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Neonicotinoid compounds are usually considered harmless and eco-friendly in terms of their targeted toxicity compared to that of pyrethroids and phosphorus-containing pesticides. However, overuse of neonicotinoid insecticides resulted in the accumulation of its residuals or intermediates in soil and water, which consequently affected beneficial insects as well as mammals, yielding pollution and secondary risks. This review summarized the recent advances in neonicotinoid degrading microorganisms and their metabolic diversity, with the aim to address the urgent need for degrading these insecticides. These advances may facilitate the development of controllable and reliable technologies for efficiently transforming neonicotinoid insecticides into value-added products by synthetic biology and metagenomics.
Subject(s)
Animals , Neonicotinoids/metabolism , Insecticides/metabolism , Soil , Environmental Pollution , Metabolic Networks and Pathways , Mammals/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective:To observe any effect of exosomes derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on pain, cartilage repair and the expression of transcriptional activator 3 (ATF-3) and growth related protein 43 (GAP-43) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), as well as to explore the mechanism of their relieving pain.Methods:Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham-operation group, a monoiodoacetate group and an exosome group, each of 18. The knee cavities of the left hind limbs of all of the rats except those in the sham-operation group were injected with 50μl of monoiodoacetate to establish an arthritis pain model. The sham-operation group received only 50μl of saline solution as controls. Two weeks after the modelling, the knee joint cavities of the exosome group were injected with 50μl of exosomes, while the other two groups were injected with 50μl of normal saline. The rats′ mechanical and thermal pain thresholds were measured 1 day before the modeling, 7 and 14 days after the monoiodoacetate injection, as well as 7, 14 and 28 days after the exosome injection. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of ATF-3 and GAP-43 in the rats′ DRG, while hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect any cartilage repair.Results:Compared with the monoiodoacetate group, the latency of the mechanical and thermal pain thresholds had increased significantly in the exosome group 7 days after the exosome injection. The difference remained significant until the 28th day after the injection. The expression of ATF-3 protein decreased significantly and that of the GAP-43 protein increased significantly. Significant differences were observed in the average Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) knee cartilage score.Conclusions:Exosomes can alleviate the pain induced by monoiodoacetate adjuvant. The analgesic mechanism may be related to reducing nerve injury and promoting nerve and cartilage repair, with the nerve repair earlier than cartilage repair.
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HDA9, a member of the deacetylase family, plays a vital role in regulating plant flowering time through flowering integrator SOC1 and AGL24. However, it remains elusive how HDA9 interacts with SOC1 and AGL24 in flowering time control. Here, HDA9 was cloned in Brassica juncea and then its three active sites were separately replaced with Ala via overlap extension PCR. Thus, mutants of HDA9(D172A), HDA9(H174A) and HDA9(D261A) were constructed and fused into the pGADT7 vector. The yeast one-hybrid assays indicated that HDA9 mutants remained the interactions with the promoters of SOC1 and AGL24. Furthermore, the aforementioned results were confirmed in the dual luciferase assays. Interestingly, the DNA-protein interactions were weakened significantly due to the mutation in the three active sites of HDA9. It suggested that flowering signal integrator SOC1 and AGL24 were regulated by the key amino acid residues of 172th, 174th and 261th in HDA9. Our results provide valuable information for the in-depth study of the biological function and molecular regulation of HDA9 in Brassica juncea flowering time control.
Subject(s)
Flowers , Genetics , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genetics , Mustard Plant , Genetics , Mutation , Plant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Promoter Regions, Genetic , GeneticsABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of neonatal exposure to different doses of Bisphenol A (BPA)on the hypothalamic -pituitary -testis axis in toddler and adolescent male rats.Methods Neonatal male Sprague -Daw-ley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups through random digital table method:control group,vehicle group,low -dose BPA [25 μg/(kg · d)]group,medium -dose BPA [50 μg/(kg · d)]group and high -dose BPA [250μg/(kg·d)]group.The rats were subcutaneously injected with respective agents on postnatal days 1 -7 (PND 1 -7).Pups were sacrificed on PND 22 and PND 50.The hypothalamus and testis were taken and weighed.The hypotha-lamic Kiss -1 mRNA and the testis androgen receptor (AR)mRNA were tested by using real -time fluorescence quan-titative and the levels of serum luteinizing hormone (LH),follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),testosterone (T)were tested by using radio immunity method,and inhibin B was measured by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results Compared with the controls,the level of serum FSH [(1 .610 0 ±0.693 2)IU /L,(1 .574 3 ±0.675 0)IU /L vs (2.362 9 ±0.580 3)IU /L](F =3.314,P =0.026),LH [(3.876 3 ±0.908 0)IU /L,(3.603 8 ±1 .350 2)IU /L vs (5.302 5 ±0.768 4)IU /L](F =3.1 39,P =0.027)and T [(0.383 8 ±0.1 77 8)μg/L,(0.442 5 ±0.21 4 1 )μg/L vs (0.782 5 ±0.282 1 )μg/L](F =5.1 06,P <0.01 )of medium and high -dose BPA groups,were decreased in PND 22,and the organ coefficient of testis [(0.952 90 ±0.049 1 5)%,(0.969 20 ±0.045 82)% vs (1 .022 80 ± 0.01 1 08)%](F =1 0.326,P <0.01 )and serum T [(1 .758 6 ±0.369 6)μg/L,(1 .71 8 8 ±0.395 7)μg/L vs (3.357 5 ±0.749 8)μg/L](F =1 3.799,P =0.01 2)were significantly decreased in PND 50.In high -dose BPA group of PND 22,the expression of hypothalamic Kiss -1 mRNA (0.068 80 ±0.01 1 79)was increased compared with the other groups (F =272.1 25,P <0.01 ),while in PND 50,compared with control group,the Kiss -1 mRNA (0.002 00 ±0.000 25,0.001 90 ±0.000 48 vs 0.001 40 ±0.000 1 7)of medium -and high -dose BPA groups was decreased(F =1 91 .826,P <0.01 ).Conclusions Neonatal exposure to the medium and high -dose BPA may impair the function of testis in toddler and adolescent male rats,and affect the hypothalamus -pituitary -testis axis.Neonatal exposure to the low -dose BPA does not have a significant influence on the hypothalamus -pituitary -testis axis.
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γ-aminobutyric acid A(GABAA)receptor is one of the ligand-gated ion channel receptors expressing widely in the brain. As the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor, GABAA receptor is involved in the regulation of many physiological mechanisms. Imbalance expression of the receptor may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia,depression, epilepsy,post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) syndrome,neurofibromatosis type 1 and fragile X syndrome. Clinically classic benzodiazepines acting on GABAA receptor can be used for the auxiliary treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders,which supports the potential therapeutic value of GABAA receptor for these diseases. The paper describes the molecular structure and subtypes of GABAA receptor and further reviews the progress in the link between GABAA receptor and neuropsychiatric disorders in order to provide a new target for the drug therapy development of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Objective:To explore the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of central nervous system (CNS) infiltration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Methods:One case with symptomatic CNS involvement reported dizziness, diplopia, and gen-eral fatigue as initial manifestations of CLL, as shown in a literature review. Results:Autopsy studies revealed that leukemic invasion of CNS was found in 8%to 71%of CLL patients, whereas incidence of leukemic infiltration in symptomatic CNS was approximately 1%. The complication did not correlate with any evident risk factors, and symptoms in patients with leukemic CNS infiltration were het-erogeneous and non-specific. Diagnosis of the disease depends on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology and flow cytometry. In most of similar cases, neurologic improvement is achieved by either intrathecal chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Failure to treat leukemic CNS infiltration leads to rapid deterioration and death. Conclusion:Leukemic involvement of the CNS is very rare in CLL cases and in-dicates poor prognosis. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment are crucial for long-term remission and complete resolution of neuro-logical symptoms.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of introducing CAD/CAM system into Prosthodontics experimental teachin.MethodsStudents from Chongqing Medical University with major of Dental Department in Grade 2007 was selected.To make all students master the basic knowledge of CAD/CAM system,problem-based learning was used to teach the undergraduate grasping the CAD/CAM system of the affiliated hospital.Results 90 ％ of the students showed strong interest in learning knowledge of the CAD/CAM system.98 ％ of the students could master CAD/CAM system knowledge.ConclusionCAD/CAM system knowledge is suitable for development of prosthodontics.It is necessary that the basic knowledge of CAD/CAM was introduced into prosthodontics experimental courses.
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Objective:To elucidate the effect of osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) on proliferation and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells on titanium disc in vitro. Methods:Human periodontal ligament cells were cultured located on titanium disc individually in medium contained various concentrations of OGP;and cell proliferation quantity were examined by MTT and alkaline phosphatase activity were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbentassay. Results:In vitro,the addition of OGP in cultures resulted in an increase of cell proliferation and ALP activity(P
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Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of maspin gene on metastasis and invasion of gastric cancer and its mechanism.Methods Maspin gene was ligated to the expression vector PCR2.1 with T4 DNA ligase after the PCR2.1 was digested by HindⅢ/XbaⅠ.The recombinant vector maspin/PCR2.1 was transfected into human gastric cancer cell lines MKN28 and SGC7901,then the mRNA and protein expression changes of maspin gene,uPA and uPAR were detected respectively by PT-PCR and Western blotting.Results After identified by digestion and sequencing,the reconstructed plasmid was confirmed to contain the correct and full nucleotide sequence of maspin gene.The expressions of maspin gene were up-regulated in MKN28 and SGC7901 cell lines,while the expressions of uPA and uPAR were down-regulated.Conclusion The expression vector maspin/PCR2.1 is constructed successfully and can be expressed in eukaryotic cells.Expressions of uPA and uPAR can be inhibited by maspin gene.
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Objective To construct a recombinant eukaryotic vector expressing maspin cDNA,and to explore the effect of maspin overexprssion on the proliferation of human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC7901.Methods The fragment of maspin gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).An eukaryotic vector expressing maspin(maspin/PCR2.1)was constructed with PCR2.1,and transfected into SGC7901 cells.The expression of maspin at mRNA and protein level was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The proliferation of SGC7901 cells was observed by MTT.Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.Results Recombinant plasmid maspin/PCR2.1 was constructed and transfected into SGC7901 successfully.The mRNA and protein levels of maspin were significantly higher in the maspin/PCR2.1 group(33.6?1.2,23.4?1.6)than that in the blank PCR2.1(15.0?1.5,12.3?1.5)and the untreated group(13.7?2.0,12.0?1.3)(P