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Objective:To verify the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Diabetes Distress Scale(CDDS) in community type 2 diabetes patients.Methods:The reliability and validity of the CDDS was tested among 250 patients with type 2 diabetes.Results:The CDDS included four subscales: emotional burden subscale, physician-related distress subscale, regimen-related distress subscale, and diabetes-related interpersonal distress. Four factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis and could explain 78.89% of the total variance. The Cronbach α coefficient of the CDDS was 0.94, the Cronbach α coefficient of four factors was 0.90-0.93; the test-retest reliability was 0.74, the test-retest reliability was 0.54-0.79. The scores of CDDS correlated with the scores of DSAS-2 and HbA1c ( r value was 0.42, 0.20, P<0.01). Conclusions:The CDDS has acceptable reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate distress among patients with type 2 diabetes in community settings.
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Objective@#To verify the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Diabetes Distress Scale(CDDS) in community type 2 diabetes patients.@*Methods@#The reliability and validity of the CDDS was tested among 250 patients with type 2 diabetes.@*Results@#The CDDS included four subscales: emotional burden subscale, physician-related distress subscale, regimen-related distress subscale, and diabetes-related interpersonal distress. Four factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis and could explain 78.89% of the total variance. The Cronbach α coefficient of the CDDS was 0.94, the Cronbach α coefficient of four factors was 0.90-0.93; the test-retest reliability was 0.74, the test-retest reliability was 0.54-0.79. The scores of CDDS correlated with the scores of DSAS-2 and HbA1c (r value was 0.42, 0.20, P<0.01).@*Conclusions@#The CDDS has acceptable reliability and validity, which can be used to evaluate distress among patients with type 2 diabetes in community settings.
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Objective To report a case of frontotemporal dementia with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FTD-ALS),review the relevant literature and then summarize the clinical and genetic characteristics of FTD-ALS patients.Methods A FTD-ALS patient admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital,Anhui Medical University in May 2017.After diagnosis,genetic analyses were performed on DNA extracted from peripheral blood of the patient and his first-degree relatives.Chinese FTD-ALS patients reported in detail were reviewed and the clinical and genetic characteristics of the disease were summarized.Results The patient,a 49-year-old man,responded slowly with impaired confrontation naming and impaired single-word comprehension.Magnetic resonance imaging showed temporal lobe atrophy.Besides,the patient gradually developed atrophy in limbs and bulbar muscles as well as spasticity of arms and legs,with positive pathological and primitive reflexes.Electromyography suggested a wide range of neurogenic changes,which were consistent with the FTD-ALS diagnostic criteria.A new heterozygous mutation (c.1335G＞A chr12:64879792 p.W445X) was found in the TBK1 gene.The reference to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines suggested that this mutation type is likely pathogenic,which has not been reported by the Human Gene Mutation Database.There were a total of 21 Chinese FTD-ALS patients (including this case) reported in detail,including 13 males and eight females.The age of onset was (59.01±8.58) (44-73) years.Most of them had typical manifestations of FTD as the first symptom,followed by ALS.Among these patients,seven had genetic data analyses,five of which had positive results.The mutations occurred in TBK1 (two cases),C9onf72 (one case),DCTN1 (one case) and TARDBP (one case)genes,respectively.Most FTD-ALS cases were sporadic (including this case),and only two cases were familial.Conclusions FTD-ALS is a relatively rare disease,mostly sporadic,with a younger onset age,in which behavioral variant FTD is the main manifestation of dementia in the context of ALS,and cognitive impairment is occurred earlier than ALS.In addition to C9orf72 gene,TBK1 gene is an important pathogenic gene of FTD-ALS.Genetic analysis is of great value in the early diagnosis of FTD-ALS.
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Objective To explore the correlation between apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism and urine Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP) level in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).Methods The cognitive function of 30 AD patients (AD group),30 MCI patients (MCI group) and 30 normal controls (NC group) was evaluated by neuropsychological batteries like MMSE,the Cambridge Cognitive Examination-Chinese Version (CAMCOG-C),etc.ELISA was used to test the urine level of AD7c-NTP.The genotypes of ApoE were analyzed by the high-resolution melting assay in blood samples.Results Compared with the NC group (0.59 (0.40,0.66) ng/ml),the urine level of AD7c-NTP in the AD group (1.03(0.80,1.41) ng/ml) and the MCI group (0.69(0.53,0.91) ng/ml) was increased (Z =33.727,P ＜0.01).The urine level of AD7c-NTP in the AD group was higher than that in the MCI group (Z =8.232,P ＜ 0.05).The level of AD7c-NTP in urine was negatively correlated with MMSE and CAMCOG-C scores (rMMSE =-0.604,P ＜ 0.01;rCAMCOG-C =-0.486,P ＜ 0.01).According to receiver operating characteristic curve,the optimal cutoff point of AD7c-NTP in urine for diagnosis of patients including AD and MCI was 0.70 ng/ml,with sensitivity of 71.7％ and specificity of 83.3％,and area under the curve of 0.82 (95％ CI 0.73-0.90,P ＜0.05).There were four genotypes comprising ε2/3,ε3/3,ε3/4 and ε4/4 for ApoE gene.The frequencies of ε4 carriers were 46.7％ (14/30),23.3％ (7/30) and 23.3％ (7/30) in the AD,MCI and NC groups,respectively.There was a notable increase in urine AD7c-NTP and a significant decrease in CAMCOG-C scores in MCI patients who harbored the ApoE ε4 allele (ZAD7c-NTP =4.857,P ＜ 0.05;ZCAMCOG-C =4.284,P ＜0.05).Conclusions The urine level of AD7c-NTP was significantly increased in AD and MCI patients,the higher the level of AD7c-NTP,the more serious the cognitive impairment.The ε4 carriers exhibited higher urine level of AD7c-NTP,but worse cognitive function compared to ε4 non-carriers in the MCI group.