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Gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)present unique physicochemical characteristics,excellent biocom-patibility and ease of surface functionalization,which have become the research hotspots in the field of biosens-ing.This article reviews the synthesis methods,main properties and surface functionalization of AuNPs,as well as the research progress of application in various sensing platforms.
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Objective To construct an in vitro"metabolic memory"cell model of HT-22 mouse hippocampal neurons induced by high glucose,and to investigate the effect of"metabolic memory"on apoptosis and histone acetylation in HT-22 cells.Methods HT-22 cells were cultured in high glucose medium(glucose concentration was 55 mmol/L)and conventional glucose medium(glucose concentration was 25 mmol/L),and cells were divided into the control group(NG 4,6 and 8 groups,25 mmol/L glucose was cultured for 4,6 and 8 days,respectively),the high glucose group(HG 4,6 and 8 groups,respectively)and the metabolic memory group(HG2NG2,HG2NG4,HG2NG6,HG4NG2 and HG4NG4 groups,high glucose culture for 2 days to 25 mmol/L glucose culture for 2,4 or 6 days,high glucose culture for 4 days to 25 mmol/L glucose culture for 2 or 4 days).Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method.The release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)in cell culture supernatant was detected,and the optimal time to establish a"metabolic memory"model was selected.Subsequently,cells were divided into the NG4 group,the NG8 group,the HG4 group,the HG4NG4 group and the HG8 group,and the cell morphology of each group was observed by optical microscope.The apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry.The activities of deacetylase(HDAC)and histone acetyltransferase(HAT)were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Western blot assay was used to detect expression levels of histone deacetylase 4(HDAC4),B lymphocyte tumor 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2 related X protein(Bax)and Caspase-3 protein.Results The HG4NG4 group was the ideal cell model with high glucose metabolic memory.Cells of the NG4 group and the NG8 group were interwoven into a dense network,growing well,with spindle shaped cells and distinct synaptic structures.However,in the HG4 group and the HG8 group,the cell body became round,synaptic structure disappeared and growth was inhibited.In the HG4NG4 group,the number of cells increased but their morphology was damaged.Results of flow cytometry showed that compared with the NG8 group,the apoptosis rates were significantly increased in the HG8 group and the HG4NG4 group(P＜0.05).ELISA results showed that compared with the NG8 group,the expression levels of HDAC4,Bax,and Caspase-3 proteins increased in the HG8 group and the HG4NG4 group,while the expression level of Bcl-2 protein significantly decreased(P＜0.05).Compared with the HG8 group,there were no significant differences in protein expression levels of HAT and HDAC in the HG4NG4 group.Western blot reslts showed that compared with the NG8 group,the levels of HDAC4,Bax and Caspase-3 protein increased in the HG8 group and the HG4NG4 group(P＜0.05).Compared with the HG8 group,there were no significant differences in protein expression levels in the HG4NG4 group.Conclusion HT-22 mouse hippocampal neurons cultured with 55mmol/L high glucose for 4 days,and then cultured with 25 mmol/L glucose for 4 days are the ideal"metabolic memory"cell model.The mechanism may be related to the increased activity of HDAC,HAT and HDAC4 expression in the hyperglycemic model.
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OBJECTIVE To explore the effect mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides on improving postpartum depression in rats. METHODS Pregnant rats were randomly divided into normal group， postpartum depression group， and low-dose and high-dose groups of E. ulmoides （1.34， 2.68 g/kg， calculated by crude drug）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， the rats in other groups suffered from fear stress to induce postpartum depression model during pregnancy； at the same time of modeling， the administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically， while the normal group and postpartum depression group were given physiological saline intragastrically for 21 days. Postpartum behaviors of rats during the experiment were assessed using the open field test， Morris water maze test and sucrose preference test. Additionally， the levels of corticosterone （CORT） in serum， corticotropin releasing factor （CRF） and urocortin （UCN） in hypothalamus， and adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） in hypophysis were detected； meanwhile， the protein expressions of CRF receptor 1 （CRFR1）， CRFR2， and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 （VDAC1） in hippocampal tissue were measured； the proportions of apoptotic cells and JC-1 high potential cells in hippocampal tissue were determined， and the morphology of hippocampal tissue was observed. RESULTS Compared with postpartum depression group， the high-dose group of E. ulmoides showed improvements in appetite， mental state， and hair color in rats； their body weight had increased； the scores of vertical movement， horizontal movement and self-sorting significantly increased； from the 2ed to 4th day avoidance latency significantly shortened， and the times of crossing the platform and the time of crossing the platform Δ 基金项目国家自然科学基金青年基金项目（No.82204789） significantly increased/prolonged （P＜0.05）； the ratio of glucose and water consumption significantly increased at 20 days of pregnancy and 30 days postpartum （P＜0.05）； the levels of CRF， UCN， ACTH and CORT， phagocytic rate， protein expressions of CRFR2 and VDAC1， and the proportion of apoptosis cells in hippocampal tissue were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； the proportion of JC-1 high potential cells significantly increased （P＜0.05）， and the phenomenon of edema around neuronal cells was significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS E. ulmoides can improve postpartum depression by inhibiting excessive activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis， decreasing the expression of CRFR2， thereby inhibiting the expression of VDAC1， and decreasing the apoptosis of neuronal cells.
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OBJECTIVE To explore the effect mechanism of Eucommia ulmoides on improving postpartum depression in rats. METHODS Pregnant rats were randomly divided into normal group， postpartum depression group， and low-dose and high-dose groups of E. ulmoides （1.34， 2.68 g/kg， calculated by crude drug）， with 10 rats in each group. Except for the normal group， the rats in other groups suffered from fear stress to induce postpartum depression model during pregnancy； at the same time of modeling， the administration groups were given relevant medicine intragastrically， while the normal group and postpartum depression group were given physiological saline intragastrically for 21 days. Postpartum behaviors of rats during the experiment were assessed using the open field test， Morris water maze test and sucrose preference test. Additionally， the levels of corticosterone （CORT） in serum， corticotropin releasing factor （CRF） and urocortin （UCN） in hypothalamus， and adrenocorticotropic hormone （ACTH） in hypophysis were detected； meanwhile， the protein expressions of CRF receptor 1 （CRFR1）， CRFR2， and voltage-dependent anion channel 1 （VDAC1） in hippocampal tissue were measured； the proportions of apoptotic cells and JC-1 high potential cells in hippocampal tissue were determined， and the morphology of hippocampal tissue was observed. RESULTS Compared with postpartum depression group， the high-dose group of E. ulmoides showed improvements in appetite， mental state， and hair color in rats； their body weight had increased； the scores of vertical movement， horizontal movement and self-sorting significantly increased； from the 2ed to 4th day avoidance latency significantly shortened， and the times of crossing the platform and the time of crossing the platform Δ 基金项目国家自然科学基金青年基金项目（No.82204789） significantly increased/prolonged （P＜0.05）； the ratio of glucose and water consumption significantly increased at 20 days of pregnancy and 30 days postpartum （P＜0.05）； the levels of CRF， UCN， ACTH and CORT， phagocytic rate， protein expressions of CRFR2 and VDAC1， and the proportion of apoptosis cells in hippocampal tissue were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）； the proportion of JC-1 high potential cells significantly increased （P＜0.05）， and the phenomenon of edema around neuronal cells was significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS E. ulmoides can improve postpartum depression by inhibiting excessive activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis， decreasing the expression of CRFR2， thereby inhibiting the expression of VDAC1， and decreasing the apoptosis of neuronal cells.
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Objective To explore and validate the mechanism of Prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori in the treatment of NAFLD based on network pharmacology and animal non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)model experiments.Methods Consult the literature to compare the differences between Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori(PRPM).Herb database and SwissADME database were used to screen the active ingredients of Prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori,SwissTargetPrediction database was used to predict its targets,OMIM,DISGENET and GEENCARDS databases were used to screen the NAFLD-related targets,conduct GO functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.The active ingredient-target-KEGG signaling pathway-NAFLD network was mapped later.The mice with NAFLD were treated with Prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori by gavage for 8 weeks;serum triglyceride level and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)activity were measured;the liver lesions were observed by HE staining;the potential mechanism of action of Radix Polygoni Multiflori in the treatment of NAFLD was verified by Western blot.Results The differences between Radix Polygoni Multiflori and PRPM were consulted.Six pharmacological components and 32 potential action targets of Radix Polygoni Multiflori for the treatment of NAFLD were screened by network pharmacology,GO and KEGG pathways were enriched to lipid and atherosclerosis-related pathways,AMPK signaling pathway,etc.;HE staining verified that Prepared Radix Polygoni Multiflori has the function of improving NAFLD and is associated with the alteration of FASN,ACC,SCD protein of AMPK signaling pathway.Conclusion Radix Polygoni Multiflori has the potential to improve NAFLD by regulating FASN,ACC and SCD.
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Background Chronic low-level exposure to lead can damage the central nervous system and cause anxiety-like behavior. However, whether changes of blood metabolites occur in this process and its relationship with lead-induced neurobehavioral disorder remain unclear. Objective To explore the effects of chronic lead acetate (PbAc) exposure at different concentrations on anxiety-like behavior and serum metabolites and their relationships in mice, as well as the mechanism of lead exposure on neurobehavioral injury in mice from the perspective of metabolomics. Methods A total of 64 healthy 4-week-old C57BL/6J mice, half male and half female, were randomly divided into four groups: control group (normal drinking water), 20 mg·L−1 PbAc group, 100 mg·L−1 PbAc group, and 500 mg·L−1 PbAc group. After 10 weeks of free drinking of water containing designed concentrations of PbAc, the mice were tested for anxiety-like behavioral changes by open field experiment. After the mice were anesthetized, blood was collected from the eyes, the serum was separated, and the effects of designed doses of lead exposure on metabolites in the serum of mice were compared by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis and partial least squares discrimination analysis. Results The results of the open field experiment showed that the reductions in movement time spent in central area in the 100 mg·L−1 and 500 mg·L−1 PbAc groups compared with the control group were of statistical significance (P<0.05); the reduction in crossing times of central region in the 500 mg·L−1 PbAc group was statistically significant compared with the control group (P<0.05); the increases in defecation frequency in the 100 mg·L−1 and 500 mg·L−1 PbAc groups were statistically significant compared to the control group (P<0.05). In both positive and negative ion modes, compared with the control group, 157 differential metabolites were screened out in the 20 mg·L−1 PbAc group, of which 80 were up-regulated and 77 were down-regulated; 172 differential metabolites were screened out in the 100 mg·L−1 PbAc group, of which 57 were up-regulated and 115 were down-regulated; 119 differential metabolites were screened out in the 500 mg·L−1 PbAc group, of which 42 were up-regulated and 77 were down-regulated. The results of the KEGG enrichment analysis on the differential metabolites revealed alterations in metabolic pathways mainly involving primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile secretion, and cholesterol metabolism. Among the differential metabolites, norethisterone was positively correlated with the number of central region crossings (r=0.406, P<0.05); dihydrothymine was negatively correlated with the number of central region crossings (r=−0.346, P<0.05); lysophosphatidylcholine 22∶1 and lysophospholipid 14∶0 were negatively correlated with time spent in central region (r=−0.429, P<0.05; r=−0.374, P<0.05). Conclusion Chronic lead exposure induces anxiety-like behavior in mice, and this altered behavior is associated with altered metabolites in serum, with differential metabolites enriched primarily in the metabolic pathways of primary bile acid biosynthesis, bile acid secretion, and cholesterol metabolism.
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Relevant projects carried out within the Yangtze River economic belt on the impact of schistosomiasis epidemic and transmission are important issues for ecological priority in the process of implementing the strategy. The key problems of schistosomiasis epidemic risk,epidemic happening repeatedly,difficulty of rehabilitating Oncomelania hupensis snail control and schistosomiasis prevention forest,lag of evaluation system and platform construction,lack of basic research,et al. were ana-lyzed in the Yangtze River economic belt taking ecological priority as the basis in this paper. Then corresponding countermea-sures to these challenges were put forward so as to provide the reference for the national forestry schistosomiasis control pro-grams,which include:execution of the comprehensive prevention and control strategy,scheming of the new round of forestry schistosomiasis control programs,strengthening schistosomiasis prevention and control,promoting productivity in existing forest-ry to consolidate and improve the achievements of previous forestry schistosomiasis control programs,and promoting the intensi-ty of technological innovation to improve the technological level of forestry schistosomiasis control programs.
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Objective To analyze and evaluate neoadjuvant chemotherapy's value and significance in combining with surgical treatment for limited small cell lung cancer(LD-SCLC).Methods A total of 94 LD-SCLC patients underwent complete resections combined with chemotherapy between January 2000 and January 2011 in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital.Among these cases,initial two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapies were performed for all pathologically confirmed patients (Group A),and initial operations followed by adjuvant chemotherapy were administered to patients without pathology (Group B).The survival rate was analyzed by log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier method.Multivariate analysis of the prognostic factors was performed using Cox's regression model.Results Group A included 43 cases and Group B included 51 cases.The mean age was (56.37 ± 10.18) years.According to the 6th edition of Tumor,Node,Metastasis(TNM) classification of lung cancer,54 cases were at stage Ⅰ or Ⅱ,40 cases were at stage Ⅲ.Overall 5-year survival(5-YS) was 27％.The 5-YS for patients with stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ was notably better than that of stage Ⅲ (34％ vs 20％,P =0.033).For patients with stage Ⅲ,the 5-YS of Group A was significantly better than that of Group B(34％ vs 12％,P =0.020),besides median overall survival for Group A and Group B were 46 and 15 months(P =0.009).Furthermore,the results of multivariate analysis showed that neoadjuvant chemotherapy,surgery and histopathology of SCLC were independent factors that strongly affected survival and prognosis.Conclusion In combined surgical treatment for LD-SCLC,neoadjuvant chemotherapy obviously improved the prognosis of patients with stage Ⅲ.Therefore,it was very important and necessary that pre-surgical neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered to resectable stage Ⅲ LD-SCLC patients.
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Objective To discuss the efficacy of photoselective vaporization of the prostate(PVP) for patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Methods From July 2006 to August 2007,110 patients with BPH received PVP in our hospital.The safety of the procedure,Pre- and postoperative Qmax,and IPSS of the cases were recorded and analyzed.Results The mean operation time was(51.2?36.3) minutes(ranged from 15 to 180).In the patients,23 cases had a prostate weighed ≥100 g,9 of them received TURP during the procedure.89 patients underwent bladder irrigation for 15 to 48 hours(mean,36 hours).After the operation,urinary catheter was left indwelling in all the patients except for 6(
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy, safety and complications of minimally invasive percutaneous radiofrequency ablation(PRFA) therapy for hepatic cavernous hemangioma(HCH). Methods Twelve patients with total 15 HCHs (2.5cm to 9.5cm) were treated by using RF-2000 generator and 10-needle LeVeen electrode percutaneously guided by B-ultrasound. Tumors larger than 3cm were treated by multiple overlapping ablations that encompassed the entire lesions as well as an approximately 0.5cm rim of normal liver tissue. Results The procedures were successful and the patients recovered well without the complications of bleeding or bile leakage after mean 48-month follow up period. Spiral CT scanning showed that the contrast enhancement was disappeared within the lesions or at their periphery in all cases. The mean diameter of the ablated HCHs reduced 68%. Conclusion The results suggested that PRFA therapy was a minimally invasive, simple, safe, and effective approach for treating HCHs in selected patients.