ABSTRACT
Mining exerts pressure on environment at many stages i.e. exploration, extraction, processing, and post closer operations. Hence mining operations necessarily involves deforestation, habitat destruction and biodiversity erosion, change of landscape, displacement of human settlement, flora and fauna of the area, surface drainage, and change in air, water and soil quality. While for the purpose of development and economic upliftment of people, there is a need for establishment of industrial project, but these have to be environmentally friendly. Therefore it is essential to assess the impacts of mining on different environmental parameters, before starting the mining operations, so that abatement measures could be planned in advance for eco-friendly mining in the area. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a systematic process that examines the environmental consequences of development action like mining, transport, river valley. EIA systematically examines both beneficial and adverse consequences of the proposed project and ensures that these impacts are taken into account during the project design.
ABSTRACT
Background: The objective was to assess the diagnostic efficacy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (Tc99 mebrofenin) in case of cholestatic jaundice in pediatric practice. Method: Study conducted on 45 cases from 0-6 yrs. of age. Out of 45 pt 20 pt excluded from study Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy (Tc99m Mebrofinin) was performed in 25 cases. Injection of Tc99m mebrofinin (1-2 mCi) IV was given to each subject. Dynamic hepatic scan was done upto initial 1 hour study and additional delayed images were taken at 4 & 24 hrs only in case of non-visualization of tracer in the intestine after initial 1 hr. study. Results: In this study hepatobiliary scintigraphy was 100% sensitive, 93.73% specific, 80% positive predictive values, 100% negative predictive value, 6.23% false positive result and virtually no false negative result for biliary atresia. Conclusion: It is concluded that Tc99m mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy has proven to be reliable noninvasive imaging modality in evaluating cholestatic jaundice in pediatric practice as it carries a high sensitive & specific value, good positive & no negative predictive value, few false positive & virtually no false negative results.
ABSTRACT
Jaundice is one of the most common problem that can occur in the newborn. The study group included 30 neonates (15 term and 15 preterm) and control group included 20 neonates (10 terms & 10 preterm). All had hyperbilirubinemia. The controls were fully matched with the study group. All the neonates included in the study group required management with phototherapy. The neonates in the control group were managed without phototherapy. Measurement of ionized serum calcium level was done before and after 48 hours of institution of phototherapy in study groups and controls. Before phototherapy, there was no statistical significant difference in mean serum calcium level in term & preterm neonates of both study & control group. After 48 hours of phototherapy in study group, a significant fall in calcium level in 66.6% of term & 80% of preterm neonates was observed. Whereas, no difference was observed in control group. It is suggested that calcium level be assessed in neonates treated with phototherapy for more then 48 hours and managed accordingly.