Comparative Study on Bowel Preparation Efficacy of Ascorbic Acid Containing Polyethylene Glycol by Adding Either Simethicone or 1 L of Water in Health Medical Examination Patients: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: There are no studies that looked into the bubble eliminating efficacy of polyethylene glycol with ascorbic acid (PEGA), which has been one of the shortcomings of polyethylene glycol (PEG). In this study, we compared newly introduced PEGA regimen by adding either simethicone or 1 L of water. METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled study was carried out at Dongguk Universtiy Gyeongju Hospital from July 2014 to September 2014. A total of 90 patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups; PEGA group (n=30) which served as control, simethicone addition group (n=30) to which simethicone 400 mg was additionally prescribed, and water addition group (n=30) to whom additional 1 L of water was given. Cleansing effectiveness, gas elimination efficacy, side effects, and patient satisfaction were compared between the groups. RESULTS: PEGA group demonstrated the highest cleansing effectiveness, but there was no statistically significant difference among the groups. Simethicone addition group showed significantly lesser amount of bubbles than the other groups (2.57±2.05 vs. 1.10±1.83 vs. 2.60±2.84, p=0.017). The rates of side effects in each group were 20.00% vs. 16.77% vs. 53.33%. Water addition group had significantly more side effects than the PEGA group and the simethicone addition group (p=0.003). The patient satisfaction score of each group was 3.37±0.85 vs. 3.73±0.74 vs. 3.20±0.66 with simethicone addition group showing significantly higher satisfaction than water addition group (p=0.020). CONCLUSIONS: PEGA bowel preparation agent showed satisfactory bowel cleansing despite the decrease in dosage, and addition of simethicone resulted in better bubble elimination.

Revised Atlanta Classification of Acute Pancreatitis Can Predict Clinical Outcome Better: a Retrospective, Multicenter Study / 대한췌담도학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The 2012 revision of the Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis (AP) by international consensus has been published and in use. This study investigated and compared clinical outcome of patients with AP stratified according to the 1992 Atlanta classification and revised classification. METHODS: A total of 574 AP patients from six referral hospitals between January 2012 and July 2013 were included. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Severity assessment according to both classifications was done. Demographics, organ failure, local complications, length of stay, and clinical outcome were recorded. RESULTS: There were 377 males (65.7%). Median age was 55.4 years. Two most common causes of AP were alcohol (n=238, 41.5%) and gallstone (n=193, 33.6%). According to revised classification, there were mild (n=356, 62%), moderately severe (n=197, 34.3%), and severe AP (n=21, 3.7%). Length of stay showed gradual increment with increase in degrees of severity according to the revised classification (5.9 days in mild AP, 8.3 days in moderately severe AP, and 13 days in severe AP, p<0.001). All the patients with mild and moderately severe AP improved, but all the 11 cases without improvement belonged to severe AP. CONCLUSIONS: The revised classification seems to be a good predictor for clinical outcome of AP.

Extremely rare case of extrahepatic duct phytobezoar treated with intraoperative transenteral endoscopy

Phytobezoar is a rare cause of gastro-intestinal tract obstruction. Common sites of phytobezoar are the stomach and small bowel. Naturally, extrahepatic duct phytobezoar is near impossible due to anatomical structure and location such as ampulla of vater, common bile duct and bifurcation of bile duct. Here, we present an extremely rare case of extrahepatic duct phytobezoar that resulted in abdominal pain. We successfully treated the case with extraoperative transenteral endoscopic removal of phytobezoar. For its great rarity and particular treatment approach, we report this case with review of literature.

The Evolution of Bowel Preparation and New Developments / 대한소화기학회지

Bowel preparation is essential for successful colonoscopy examination, and the most important factor is the bowel preparation agent used. However, selection of a bowel preparation agent invariably involves compromise. Originally, bowel preparation was performed for radiologic and surgical purposes, when the process involved dietary limitations, cathartics, and enemas, which had many side effects. Development of polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution led to substantive advancement of bowel preparation; however, despite its effectiveness and safety, the large volume involved, and its salty taste and unpleasant odor reduce compliance. Accordingly, modified PEG solutions requiring consumption of lower volumes and sulfate-free solutions were developed. Aqueous sodium phosphate is more effective and better tolerated than PEG solutions; however, fatal complications have occurred due to water and electrolyte shifts. Therefore, aqueous sodium phosphate was withdrawn by the US Food and Drug Administration, and currently, only sodium phosphate tablets remain available. In addition, oral sulfate solution and sodium picosulfate/magnesium citrate are also available, and various studies have reported on adjunctive preparations, such as hyperosmolar or stimulant laxatives, antiemetics, and prokinetics, which are now in various stages of development.

Status and Literature Review of Self-Expandable Metallic Stents for Malignant Colorectal Obstruction

Use of colorectal stents has increased dramatically over the last decades. Colorectal stents offer an alternative way to relieve fatal intestinal obstruction and can take place of emergency surgery, which associated with significant morbidity and mortality and a high incidence of stoma creation, to elective resection. Although there remain a few concerns regarding the use of stents as a bridge to surgical resection, use of self-expandable metallic stents for palliation in patients with unresectable disease has come to be generally accepted. Advantages of colorectal stents include acute restoration of luminal patency and allowance of time for proper staging and surgical optimization, and the well-known disadvantages are procedure-related complications including perforation, migration, and stent failure. General indications, procedures, and clinical outcomes as well as recent evidences regarding the use of colorectal stents will be discussed in this review.

Endoscopic Management of Refractory Benign Colorectal Strictures

In colonoscopic study, benign colorectal strictures with or without symptomatic pain are not rarely encountered. Benign colorectal stricture can be caused by a number of problems, such as anastomotic stricture after surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, postendoscopic submucosal dissection, diverticular disease, ischemic colitis, and so on. There are various modalities for the management of benign colorectal stricture. Endoscopic balloon dilatation is generally considered as the primary treatment for benign colorectal stricture. In refractory benign colorectal strictures, several treatment sessions of balloon dilatation are needed for successful dilatation. The self-expandable metal stent and many combined techniques are performed at present. However, there is no specific algorithmic modality for refractory benign colorectal strictures.

Clinical Factors Related to Frailty Estimated by the Korean Frailty Index

BACKGROUND: On the point of entering into the aged society, frailty will be recognized as a new geriatric problem in Korea. This study was conducted to identify clinical factors related to frailty in the community dwelling elderly. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study comprised of 515 participants among 834 potential subjects who were residents of three towns in Gyeong-ju and had health check-ups at a university hospital in the same region. Using the Korean Frailty Index, those with a total score of 5 or more were considered frail and those with scores 3 to 4 as prefrail. Socio-demographics, anthropometry and laboratory data were the selected clinical factors. Those younger than 65 years or with incomplete data were excluded. Finally, 447 participants were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the participants, those identified as frail were 20 (4.5%), prefrail 72 (16.1%) and robust 355 (79.4%). By gender, the percentage of frail, prefrail and robust individuals were 3.2%, 17.4% and 79.5%, respectively, in men and 5.4, 15.2% and 79.4% in women (p=0.447). On ordinal logistic regression analysis, factors related to frailty were increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.17), functional disability (OR, 8.88; 95% CI, 4.46 to 17.68), chronic disease such as pulmonary disease (OR, 4.69; 95% CI, 1.47 to 14.99) or hypertension (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.15 to 4.32), increased waist circumference (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.11), decreased serum cholesterol (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97 to 0.99) and elevated blood urea nitrogen (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.14). CONCLUSION: Clinical factors related to frailty were age, functional disability, chronic disease, waist circumference, serum cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen. Primary physicians should assess frailty when seeing elderly patients who have these factors.

Predictive Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in Signet Ring Cell Gastric Cancer and the Feasibility of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

PURPOSE: Endoscopic submucosal dissection has recently been practiced on a differentiated type of early gastric cancer. However, there is no clear evidence for endoscopic treatments of signet ring cell carcinoma. The aim of this study is to identify the predictive clinicopathological factors for lymph node metastasis in signet ring cell carcinoma for assisting endoscopic submucosal dissection trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 186 patients with early signet ring cell carcinoma who underwent radical curative gastrectomy between January 2001 and September 2009 were enrolled in this study. Retrospective reviews of their medical records are being conducted. Several clinicopathologic factors were being investigated in order to identify predictive factors for lymph nodes metastasis: age, gender, tumor size, type of operation, tumor location, gross type, ulceration, Lauren's classification, depth of invasion, and lymphatic invasion. RESULTS: The lymph node metastasis rate for signet ring cell carcinoma was 4.3% (n=8). Of the 186 lesions with early signet ring cell carcinoma, 91 (48.9%) tumors were larger than 15 mm in size and 40 (21.5%) showed submucosal invasions in the resection specimens. In multivariate analysis, only the lymphatic invasion (P<0.0001) showed an association with lymph node metastasis. To evaluate cutoff values for tumor sizes in the presence of lymph node metastasis, early signet ring cell carcinomas with lymphatic invasions were excluded. In the absence of lymphatic invasion, mucosal cancer with tumor sizes <15 mm had no lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic submucosal dissection can be performed on patients with early signet ring cell carcinoma limited to the mucosa and less than 15 mm.

Steps of Reprocessing and Equipments

With the increasing interest in endoscopy and the rising number of endoscopic examinations in hospitals, the importance of endoscopic reprocessing is also increasing. Cure facilities that are understaffed and ill-equipped are trying to cope with the problems of insufficient cleaning and high infection risks. To prevent endoscopy-associated infection, the endoscope cleaning, and disinfection guidelines prepared by the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy must be followed. In this review, the steps of endoscopic reprocessing and the equipments required in each step are discussed.

The Breakdown of Preformed Peritoneal Advanced Glycation End Products by Intraperitoneal Alagebrium

It has been demonstrated that inhibitors of advanced glycation end products (AGE), such as aminoguanidine, can suppress peritoneal AGE in rats on peritoneal dialysis (PD). However, it is unknown whether late administration of a putative crosslink breaker, alagebrium, could reverse peritoneal AGE. We therefore compared alagebrium with aminoguanidine in their ability to reverse peritoneal AGE in rats on PD. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: group I dialyzed with 4.25% glucose solution for all exchanges; group II dialyzed with 4.25% glucose solution containing aminoguanidine, and group III dialyzed with 4.25% glucose solution containing alagebrium for last 8 weeks of 12-week dialysis period. Dialysis exchanges were performed 2 times a day for 12 weeks. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a monoclonal anti-AGE antibody. One-hour PET was performed for comparison of transport characteristics. The immunolabelling of AGE in peritoneal membrane was markedly decreased in the alagebrium group. Consistent with this, the alagebrium group exhibited significantly higher D/Do glucose and lower D/P urea, suggesting low peritoneal membrane transport. But there were no significant differences between the control and the aminoguanidine group. These results suggest that the alagebrium may be the optimal therapeutic approach, compared with treatment with inhibitors of AGE formation, in rats on PD.

The Preventive Effects of Practical Training on the Spot for Peritoneal Dialysis Related Peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients / 대한신장학회지

PURPOSE: Peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis remains one of the most common causes of hospitalization and discontinuation of peritoneal dialysis. Patient education and the individual environment play a significant role in improving the clinical outcomes. Therefore, this study focused on the preventive effects of practical training on the spot for peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis in continous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients who were started on CAPD were as the primary intended treatment modality. The patients were given to a questionnaire regarding their gender, age, place of residence, level of education, economic status, sterile technique, knowledge of personal hygiene, placing a correct region for exchanging a fluid bag, and their duration of CAPD. During a home visit, the patients were instructed in how to sterilize the region of dialysis and maintain sterility in dialysis. RESULTS: Seventy four cases of peritonitis from 35 patients were identified over the 2 year's period. In the rural residences where there is a lower socio-economic status, the rates of peritonitis decreased in those patients who had received training on the spot within 6 months from the start of peritoneal dialysis compared with the patients after the 6 month period. Lower rates of peritonitis were noted in the patients who received training earlier (r=0.19, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Ongoing and repetitive individualized education is needed to prevent peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis. The incidence of peritoneal dialysis related peritonitis can be reduced by educating these patients individually.

The load deflection rate of looped wire and its change by heat treatment / 대한치과교정학회지

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of loop formation and heat treatment upon the elastic properties of orthodontic wires. The specimens selected were 016", .018", 016 x 022", and .018 x 022" sized stainless steel (standard) and cobalt-chromium-nickel wires, and were divided into 7 groups as, 1. straight non-heat treated 2. U looped non-heat treated 3. L looped non-heat treated 4. Circle looped non-heat treated 5. U looped heat treated 6. L looped heat treated 7. Circle looped heat treated Heat treatment was performed in Big Jane furnace at 850' F for 3 minutes. The elastic limit and the elastic range of each specimen were determined by bending test, and load deflection rate was computed from those values. The findings were as follows, 1. The formation of loop resulted in increased load-deflection rate for both stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-nickel wires. 2. The heat treated group showed higher load-deflection rate than non-heat treated group, which was more apparent in cobalt-chromiumnickel wire than in stainless steel wire. 3. L loop had the highest Ioad-deflection rate among 3 types of loops, followed by U loop and circle loop. 4. The specimens with greater diameter displayed the more increase in load-deflection rate by looping and heat treatment.