Microbial green manufacturing of higher alcohols / 生物工程学报

Higher alcohols that contain more than two carbon atoms have better fuel properties than ethanol, making them important supplements and alternatives to fossil fuels. Using microbes to produce higher alcohols from renewable biomass can alleviate the current energy and environmental crises, and has become a major future direction for green biomanufacturing. Since natural microbes can only produce a few higher alcohols in small amounts, it is necessary to reconstruct the synthetic pathways for higher alcohols in model industrial strains through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology to overcome the metabolic bottlenecks. A series of milestones have been accomplished in past decades. The authors of this review have witnessed the entire journey of this field from its first success to the leaping development. On the 30th anniversary of the founding of the discipline of metabolic engineering, this review dates back to the great milestones in achieving heterologous production of higher alcohols in non-native strains. The design and optimization of high alcohol biosynthetic pathways, the expansion of feedstock, the engineering of host strains and the industrialization process are summarized. This review aims to draw further attention to microbial synthesis of higher alcohols, inspire the development of novel techniques and strategies of metabolic engineering, and promote the innovation and upgrade of China's biofuel industry.

Application of codon optimization strategy in heterologous protein expression / 生物工程学报

Enzymes are widely used in medical and biopharmaceuticals. They can be used not only for various disease treatments, but also clinical diagnosis. The use of microorganisms to express heterologous proteins has become the easiest and fastest way to obtain enzymes. In order to obtain high concentration and high-quality heterologous proteins, a common method is codon optimization of gene sequences. The traditional codon optimization strategy is mainly based on codon bias and GC content, ignoring complex and varied factors such as translational dynamics and metabolic levels. We provide here comprehensive codon optimization strategy based on gene level, transcriptional level, translational level, post-translational level and metabolic level, mainly including codon bias, codon harmonization, codon sensitivity, adjustment of gene sequence structure and some other influencing factors. We also summarize the aspects of strategy content, theoretical support and application. Besides, the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are also systematically compared, providing an all-round, multi-level and multi-selection optimization strategy for heterogeneous protein expression, and also providing references for the enzyme industry and biopharmaceuticals.

Research progress of the diagnosis and treatment for retinal vein occlusion / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Retinal vein occlusion ( RVO ) is a common vascular disease of the retina and is one of the main reasons for blindness. ln recent years, there have been some new understanding about the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, especially some new researches about treatment,for example ,in the therapy of the intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide and anti-VEGFs as well as dexamethasone implant ( Ozurdex ) . This article will make a brief summarization of the progress about the diagnosis and treatment of RVO.

Recent advance in carbohydrate-based cancer vaccines / 药学学报

The abnormal glycans expressing on the surface of tumor cells are good targets to develop carbohydrate-based anti-cancer vaccines. However, one of the major problems is that carbohydrate antigens possess weak immunogenicity. This review summarizes the recent efforts to overcome this problem: glycoconjugates produced by coupling the carbohydrate antigens and proper carrier proteins improve their immunogenicity, many glycoconjugates have entered clinical trials; the vaccines become chemically well-defined when coupling the carbohydrate antigens with a T-cell peptide epitope and an immunostimulant to form fully synthetic multi-component glycoconjugate vaccines; the modification of carbohydrate antigens in combination with the technology of metabolic oligosaccharide engineering of tumor cells induces a strong immune response; and the fact that the antibodies elicited against the unnatural carbohydrate antigens can recognize the native carbohydrate antigens on tumor cells provides a new promising strategy for the development of anti-cancer vaccines.

Autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation induces angiogenesis in rat ischemic limbs Significance of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 changes in plasma and ischemic tissues / 中国组织工程研究

OBJECTIVE: To observe monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) changes in ischemic tissue during the process of angiogenesis induction in ischemic limbs by autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation.METHODS: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 2 groups (n = 10): model and MSC transplantation. Femoral and tibial bone marrow was taken to isolate and culture MSCs by percoll density gradient method. Cells of the 3~(rd) or 4~(th) passage were used for transplantation. Severe bilateral hind limb ischemia was surgically created in each group rats. Two hours after model establishment, MSCs (1×10~(11)/L) were infused into the ischemic region of rats from the MSC transplantation group, and the model group received the same amount of phosphate buffered saline. Collateral artery formation was determined by angiographic analysis and histological assessment. CD68~+ macrophage infiltration was examined by immunohistochemistry. MCP-1 protein expression in the plasma and ischemic tissue was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MCP-1 mRNA expression in ischemic tissue was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: At postoperative 28 days, treatment with MSC transplantation lead to collateral vessel formation, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CD68~+ macrophage infiltration was lower compared with the model group. MCP-1 protein and mRNA expression in the plasma and ischemia tissue was significantly lower in the MSC transplantation group than in the model group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Following MSC transplantation, MCP-1 may play an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis. This indicates that MCP-1 would become one possible target molecule for modulating inflammatory angiogenesis by MSC Transplantation.

The effect of rhubarb ethanol-extract on hyperlipidemia and liver fatty in rabbits / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To observe the effect of rhubarb ethanol-extract on hyperlipidemia and liver fatty in rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty healthy male white rabbits were divided randomly into five groups, six rabbits in each group. The rabbits in control group were fed with common forage. The rabbits in model group were fed with high lipid forage. The rabbits in three different rhubarb groups were fed with high lipid forage and treated with different level rhubarb ethanol-extract (REE). In the process of experiment, periodically measured serology index of the rabbits and observed common physiology index. The rabbits were killed at the end of tenth week, liver fatty degeneration degree and liver coefficient were measured and compared.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>REE could decrease serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and increase serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and reduce liver fatty de generation and protect liver cell function. And the dose-effect relation was showed among different dose REE groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>REE can significantly reduce blood lipid, prevent and treat hyperlipidemia and liver fatty.</p>

Experiences of retroperitoneal approach for aortoiliac reconstruction / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize experiences of aortoiliac reconstruction through retroperitoneal approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-eight patients underwent retroperitoneal aortoiliac reconstructions, including aortic aneurysmectomy with graft replacement, aortic endarterectomy with patch angioplasty, thoraco-abdominal aortic bypass, resection of retroperitoneal mass with ilio-femoral bypass, iliac aneurysmectomy with aorto-external iliac artery bypass, removal of aortoiliac foreign body, common iliac endarterectomy, aorto (ilio)-femeral bypass and common ilio-femo-popliteal bypass. Drainage tubes were placed retroperitoneally in 24 cases.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All operations in this group were successful without perioperative death. The volume of intra-operative bleeding was 100-400 ml (mean 240 ml). Blood transfusion were employed in 2 cases. Retroperitoneal drainage was 50-170 ml (mean 85 ml). Naso-gastric tubes were removed 28 h on average after operation. All patients recovered uneventfully except that cardiac insufficiency, stress ulcer and retroperitoneal hematoma were present in 3 patients respectively. Twenty-two patients were followed up from 3 months to 2.5 years. One patient died of AMI 2 years after operation. One patient receiving ilio-femo-popliteal bypass was found to have occlusion of femo-popliteal segment of prosthetic graft. One patient developed brain hemorrhage 1.5 years postoperatively. All the other followed-up patients were living well.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Retroperitoneal approach, not violating the peritoneal cavity, offers certain physiological advantages associated with minimal disturbance of gastrointestinal and respiratory function, thereby decreasing respiratory complications and postoperative ileus, avoiding intra-abdominal adhesions with their attendant risk of early and late small bowel obstruction. It proved to be a simple and safe alternative for surgical treatment of aortoiliac diseases.</p>

Determination of chemical constituents of essential oil from flower of Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lind1 / 中华中医药杂志

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of volatile oil from flower of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lind1. Methods: The chemical compositions of volatile oil of the plant which were obtained by steam distillation with hexane were analyzed by GC-MS equipped with a elastic quartz capillary column-HP-5MS5% Phenyl Methyl Siloxane (30 m? 0.25 mm ?0.25 ?m). The constituents were identifi ed by their mass spectra. The relative percentage of the oil constituents was calculated from the GC peak areas. Results: Eighty-nine kinds of chemical constituents in Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lind1.flower were separated; of which fifty-nine compounds representing 76.51% of the oil were characterized. Relative contents that were more than 2.0% were determined as Nonanal 9.21%, Eudesma-5,11-dien-8,12-olide 5.55%, (E)-2-Decenal 4.63%, 2,3-Dehydro- 1,8-cineole 4.39%, Pentacosane 4.03%,?-Cedrol 3.69%, Isoalantolactone 3.65%, (E)-2-Heptenal 3.60%, E,E-2,4-Decadienal 2.14%,?-Phorone 2.03%.Conclusion: This paper reports, for the first time, the composition of volatile oils of Dendrobium candidum Wall.ex Lind1.flower by GC/MS.

Comparative study of volatile chemical constituents from shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance / 中华中医药杂志

Objective:To compare the volatile chemical constituents from the shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance.Methods:The volatile chemical compositions of Caesalpinia minax Hance were obtained by organic solvent-wet distillation and were analyzed by GC-MS equipped with a elastic quartz capillary column HP-5MS 5%Phenyl Methyl Siloxane(30m?0.25mm?0.25?m).The constituents were identified by their mass spectra.The relative percentage of the volatile constituents was calculated from the GC peak areas.Results:One hundred and fifteen kinds of chemical constituents in the shell of Caesalpinia minax Hance were separated and sixty-three of them,which accounts for 54.7%of total volatile constituents, were characterized.There are five kinds whose relative contents were more than 2.0%.One hundred and two kinds of chemical constituents in the kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance were separated and fifty-one of them,which accounts for 50.0%,were characterized.There are seven kinds whose relative contents were more than 2.0%.Form the shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance there were forty kinds of chemical constituents the same.The most relative contents were Limonene(5.31%,shell)and 1-Hexanol(12.94%,kernel).Conclusion:This paper reports,for the first time,the comparison of volatile constituents from shell and kernel of Caesalpinia minax Hance.It is helpful for controlling the quality and further researching of Caesalpinia minax Hance.

Studies on the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from Radix Cudramiae / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the chemical constituents of the volatile oil from Radix Cudramiae.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The oil was obtained by steam distillation. The chemical compositions were separated and identified by GC-MS. The relative contents in the oil were determined by area nomalization.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Sixty-four compounds were obtained from Radix Cudramiae. The relative contents of twenty-three compounds were more than 1%. The highest relative content was L-linalool (9.852%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Sixty-four compounds characterized by GC-MS analysis were obtained from Radix Cudramiae for the first time.</p>

The treatment of acute infrarenal abdominal aorta occlusion / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To sum up the experience in the management of acute infrarenal abdominal aorta occlusion. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 34 cases of acute infrarenal abdominal aorta occlusion treated during a period of 18 years. Cell saver was used intraoperatively in five cases.Results Twelve cases died postoperatively in this group (35 3%), with acute post operative renal failure, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia being the main causes of death. No acute renal failure and metabolic acidosis occurred in all cases treated by cell saver during operation. Limbs were salvaged in 36 out of 44 extremities of patients surviving the surgical procedure. ConclusionsPrompt diagnosis, proper surgery and correct management of post operative complications are necessary to decrease mortality. Perioperative application of cell saver is recommended to eliminate metabolic wastes from the body.

Endovascular repair for thoracic dissecting aneurysm / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To study the clinical effects of endovascular stent-graft repair for thoracic aortic aneurysm(TDA).Methods The clinical records of 32 patients with thoracic aorta dissecting aneurysm,including 26 men and 6 women,who underwent endovascular repair were retrospectively analyzed.The characteristics,location,and anatomic condition of dissecting aneurysm were evaluated using CTA before operation.Under general or local anesthesia,32patients underwent endovascular repair under dynamic DSA.For those patient,8 Talent,22 Yuhengjia(Beijing) and 2 Microinvasive(Shanghai) stent grafts were used.Results Among them 32 patients the distance between entry tear and left subclavian artery was

Prosthetic graft occlusion and options of reoperative modality / 中国普通外科杂志

ObjectivesTo analyse the causes of occlusion of prosthetic grafts and to explore the appropriate modality of reoperation.MethodThe clinical data of 47 patients with occlusive prosthetic grafts were analyzed retrospectively. The procedure of treatment for patients with different causes of occlusive graft included thrombectomy alone in 9 cases, thrombectomy and anastomotic plasty in 16 cases, new bypass using prosthetic graft and saphenous autograft in 22 cases. ResultsThe reoccurrence of graft occlusion in patients undergoing thrombectomy alone or thrombectomy and anastomotic plasty was 67% and 56% respectively, which was siginificantly higher than that of 9% in patients treated by a new arterial bypass with prosthetic grafts and saphenous autografts. ConclusionsThe result of new bypass for occlusive prosthetic graft is superior to thrombectomy alone or thrombectomy and anatomotic plasty.

The effect of diabetes mellitus on intimal hyperplasia in autogenous vein graft of rats / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the role of AGE-RAGE system on intimal hyperplasia in autogenous vein graft of diabetic rats.Methods The experiments were performed on 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats which divided into two groups:diabetes group and control group.Autogenous vein graft model was established in all rats.Specimens were harvested 7 days and 14 days after surgery for histological examination,and RAGE,NF-?B p65 and VCAM-1mRNA were measured by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR.Western Blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the protein expression of RAGE,NF-?B p65 and VCAM-1.At the same time,the levels of serum AGE were tested.Results Compared with non-diabetic rats of control group,the intimal hyperplasia of vein graft in diabetic rats obviously increased(P

A comparision between endovascular aortic repair and open aortic surgery for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the use of endovascular aortic repair(EVAR) and open aortic surgery(IAS) for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm.Methods A retrospective review of patients treated with EVAR or IAS between 2002 and 2007 was performed.The occurrence rate of perioperative complications,morbidity and mortality,survival rate,quality of life,and cost of treatment were compared.Results Forty-two patients(30INS,12EVAR) were treated.Operating time,the intraoperative blood loss,and intraoperative blood transfusion were less in EVAR group than in the IAS group(P

Study on the chemical constituents of volatile oil from Radix Flemingiae Philippinensis / 中成药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of volatile oil from Radix Flemingiae philippinensis. Methods: The oil was obtained by steam distillation. The chemical compositions were separated and identified by GC/MS. The relative contents in the oil were determined by area normalization method. Results: Thirty-nine compounds were gotten from Radix Flemingiae philippinensis. The compounds of its relative content that was more than 4% were as follows: ?-himachalene (1), ?-himachalene (2), ?-himachalene (3), ?-guaiene (4), Italicene (5). Conclusion: Volatile oil by steam distillation from Radix Flemingiae Philippinensis was separated and ideutified up to 80 percent in component analysis.