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In this paper, a case of pleural amoebic empyema and its diagnosis and treatment were reported.
ABSTRACT
In this paper, a case of pleural amoebic empyema and its diagnosis and treatment were reported.
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The goal of the study is to evaluate the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) which enhances the oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug, total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides (TFH). It is orally administered for the protection of human cardiovascular system. Self-microemulsifying time, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), morphological characterization, in vitro dispersity, stability, in situ intestinal absorption and relative bioavailability were investigated in detail. The TFH-SMEDDS rapidly formed fine oil-in-water microemulsions with 0.1 mol x L(-1) hydrochloride solution, with average size of which was less than 40 nm, PDI was below 0.2, and the particles of which were observed round-shaped under transmission electron microscope. Almost 90% of TFH (expressed with quercetin) was released from SMEDDS within 20 min, which was remarkably higher than that from common capsules. The stability test showed the TFH-SMEDDS maintained stable in 6 months under accelerated condition. In situ absorption study demonstrated the absorption rate constant of TFH-SMEDDS (expressed with quercetin) was significantly higher than that of TFH in ethanolic solution (P < 0.05). The absorption of TFH from SMEDDS showed a 4.18-fold increase in relative bioavailability (expressed with quercetin) compared with that of the suspension. The results suggest that SMEDDS is a promising drug delivery system to increase the oral bioavailability of TFH.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Administration, Oral , Biological Availability , Drug Carriers , Drug Delivery Systems , Emulsions , Flavones , Pharmacokinetics , Fruit , Chemistry , Hippophae , Chemistry , Intestinal Absorption , Particle Size , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
To prepare a kind of effective non-viral transduction vector, which can deliver exogenous gene into the brain, this vector can be injected through vein system and has the ability to penetrate blood brain barrier. Several groups of materials proportion, type of oil phase, water-oil ratio, phosphatides-cholesterol ratio, temperature of steaming, ultrasonic temperature and time were compared for optimization. Well-constructed immunoliposomes encapsuling LacZ gene were infused into rats through tail vein. 48 h after injection, expression product beta-galactosidase of LacZ gene was detected by histochemistry staining to convince the validity of immunoliposomes as non-viral vectors. The best proportion of synthesis immunoliposomes is as following: phosphatides-cholesterol ratio is 1:1, lipids/drug is 100:1, the type of oil phrase is dichloromethane, oil-water ratio is 4:1, temperature of steaming is 30 degrees C, ultrasonic temperature and time is 10 degrees C and 5 min. At last, 10% trehalose was added as a stabilizer. The entrapment rate is 87.24% and antibody coupling rate is 69%. When immunoliposomes were infused into rats, the expression of LacZ gene could be observed in the brain and periphery organs. Through the best proportion of materials, gene delivering immunoliposomes had been synthesized successfully. This non-viral vector can deliver exogenous gene penetrating blood brain barrier and express in the brain, and will be well-used in the field of gene therapy of cerebral diseases.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Antibodies, Monoclonal , Pharmacokinetics , Blood-Brain Barrier , Brain , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Drug Delivery Systems , Methods , Genetic Vectors , Lac Operon , Genetics , Liposomes , Allergy and Immunology , Pharmacokinetics , Particle Size , Plasmids , Polyethylene Glycols , Pharmacokinetics , Receptors, Transferrin , Allergy and Immunology , Tissue Distribution , beta-Galactosidase , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
This article describes the preparation of salmon calcitonin ultra-flexible liposomes and their hypocalcemia effect after intranasal administration in rats. Both the conventional liposomes and ultra-flexible liposomes were prepared by rotary evaporation-sonication and extrusion. The morphology of ultra-flexible liposomes was observed with transmission electronic microscope. The size and size distribution and their zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering. The mean size of ultra-flexible liposomes with DC-Chol was no more than 120 nm, while the mean size of the conventional liposomes was 256.5 nm. The results showed the content of sodium deoxycholate have significant effect on the mean particle size of liposomes. The ultra-flexible liposomes were intranasal administrated at the dose of 5.0 microg x kg(-1); the concentration of serum calcium was determined by OCPC method. The results showed that the salmon calcitonin solution only slightly lowered serum calcium levels and the conventional liposomes could improve the effect of decreased serum calcium level (D%), and the ultra-flexible liposomes had the best effect on the decreased serum calcium level, and the hypocalcemia effect was correlated with the content of sodium deoxycholate which was present in the liposomes. Moreover the ciliotoxicity of ultra-flexible nanoliposomes on nasal mucocilia was investigated with the electron microscope scanning. The results showed that the ultra-flexible liposomes markedly reduced the ciliotoxicity of sodium deoxycholate on nasal mucous. Thereby the ultra-flexible liposomes significantly enhanced the hypocalcemia effect of serum calcium after intranasal administration in rats. The ultra-flexible liposomes could be an effective carrier for intranasal delivery of the peptide and protein drugs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Administration, Intranasal , Calcitonin , Pharmacology , Calcium , Blood , Liposomes , Particle Size , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To evaluate in vitro release of lycopene microcapsules. Pharmacokinetic parameters of lycopene microcapsule and lycopene powder as reference were estimated after a single dose of oral administration to dogs. The relationship between in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption was investigated.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The content of lycopene in the release medium was determined by UV spectroscopy method. Health hybrid male dogs were used as experiment subjects and lycopene powder used as standard to estimate the pharmacokinetics of lycopene microcapsules. HPLC method was used to assay the concentration of lycopene in dog plasma. Pharmacokinetics parameters were estimated by 3P87 program. The drug release percentage in stimulated intestinal fluid was compared with the absorption at a given time point.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The release profiles of lycopene from microcapsule showed that the lycopene gelatin microcapsule exhibited enteric property. The pharmacokinetics parameters estimated after oral administration of lycopene powder and lycopene microcapsule in a single dose of 2.5 mg x kg(-1) body weight to dogs were 7.30 h, 15.06 h for T1/2alpha; 28.10 h, 46.76 h for T1/2beta; 22.32 h, 41.03 h for T(max); 1.67 microg x h x L(-1), 2.08 microg x h x L(-1) for AUC(0-infinity), respectively. The concentration-time curves could be fitted to a two-compartment model for both the lycopene powder and the lycopene microcapsule analyzed by 3P87 program. The relationship between in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption was found to have good correlation (r = 0. 981 9) was found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It could be concluded that lycopene microcapsule was a sustained release dosage form. The result of release in vitro could be used to predict the absorption in vivo.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Male , Administration, Oral , Antioxidants , Pharmacokinetics , Area Under Curve , Biological Availability , Capsules , Carotenoids , Pharmacokinetics , Delayed-Action PreparationsABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To survey the morphology and size distribution of silymarin microemulsion, to investigate the absorption of silymarin microemulsion in rat intestine compared with the absorption of silymarin micelle in rat Jejunum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The intestine in rats was canulated for in situ recirculation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The absorption rate constants (Ka) of silymarin microemulsion at the entire intestine, ileum jejunum, duodenum and colon were 6.22 x 10(-2), 2.27 x 10(-2), 1.9 x 10(-2), 1.9 x 10(-2), 1.05 x 10(-2) and 0.43 x 10(-2) h(-1), respectively. The absorption rate constants of two kinds of silymarin micelle at jejunum were 0.36 x 10(-2), 0.65 x 10(-2) h(-1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Silymarin microemulsion was well absorbed at the middle and lower segments of intestine in rats. The absorption was a first-order process with the passive diffusion mechanism.</p>