTT has a certain intervention effect on the formation of atherosclerosis aortic plaque in ApoE^-/- mice， and its mechanism may be associated with reducing the TG and LDL-C levels， lowering blood lipid， down-regulating MMP-9 protein， protecting blood vessels from inflammatory damage， reducing ox-LDL and MDA levels， and improving SOD activity to play an antioxidant role.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and discussion of Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, mainly contains triterpenoids, flavonoids, polysaccharides, coumarins and volatile oils with many pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory and anti-fibrotic effects. The widespread applications of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in food, medicine and chemical industries make its demand increase gradually. Therefore, the quality guarantee of the medicinal is of great value. Starting from the elaboration of chemical components and pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and the introduction to the concept of quality marker(Q-marker), this study analyzed the Q-markers of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma from the aspects of plant phylogene-tics, chemical component specificity, traditional efficacy, traditional medicinal properties, absorbed components, different processing methods and so on, which provides reference for quality evaluation, development and utilization of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.

Progress in pharmacodynamic basis, mechanism, and prediction of Q-markers of Zhenwu Decoction in treatment of chronic heart failure / 中国中药杂志

Zhenwu Decoction(ZWD) has a history of more than 1 800 years in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), which is used to treat various diseases characterized by Yangqi deficiency and exuberant water and dampness. It is currently the classic prescription for the treatment of chronic heart failure(CHF). This study provides a basis for the treatment of CHF with ZWD by elaborating the traditional efficacy, theoretical basis, and underlying mechanism of the prescription. Based on the research methods and judgment basis of quality markers(Q-markers) of Chinese medicine, the Q-markers of ZWD in the treatment of CHF were predicted from the aspects of transfer and traceability, specificity, effectiveness, compatibility environment, measurability, and processing. Demethyl-coclaurine,benzoylaconine, atractylenolide Ⅲ, paeoniflorin, 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, pachymic acid, and dehydrotumulosic acid can be used as Q-markers of ZWD for treating CHF. The result provides a reference for exploring the pharmacodynamic substances of ZWD in the treatment of CHF.

Review of chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical application of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and prediction of its Q-markers / 中国中药杂志

Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is a Chinese herbal medicine that promotes blood circulation to remove blood stasis, nourishes blood to tranquilize the mind, and cools blood to disperse carbuncles. Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma has microcirculation-improving, blood vessel-dilating, atherosclerosis-preventing, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and blood pressure-and blood lipid-lowering activities. As research progresses, the chemical composition, pharmacological effect, and clinical application of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma have attracted much attention. We reviewed the research progress in this field. Based on the concept of quality marker(Q-marker) in traditional Chinese medicine, the Q-markers of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were predicted and analyzed from the aspects of quality transfer, traceability, ingredient specificity, association between ingredients and pharmacological effects, ingredient predictability, and compounding environment. This review provides a scientific basis for the quality control of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and its preparations.

Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Taohong Siwu Granule on Rats with Dysmenorrhea Due to Cold Coagulation and Blood Stasis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of Taohong Siwu granule on dysmenorrhea rats. Method:Forty-eight healthy SD female rats were randomly divided into six groups: control group, model group, Taohong Siwu granule groups (18, 9, 4.5 g·kg-1) and Fuke Qianjin tablet group (0.08 g·kg-1). The rats were given Bugaorer (0.35 mg·kg-1) every day and ice-water bath for 8 minutes for 10 consecutive days. Oxytocin was injected intraperitoneally on the 11th day. The writhing reaction of rats was observed, and the effect of Taohong Siwu granules on hemorheology was measured. The levels of 6-ketoprostacyclin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α), thromboxane B2(TXB2), prostaglandinF2α（PGF2α）, PGE2 of rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ca2+ in uterine tissues was scanned by laser confocal microscopy. Result:Each dose of Taohong Siwu granule group reduced the number of writhing, the time of writhing and the incidence of writhing in dysmenorrhea rats, which were significantly lower than those in model group (P<0.05，P<0.01). Compared with the model group, high, medium and low-dose Taohong Siwu granules groups could reduce blood viscosity and plasma viscosity, and Taohong Siwu granules can significantly reduce the content of TXB2, Ca2+，PGF2α, and significantly increase the content of 6-keto-PGF1α，PGE2 (P<0.05，P<0.01). Conclusion:Taohong Siwu granule can significantly alleviate dysmenorrhea symptoms in rats. The mechanism may be correlated with the contents of 6-keto-PGF1α, TXB2 and PGF2α, PGE2 and Ca2+.

Protective effect of recombinant adult serine protease inhibitor from Trichinella spiralis on sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in mice / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the protective effect of recombinant adult serine protease inhibitor from Trichinella spiralis (TsadSPI) on sepsis-associated acute kidney injury in mice. Methods A total of 18 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the sham-operation group, the model group, and the TsadSPI treatment group, of 6 mice in each group. Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury was modeled in the model group and TsadSPI treatment group by cecal ligation puncture (CLP), while mice in the sham-operation group were only given exploratory laparotomy without ligation or perforation of the cecum. After 30 min of CLP, mice in the sham-operation group and the model group were intraperitoneally injected with PBS (100 μL), and mice in the TsadSPI treatment group were intraperitoneally injected with PBS (100 μL) containing TsadSPI (2 μg). At 12 h following modeling, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (Cr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured to assess the liver and kidney functions, and the changes of the mouse kidney structure were observed using HE staining. In addition, the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 expression was determined in kidney tissues using immunohistochemical staining. Results At 12 h following CLP, there were significant differences in the serum levels of ALT (F = 41.031, P < 0.001), AST (F = 54.757, P < 0.001), Cr (F = 24.142, P < 0.001) and BUN (F = 214.849, P < 0.001) among the three groups, and higher levels of ALT, AST, Cr and BUN were measured in model group than in the sham-operation group (P < 0.001), while lower ALT, AST, Cr and BUN levels were found in the TsadSPI treatment group than in the model group (P < 0.001). HE staining showed severe mouse kidney injuries following CLP, and TsadSPI treatment resulted in remarkable alleviation of the injury. ELISA measured significant differences in the TNF-α (F = 47.502, P < 0.001) and IL-6 levels (F = 222.061, P < 0.001) among the three groups, and showed a remarkable reduction in the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in the TsadSPI treatment group as compared to those in the model group (P < 0.001). In addition, there were significant differences in serum IL-10 (F = 16.227, P < 0.001) and TGF-β levels (F = 52.092, P < 0.001) among the three groups, and higher IL-10 and TGF-β levels were seen in the TsadSPI treatment group than in the model group (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining showed greater MyD88 expression and a higher nuclear positive rate of NF-κB p65 in kidney tissues in the model group than in the TsadSPI treatment group. Conclusions TsadSPI may reduce the MyD88 expression and nuclear positive rate of NF-κB p65 in mouse kidney tissues to up-regulate the expression of immunomodulatory factors and down-regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby protecting sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.

Regional suitability analysis of endangered medicinal plant Dactylorhiza hatagirea / 中国中药杂志

The wild plant Dactylorhiza hatagirea commonly used in Tibetan medicine. In recent years, it is on the verge of extinction due to improper excavation and habitat deterioration. Based on the literature review, and the meteorological and ecological data of Qinghai Province and data derived from the field survey, this study took the altitude, humidity index, annual average wind speed, monthly average sunshine, precipitation and temperature in growing season, soil type and vegetation type as the zoning indexes, and applied ArcGIS software for spatial superposition analysis. The results showed that the D. hatagirea was primarily found in the alpine meadow in the east and south of Qinghai Province. The overall suitable area was about 30 700 km~2. Taking Qinghai Lake as the boundary for reference, the area in the south appeared to be more suitable, while the area in the east appeared to be secondary in suitability. Henan County, Zeku County, Jiuzhi County and Banma County were the main suitable areas covering the expanse of 12 454 km~2. Through the field verification, such zoning results appeared to be accurate, precise and illustrative. The spatial distribution of ecological suitability provides the decision-making basis for the resource investigation, environment protection and comprehensive resource management. It also provides the empirical case for developing the interdisciplinary research method in the suitability study of medicinal plants.

Study on sustainable development of Tibetan medicine resources on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau / 中国中药杂志

Through using the theoretical research results of traditional Chinese medicine resource management and sustainable utilization as references,this article systematically analyzes the relationship between economic subsystems for utilization of wild renewable resources in Tibetan medicine,resources,environment and social systems. It sorts out and designs the relationship diagram of the sustainable utilization system for Tibetan medicine resources,input and output relationship diagrams of economics subsystems for Tibetan medicine resources,development model diagram for Tibetan medical industrial chain,market development flow chart of wild herb resources of Tibetan medicine,causal circuit diagram of sustainable use mechanism for Tibetan medicine resources,cause tree of the stock and function for Tibetan medicine resources,cause tree of total income for Tibetan medicine resource utilization and tree diagram of compensation fund usage of Tibetan medicine resources. It provides an innovative research method for Tibetan medicine resources,and theoretical basis and relevant countermeasure for constructing sustainable approaches to development of wild renewable resources in Tibetan medicine.

Therapeutic effect and mechanism of three kinds of Dendrobium on constipation in rats with spleen Yin deficiency / 中国中药杂志

Books on Chinese herbal medicines have shown that Dendrobium has the effect of nourishing Yin and reinforcing Yin,usually used for constipation induced by spleen Yin deficiency in clinical application. D. huoshanense,as an independent species among many species of Dendrobium,has no experimental studies about its effects on spleen Yin deficiency-type constipation. The purpose of this experiment was to illustrate the therapeutic effect of D. huoshanense on the constipation of spleen Yin deficiency type in rats,investigate its preliminary mechanism,and compare it with the D. officinale and D. nobile contained in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia to clarify its characteristics. The spleen Yin deficiency model was replicated in 70 rats by the composite factor method,and then the model rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: model group,Liuwei Dihuang Pills group( LWDHP),D. huoshanense high( DHS-H),medium( DHS-M),low( DHS-L) dose groups,D. nobile group( DNS),and D. officinale group( DOS),and another 10 rats were used as normal group( Normal). After 7 continuous days of administration,the fecal water content and intestine propulsion rate of each group were detected. HE staining was used to observe the pathological damage of ileum and colon in each group. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect aquaporin 3( AQP3) expressions,while the expression levels of the somatostatin( SS) and motilin( MTL) in the ileum of each group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that as compared with the model group,the rats in each drug-administered group had increased number of fecal pellets,increased fecal water content,and the increased intestinal propulsion rate( P<0. 01),while the pathological damage of the ileum and colon was significantly reduced; the expression of AQP3 protein was significantly decreased( P<0. 01); the level of MTL was significantly increased and the level of SS was decreased( P<0. 01). All DHS groups showed a good dose-effect relationship,and the same dose treatment effect was equivalent to that of DOS,but it was superior to DNS. Therefore,DHS has a significant therapeutic effect on constipation of spleen Yin deficiency type,and its mechanism may be related to intestinal motility and water-liquid metabolism,with a good therapeutic effect.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Dendrobii Huoshanense Herba / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe the anti-inflammatory effect of Dendrobii Huoshanense Herba. Method:Totally 60 Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, high, middle and low-dose Dendrobii Huoshanense Herba groups (DHS-H, DHS-M, DHS-L, 4, 2, 1 g·kg-1) and dexamethasone acetate group (DXMS, 0.01 g·kg-1). The rats were intragastrically administered for 14 days. After the last administration for 1 h, a total of 20 μL of xylene was added to both sides of the right ear center of the mice to establish the ear swelling model. All of the mice were decapitated 1 h later, and the ear swelling inhibition rate of each group were calculated. Totally 36 healthy SD rats were divided into normal model, model group, DHS-H,DHS-M,DHS-L groups (2.8, 1.4, 0.7 g·kg-1) and DXMS acetate group. The rats were intragastrically administered for 7 days. One hour after the last intragastric administration, a foot swelling model was established through subcutaneous injection of 10%fresh egg white in the right hind limb toe of each group. The right hind paw circumference of each rat was measured at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 h, and the paw swelling of the rats was calculated. Totally 60 SD rats were implanted subcutaneously with sterile dry cotton balls in the bilateral groin and grouped as above. All of the rats were intragastrically administered for 14 days since the next day. After the last administration, cotton balls were taken out, and the inhibition rate of granuloma was calculated. And the contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the serum of each group were detected. Result:Compared with the normal group, the ear swelling rate, the foot swelling degree were significantly increased in the model group(PPPPPα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the model group were higher than those in the normal group (Pα, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in Dendrobii Huoshanense Herba group and positive drug group were decreased significantly (PPConclusion:Dendrobii Huoshanense Herba could effectively inhibit acute and chronic inflammatory reactions.

Effect of GRACE Scores on Prediction of 30-day Cardiovascular Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Chest Pain / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

[Objective]To investigate the effect of GRACE scores on prediction of 30-day cardiovascular adverse events in acute chest pain patients.[Methods]A prospective,observational analysis was conducted in the patients with acute chest pain in Emergency Department(ED)from January 1,2016 through April 1,2016.Data including characteris-tics and GRACE scores were collected.All causes leading to MACE were followed up at 30th day after the onset of acute chest pain.[Results]Among a total of 209 patients presenting with acute chest pain enrolled in this study,110 were male (52.63%)and 99 were female(47.37%).The range of age was 20-98years old,and mean age was(65.28±16.85)years old.During follow-up period,12 patients had MACE,2 patients died in ED,3 patients died in hospital,6 patients died out of hospital,and 1 person was diagnosed with myocardial infarction. When compared with non-MACE group,factors including age,BMI,hospitalized patient number,and number of patients admitted in CCU as well as GRACE scores, were significantly higher in MACE group(P<0.05). The predictive ROC curve area of GRACE scores in 30-day MACE was 0.819(0.735 to 0.902). The optimal sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 and 0.65,respectively. The probability of 30-day cardiovascular adverse events in various GRACE score risk stratification was 0.95%(low-risk),6.67%(medi-um-risk),and 18.92%(high-risk),respectively.[Conclusion]The GRACE score was a useful predictor to the occur-rence of 30-day cardiovascular adverse events in acute chest pain patients.

Comparison of different extraction methods of exosome from macrophages / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish the methods for exosomes isolation from the cell culture medium based on the principle of polyethy-lene glycol (PEG) precipitation combined with ultra-high speed centrifugation. Methods Exosomes were extracted by different centrifugation, PEG6000 precipitation combined with ultra-high speed centrifugation and EXO Quick kit,respectively. The mor-phology and particle size of exosomes were analyzed by transmis-sion electron microscopy,NanoSight ZS and Nano-particle track-er(NTA). Western blot assay was used to identify if the extrac-tion were exosomes. Results According to PEG6000 precipita-tion combined with ultra-high speed centrifugation method, the exosomes were successfully isolated from the culture medium. The morphology and particle size of exosomes,the exosomes iso-lated from PEG6000 precipitation combined with ultra-high speed centrifugation were equal to those of the ultra-high speed centrifugation but smaller to EXO Quick kit. What's more, the results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the three methods had typical discoid vesicles. Conclusion The im-provement of the exosome isolation from cell culture medium is convenient,easy and cheap.

Historical evolution and changes of Poria cocos / 中草药

Daodi herbs, as the quintessence of Chinese medicine, is famous for its genuine products, good quality and effect. The research of Daodi herbs influences both the process and development of modernization and internationlization of Chinese medicine. Poria cocos has a long history of application, there is a certain difference over the time of ancients to P. cocos, and P. cocos producing area has a certain change with the change of dynasty. Moreover, as a medicine with dual-purpose of drug and food, it has a widely development future. Therefore, this article from the perspective of the herbalogy to research and discuss the history and changes of P. cocos including the original plant awareness, the real estate area, the medicinal, the taste, the harvest processing, and the quality evaluation, in order to provide the theory basis for the further development and utilization of P. cocos.

Triple no loop Endobutton plate combined with Orthcord line for the treatment of acromioclavicular dislocation of Tossy type III / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the clinical effects of the triple no loop Endobutton plate combined with Orthcord line in treating acromioclavicular dislocation of Tossy type III.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between February 2011 and September 2013, 36 patients with acromioclavicular dislocation of Tossy type III were treated with triple no loop Endobutton plate and Orthcord line. There were 21 males and 15 females, aged from 9 to 48 years old with an average of (26.41±14.05) years. Couse of disease was from 2 to 7 days in the patients. The patients had the clinical manifestations such as shoulder pain, extension limited, acromioclavicular tenderness, positive organ point sign. Clinical effects were assessed by acromioclavicular scoring system.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirty six patients were followed up from 8 to 15 months with an average of (12.2±4.3) months. All incisions got primary healing. At the final follow up, all shoulder pain vanished, acromioclavicular joints without tenderness, negative organ point sign. No redislocation and steel plate loosening were found. According to the acromioclavicular scoring system, 31 cases obtained excellent results, 5 good.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The method of triple no loop Endobutton plate combined with Orthcord line for acromioclavicular dislocation of Tossy type III has advantage of less risk and complication, good functional rehabilitation and is an ideal method.</p>

Optimization of method for determination of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To optimize the method in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia for determining Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B were selected as the index in optimization of the sample preparation method of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Orthogonal test was used to optimize the extraction process of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, and concentration of contents were detected by high performance liquid chromatography method. A detection of using methanol-water (85: 15) at wavelength of 270 nm was employed for tanshinone II(A) and a detection of using methanol-acetonitrile-formic acid-water (30:10:1: 59) at wavelength of 286 nm was employed for salvianolic acid B.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimized extraction process of tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B was: extracted by 90% methanol and reflux twice (0.5 h each time) at 75 degrees C, extracted by 70% methanol and reflux twice (1.5 h each time) at 75 degrees C, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Optimized extraction and determination methods could be used to reflect the content of tanshinone II(A) and salvianolic acid B in Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma more accurately and efficiently.</p>