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Objective: To analyze the incidence trend and epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China from 2004 to 2020, understand the high-incidence population and hotspot areas, and provide evidences to develop more targeted prevention and control measures. Methods: The descriptive epidemiological method and spatial analysis method were applied to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China during this period by using the surveillance data collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: A total of 202 991 cases of typhoid fever were reported in China from 2004 to 2020. More cases occurred in men than in women (sex ratio: 1.18∶1). Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (53.60%). The incidence rate of typhoid fever decreased from 2.54/100 000 in 2004 to 0.38/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate was reported in young children aged <3 years after 2011, ranging from 1.13/100 000 to 2.78/100 000, and during this period the proportion of cases in this age group increased from 3.48% to 15.59%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 6.46% in 2004 to 19.34% in 2020. The hotspot areas existed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces and expanded to Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian Provinces. A total of 86 226 paratyphoid fever cases were reported from 2004 to 2020, the male to female ratio of the cases was 1.21∶1. Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (59.80%). The incidence rate of paratyphoid fever decreased from 1.26/100 000 in 2004 to 0.12/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate of paratyphoid fever was in young children aged <3 years after 2007, ranging from 0.57/100 000 to 1.19/100 000, and during this period the proportion of the cases in this age group increased from 1.48% to 30.92%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 4.52% in 2004 to 22.28% in 2020. The hotspot areas expanded to the east, including Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi Provinces. Conclusions: The results showed a low level of incidence of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China with a trend of decreasing per year. The hotspots were mainly in the of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces, with an expanding trend to eastern China. It is necessary to strengthen the typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever prevention and control in southwestern China, among young children aged <3 years and the elderly aged ≥60 years.
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Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Middle Aged , China/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Sex Ratio , Typhoid Fever/epidemiologyABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo compare the four preparation methods of Rehmanniae Radix juice described in ancient literature and find the method that is most suitable for the preparation of Rehmanniae Radix juice used in Baihe Dihuangtang. MethodThe ancient medical books record four methods for preparing Rehmanniae Radix juice: crushing fresh Rehmanniae Radix for juice, steaming fresh Rehmanniae Radix for juice, boiling fresh Rehmanniae Radix for juice, and boiling dry Rehmanniae Radix for juice. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to detect the compounds in the four juice samples, followed by principal component analysis (PCA). Result① Totally 27 compounds were identified in the juice samples, including 10 iridoid glycosides, 14 phenylethanoid glycosides, 2 phenolic acids, and 1 irisone. Among them, 15 common compounds were shared by the four juice samples, including 7 iridoid glycosides, 7 phenylethanoid glycosides, and 1 phenolic acid. ② Five common compounds in the four juice samples can be matched with the reference standards, which were catalpol, aucubin, rehmannioside D, ajugol, and purpureaside C. ③ Verbascoside and isoacteoside were not detected in the juice prepared by crushing fresh Rehmanniae Radix, while it was detected in the other three juice samples, which indicated that the two components were produced after heating rather than being the original components in fresh Rehmanniae Radix. ④ The comparison of the ion fragments demonstrated that verbascoside was produced from purpureaside C after the cleavage of the glycosidic bond and removal of a molecule of mannose. ⑤ Isoacteoside could be isomerized from verbascoside, and its relative content increased with the extension of heating time. However, the relative content of verbascoside and purpureaside C did not decrease significantly. Therefore, it was hypothesized that purpureaside C was produced from its upstream component. ConclusionThe juice prepared by crushing fresh Rehmanniae Radix has the chemical composition significantly different from the juice samples prepared with the other 3 methods, while the latter 3 juice samples had similar chemical composition. Although all the four methods can be used, it is more suitable to prepare Rehmanniae Radix juice by steaming fresh Rehmanniae Radix, boiling fresh Rehmanniae Radix, and boiling dry Rehmanniae Radix.
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ObjectiveTo explore the underlying molecular mechanism of Xiaochuanning granules in the treatment of bronchial asthma based on the network pharmacology and experimental verification through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway on ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization-induced bronchial asthma model in rats. MethodThe main active ingredients and targets of Xiaochuanning Granules were screened out from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and Bioinformatics Analysis Tool for Molecular Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine (BATMAN-TCM). The targets related to bronchial asthma were obtained from five disease databases such as GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). The common targets were screened out through the Venn diagram. STRING was used to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of "compound-disease", and Cytoscape 3.8.0 was used to establish a network of key active ingredients of Xiaochuanning granules and core target genes ("ingredient-gene" network). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed through DAVID. The bronchial asthma model was induced by OVA stimulation in rats. Bronchial and lung tissue inflammation was observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the enrichment analysis results of the network pharmacology were verified by Western blot. ResultIn this experiment, 232 active ingredients and 4 687 related targets of Xiaochuanning granules were screened out, and 233 common targets of Xiaochuanning granules and bronchial asthma were collected, including eosinophil-derived neurotoxin 1 (EDN1), cyclic AMP response element-binding protein 1 (CREB1), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14), and Akt1. KEGG pathway analysis revealed 186 related signaling pathways, indicating that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway presumedly played a key role in the treatment of bronchial asthma by Xiaochuanning granules. The animal experiment showed that Xiaochuanning granules relieved the airway inflammation and smooth muscle hyperplasia in rats and down-regulated the gene expression of PI3K and Akt as compared with the conditions in the model group (P<0.05). ConclusionXiaochuanning granules have the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway synergistic effect in the treatment of asthma. Xiaochuanning granules may exert anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the expression of genes related to the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The present study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for follow-up in-depth research on the complex mechanism of Xiaochuanning granules in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
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ObjectiveTo compare and evaluate the clinical efficacy of five classical prescriptions for acute attack of bronchial asthma (BA) and cough variant asthma (CVA) in children, and to further compare and assess the effect of them on cold-induced asthma or heat-induced asthma. MethodRandomized controlled trials (RCT) on the treatment of acute attack of asthma with five classical prescriptions (Sanzi Yangqintang, Maxing Shigantang, Shegan Mahuangtang, Xiao Qinglongtang, and Dingchuantang) were retrieved from China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data (from establishment to August 15, 2021). The eligible RCT were evaluated and the data were extracted for network Meta-analysis by Stata 16.0. ResultA total of eligible 47 RCT were screened out, involving 5 114 children with acute attack of asthma and 10 intervention measures. Among them, 16 RCT (1 912 children, 6 intervention measures) were about the cold-induced asthma and 10 RCT (1 054 cases, 4 intervention measures) focused on the heat-induced asthma. According to the Meta-analysis, among the 10 interventions, Maxing Shigantang + routine treatment of western medicine demonstrated the most significant effect, and the effect of the interventions was in the following order: Maxing Shigantang + routine treatment of western medicine > routine treatment of western medicine, Shegan Mahuangtang + routine treatment of western medicine> Xiao Qinglongtang + routine treatment of western medicine > Shegan Mahuangtang > Dingchuantang + routine treatment of western medicine. For the cold-induced asthma, the effect of Shegan Mahuangtang + routine treatment of western medicine was remarkable, and for the heat-induced asthma, the corresponding intervention was Dingchuantang + routine treatment of western medicine. Shegan Mahuangtang was outstanding in improving the percentage of forced expiratory volume in the first second in predicted value (FEV1%). ConclusionThe combination of western medicine with the five prescriptions was more effective than the western medicine alone, particularly the combination with Maxing Shigantang. The combination of Shegan Mahuangtang and western medicine was outstanding in the treatment of cold-induced asthma, while the corresponding intervention for heat-induced asthma was the combination of Dingchuantang and western medicine. However, a large number of RCT with scientific design and higher quality are still needed to verify the conclusion.
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China Association of Chinese Medicine organized specialists in andrology of Chinese and western medicine to explore the population and treatment stage of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with Chinese medicine as the leading therapy. Chinese medicine has great advantages in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, it is necessary to make clear the stage when Chinese medicine or modern medical treatment can be used as the leading therapy, and the conditions under which Chinese and western medicine can be combined to achieve the best treatment efficacy. The specialists agreed Chinese medicine as the leading therapy for the treatment of BPH in the following populations or conditions: the elderly and weak patients with basic diseases, BPH symptoms, and cannot tolerate anesthesia and surgery, the patients with BPH symptoms and cannot tolerate the adverse reactions or the possible adverse reactions of western medicine; the patients with mild [international prostatic symptom score (IPSS) ≤ 7] or moderate lower urinary tract symptoms (IPSS ≥ 8) and the quality of life not significantly affected, the patients with bladder detrusor hypofunction, bladder dysfunction and cannot be treated surgically, or with incomplete bladder emptying after surgical treatment; the BPH patients with prostatitis as the main clinical manifestation, the patients with non-acute complications after operation. BPH is one of the dominant diseases in urology and andrology of Chinese medicine, and the symptoms, complications, and prognosis of BPH patients need to be fully considered during the clinical treatment. When Chinese medicine is taken as the leading therapy, it is essential to regularly review the serum level of prostate-specific antigen to exclude the possibility of prostate cancer, and apply Chinese medicine for full treatment course and cycle. At the same time, Chinese and western medicine can be combined to achieve the most effective, convenient, economical, and satisfactory treatment, which can carry forward the advantages of Chinese medicine in treating this disease.
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Objective:To control the quality of the reference sample of Wenjingtang by establishing the specific chromatograms. Method:On the basis of analyzing 15 batches of Wenjingtang freeze-dried powder samples, a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) specific chromatogram analysis method of Wenjingtang was established. The system adaptability was investigated and the retention time, relative retention value and deviation caused by different chromatographic columns and instruments were calculated by using the same brand of chromatographic columns, four different brands of chromatographic columns and instruments from three different manufacturers. The precision, repeatability and stability of this method was further completed. The possible chemical components of the freeze-dried powders were speculated and identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS<italic><sup>n</sup></italic>). Chromatographic separation was performed on ACQUITY UPLC BEH C<sub>18</sub> column (2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm) with acetonitrile (A)-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution (B) as mobile phase for gradient elution (0-2.8 min, 10%A; 2.8-8.0 min, 10%-18%A; 8.0-12.2 min, 18%-25%A; 12.2-15.3 min, 25%-40%A; 15.3-17.4 min, 40%A; 17.4-20.5 min, 40%-90%A), and column temperature was set at 30 ℃ with flow rate of 0.4 mL·min<sup>-1</sup>. Mass spectrometry was performed on electrospray ionization, data were collected under positive and negative ion modes, and the detection range was <italic>m</italic>/<italic>z</italic> 50-1 600. Result:Ten characteristic peaks were selected as the distinguishing features in this specific chromatograms, and eight of them were identified by comparing with the reference standards, including paeoniflorin (peak 1), liquiritin apioside (peak 2), liquiritin (peak 3), ferulic acid (peak 4), iquiritigenin (peak 6), cinnamaldehyde (peak 8), paeonol (peak 9)and glycyrrhizic acid (peak 10). By mass spectrometry analysis, 30 compounds were identified, and the source of medicinal materials were assigned. It mainly contained triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, ginsenosides from Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, monoterpenoid glycosides and tannins from Paeoniae Radix Alba, steroids in Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix, phenolic acids in Angelicae Sinensis Radix. Conclusion:The established characteristic chromatographic analysis method of Wenjingtang is simple, stable and repeatable. The chemical composition of the freeze-dried powder of Wenjingtang is basically defined by mass spectrometry identification and source attribution, which can provide reference for the development and quality control of Wenjingtang in the future.
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Objective:To investigate the effect of Chloriti Lapis on metal elements in brain tissue and plasma of epileptic rats kindled by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), and to explore the possible material basis of Chloriti Lapis. Method:PTZ kindling method was used to establish epileptic rat model. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) were used to determine the contents of metal elements in brain tissue and plasma of the blank group, model group, carbamazepine group (0.1 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and Chloriti Lapis group (2 g·kg<sup>-1</sup>). The data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software. Result:Compared with the blank group, the contents of Sr, Sb and Ba in brain tissue of rats in the model group were significantly increased (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), while the contents of Zn, Fe, Cu, K, Li, Co, Sn and Pb were significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01). Compared with the model group, the contents of Zn, Fe, K, Li, Co, As and Pb in brain tissue of rats in the Chloriti Lapis group were obviously increased (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), while the contents of Sr and Sb were significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic><0.01). These results showed that Chloriti Lapis had positive effect on the regulation of the content of metal elements in rat brain tissue to normal level, the intervention effect was clear, and the overall effect was better than that of carbamazepine group. The determination of 21 metal elements in plasma showed that compared with the blank group, the levels of K, Sr and Cd in the model group were significantly increased (<italic>P</italic><0.05), and the contents of Li, Al, Ti and Cr were significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic><0.05). Compared with the model group, the contents of Ca, K, Li, Al and V in the Chloriti Lapis group were obviously increased (<italic>P</italic><0.05, <italic>P</italic><0.01), and the contents of Fe, Ti, Sr and Cd were significantly decreased (<italic>P</italic><0.05,<italic>P</italic><0.01). The correlation analysis of metal elements among the groups showed that there were 17 pairs of elements had positively correlation in the brain tissue of rats, 2 pairs of elements had significant negative correlation. In the plasma of rats, 8 pairs of elements had significant positive correlation and 6 pairs of elements had significant negative correlation. Conclusion:The metal element groups represented by Zn, Fe, K, Li, Co, As, Pb, Sr, Sb, Ca, Al, V, Ti and Cd may be the effective material basis for Chloriti Lapis to interfere PTZ-kindled epileptic model rats, which may be related to the influence of these metal element groups on the release of neurotransmitters and the electrical balance of neurons, the regulation of abnormal synchronous discharge induced by Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel disorders and intervention of metabolism pathways in brain tissue related to epilepsy. It can make the excitatory and inhibitory activities restrain each other, and finally reach the normal physiological state of neurons and cells. The intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis group was better than that of carbamazepine group.
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Objective:To explore the possible mechanism of Chloriti Lapis in the treatment of epilepsy by the metabonomics of brain tissue in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-kindled epileptic rats treated with Chloriti Lapis. Method:The epileptic animal model in rats was established by PTZ kindling, and the rats were divided into the control group, model group, carbamazepine group and Chloriti Lapis group. The brain tissue samples were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC/Q-TOF-MS), and the experimental results were statistically analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and SPSS 18.0. Result:The metabolic fingerprints and metabolic profiles of the rat brain tissue were established, which showed that the metabolic profiles of each group had changed significantly and could be separated well among the groups. Moreover, the Chloriti Lapis group had a tendency to be closer to the control group than the carbamazepine group. Seven differential metabolites were screened, including phosphatidylserine (PS) (18∶0/18∶0), <italic>L</italic>-glutamic acid, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide, arachidonic acid, glucosylsphingosine, cholestane-3,7,12,24,25-pentol and lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) (P-18∶0). Except for docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide and LysoPC (P-18∶0), Chloriti Lapis had significant intervening and regulating effects on the other five differential metabolites. There were 12 possible metabolic pathways that affected the metabolic disorder of PTZ-kindled rats, and 3 important metabolic pathways (pathway impact>0.1), namely, <italic>D-</italic>glutamine and <italic>D-</italic>glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism, among which <italic>D-</italic>glutamine and <italic>D-</italic>glutamate metabolism was the most important metabolic pathways. Conclusion:From this point of view, Chloriti Lapis has a clear intervention effect on PTZ-kindled epileptic rats, which may be related to the intervention of the above differential metabolite contents and related metabolic pathways. It can reduce the toxic effect of excitatory neurotransmitters on neurons in brain tissue and inhibit the development of inflammation in brain tissue, so as to maintain the biological function of brain cells and slow down the occurrence of epilepsy.
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Objective:To study the effect of sedimentary type Limonitum on hemostatic indexes in blood and metal ions in serum of rats with hemorrhage. Method:The hemorrhagic rat models were established by warfarin sodium. The experimental animals were divided into control group,model group,powder group and water decoction group. On day 15 from drug administration, the contents of 6-keto prostaglandin F<sub>1</sub><italic><sub>α</sub></italic>(6-keto-PGF<sub>1</sub><italic><sub>α</sub></italic>),thromboxane B<sub>2</sub>(TXB<sub>2</sub>),arachidonic acid(AA),endothelin 1(ET-1),platelet activating factor(PAF),P-selectin(PS),and Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the whole blood of rats in each group were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The contents of Na,Mg,K,Ca,Fe,Al,Li,Be,Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Sr,Cd,Sn,Sb,Ba,and Pb in serum samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). Result:Compared with the model group,the content of 6-keto-PGF<sub>1</sub><italic><sub>α</sub></italic> was reduced in the powder group and water decoction group (<italic>P</italic><0.05),and the contents of TXB<sub>2</sub>,AA,ET-1,PAF,PS,Ca<sup>2+ </sup>were<sup> </sup>significantly increased(<italic>P</italic><0.01),with a positive and beneficial regulatory effect. In the powder group, 10 kinds of metal elements in serum of rats were significantly and positively regulated: Na,K,Ca,Fe,Li,Ti,V,Co,Cu,and Zn(<italic>P</italic><0.05,<italic>P</italic><0.01). In the water decoction group, 10 metal elements with significant positive regulation were as follows: Na,K,Ca,Fe,Li,V,Ni,Cu,Zn,and Sr(<italic>P</italic><0.05,<italic>P</italic><0.01). In addition,the content of Cr(<italic>P</italic><0.01) in the powder group and Cr(<italic>P</italic><0.01),Pb(<italic>P</italic><0.05) in the water decoction group were significantly reduced. Conclusion:The powder and water decoction of sedimentary type Limonitum had definite and positive intervention effect on warfarin hemorrhage model rats,which could play a coagulation role by enhancing the vasoconstriction ability,promoting the activation of platelets,and increasing the platelet aggregation rate and blood viscosity. The metal elements such as Na,K,Ca,Fe,Li,Ti,V,Co,Cu,Zn,Ni and Sr may be the material basis for sedimentary type Limonitum to exert hemostatic effect. According to the above indicators,the intervention effect of powder group and decoction group was basically the same.
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The effects of Chloriti Lapis on metal elements in plasma and lung tissue of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( AECOPD) rats were studied. The rat AECOPD model with phlegm heat syndrome was established by smoking combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. After the rats were treated by Chloriti Lapis,the contents of metal elements in plasma and lung tissue were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy( ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). The changes in the contents of metal elements were analyzed by SPSS 18. 0. Further,the correlations of differential metal elements( including Cu/Zn ratio) with differential metabolites in plasma,lung tissue and urine of AECOPD rats treated with Chloriti Lapis were analyzed. The results showed that Chloriti Lapis significantly up-regulated the contents of Fe,Al,Mn,Cu,Zn,Sn( P<0. 05),V,Co( P< 0. 01) and Cu/Zn ratio( P< 0. 05),and significantly down-regulated the contents of Ti( P< 0. 05)and Pb( P<0. 05) in the model rat plasma. It significantly increased the content of Be( P<0. 05) and decreased the contents of Mg,Ti and Al( P<0. 01) in model rat lung tissue. The element profiles of normal group,model group and Chloriti Lapis group can be well separated. Chloriti Lapis group and other groups were clustered into two categories. The taurine in plasma and phytosphingosine in lung tissue had the strongest correlations with differential metal elements. The Fe,Al,Mg,Be,Ti,V,Mn,Cu,Zn,Sn,and Co in Chloriti Lapis may directly or indirectly participate in the intervention of AECOPD rats. This group of metal elements may be the material basis of Chloriti Lapis acting on AECOPD rats,and reduce the Cu/Zn value in vivo. It was further confirmed that Chloriti Lapis could interfere with the metabolic pathways of taurine and hypotaurine in plasma and urine as well as the sphingolipid metabolism pathway in lung tissue of AECOPD rats. In addition,this study confirmed that long-term smoking can cause high-concentration Cd accumulation in the lung and damage the lung tissue.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Lung , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Minerals , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive , Spectrum Analysis , Trace Elements/analysisABSTRACT
To study the effect of mineral Chloriti Lapis on pulmonary metabolites and metabolic pathways in lung tissues of rats with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD). The AECOPD rat model of phlegm heat syndrome was replicated by the method of smoking combined with Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Except for using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis, SPSS 18.0, SIMCA 13.0 and other software were also used for statistical analysis. Through literature search and online database comparison, the differential metabolites were identified, and the possible metabolic pathways were analyzed. After 15 days of administration, PLS-DA analysis was carried out on lung tissue samples of rats in each group. The results showed that the metabolic profiles of lung tissues of rats in each group could be well separated, which indicated that Chloriti Lapis and aminophylline had significant intervention effect on the lung metabolic profile of rats with AECOPD. Moreover, the metabolic profile of Chloriti Lapis group was closer to that of control group, and the intervention effect was better than that of aminophylline group. As a result, 15 potential differential metabolites were identified: phytosphingosine, sphinganine, tetradecanoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, elaidic carnitine, lysoPC[18∶2(9Z,12Z)], lysoPC(16∶0), lysoPC[18∶1(9Z)], lysoPC(18∶0), stearic acid, lysoPC(15∶0), arachidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid. Among them, Chloriti Lapis could significantly improve the levels of 10 differential metabolites of phytosphingosine, tetradecanoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, elaidic carnitine, lysoPC[18∶2(9Z,12Z)], lysoPC(16∶0), lysoPC[18∶1(9Z)], stearic acid, lysoPC(15∶0), and palmitic acid(P<0.05). The intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis group was better than that of aminophylline group. Analysis of metabolic pathways showed that there were 8 possible metabolic pathways that could be affected, and three of the most important metabolic pathways(pathway impact>0.1) were involved: linoleic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. Chloriti Lapis had obvious intervention effects on lung tissue-related metabolites and metabolic pathways in rats with AECOPD, and the effect was better than that of aminophyllinne.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Lung , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Metabolomics , Minerals , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic ObstructiveABSTRACT
Metallomics is a frontier interdisciplinary subject at its vigorous development stage. Its goal is to systematically study the content, distribution, chemical species, structural characteristics and functions of metal elements in biological system. It is also a comprehensive discipline to study the existing state and function of free or complex metal elements in life. Metallomics is an ideal tool to study the biological behavior of inorganic elements, which can be used to solve many problems in the research of mineral Chinese medicine(MCM). It provides a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the research of MCM. Its theory and methods provide re-ference and enlightenment for the in-depth study of MCM, and also provide new ideas and open up new ways for the research of MCM. The application of metallomics theory and methods in the research of MCM is of great significance to reveal the material basis and mec-hanism of MCM, promote the process of basic research on MCM, fully exploit and utilize medicinal mineral resources and carry forward the traditional MCM treasure in China. In this paper, we introduced the concept, academic development, research content and research methods of metallomics, and discussed the application prospects of metallomics in the analysis of inorganic element composition characteristics and quality control, material basis and mechanism of MCM, so as to provide reference for further researches on MCM.
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China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Minerals , Quality ControlABSTRACT
In this paper, some quality problems of mineral medicine Calamina and calcined Calamina have been discussed after determination and analysis of the quality parameters of a large number of market samples, and the countermeasures are put forward. According to the XRD results, as well as the results of tests included in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition), the authenticity of Calamina and calcined Calamina samples were identified. The content of zinc oxide in samples were determined by the method of determination in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Individually, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry(AFS) methods were used for the determination of impurity elements and harmful elements in Calamina and calcined Calamina samples. Four kinds of impurity elements of magnesium(Mg), iron(Fe), aluminum(Al), calcium(Ca) and five harmful elements such as lead(Pb), cadmium(Cd), arsenic(As), copper(Cu), mercury(Hg) were measured. The study showed that: ① Fake Calamina products on the market were overflowing; ② The mineral origin of the mainstream Calamina in the market is inconsistent with that stipulated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition); ③ The contents of harmful elements Pb and Cd in Calamina and calcined Calamina are generally higher, while the contents of harmful elements As and Cu in some inferior Calaminae are higher; ④ Parts of calcined Calamina were improperly or inadequately processed. In view of these quality problems, the countermeasures are put forward as follows: ① It is suggested that hydrozincite should be approved as the mineral source of Calamina, and be included by Chinese Pharmacopoeia; ② Strengthen the research on the specificity of Calamina identification methods to improve the quality control level; ③ Strengthen the research on the processing of Calamina, and formulate the limit standards for the content of Pb and Cd in Calamina; ④ Carry out research on the artificial synthesis of Calamina and calcined Calamina, in order to cope with the current shortage of Calamina resources and ensure the sustainable development of Calamina medicinal materials.
Subject(s)
Arsenic , Cadmium , Copper , Drug Combinations , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/standards , Ferric Compounds/standards , Iron , Lead , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Mercury , Minerals , Quality Control , Trace Elements/analysis , Zinc Oxide/standardsABSTRACT
The stiffness can respond to the function of muscle and tendon. Resistance training leads to the change of muscle-tendon stiffness, and various with the patterns and strength of contraction. This paper reviewed the impacts of mechanical load on stiffness of muscle and tendon, to explore the adaptation of muscle and tendon to mechanical load.
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Objective To develop a method for designing schistosomiasis surveillance sites, so as to improve the efficiency and quality of schitsosomiasis surveillance. Methods By using the minimum spanning tree-based Spatial Kluster Analysis by Tree Edge Removal (SKATER) method, spatially constrained clustering was performed upon 31 historical schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts) in Anhui Province. A surveillance site was selected from each cluster to evaluate the representativeness and surveillance efficiency of these cluster-based surveillance sites for the endemic situation of schistosomiassi in Anhui Province, and to compare the surveillance efficiency with local national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Results There was no significant difference in the environmental factors between the cluster-based schistosomiasis surveillance sites and the whole region, showing a high homogeneity. If the same number of schistosomiasis surveillance sites was selected, there was no significant difference between the cluster-based surveillance sites and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the efficiency of the mean risk and long-term trend of schistosomiasis surveillance in Anhui Province; however, the cluster-based surveillance sites were superior to the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites for the prediction and estimation of the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the unmonitored areas. Conclusion The SKATER-based selection of schistosomiasis surveillance sites may better represent the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province, which may serve as an effective supplement for the conventional method of selecting schistosomiasis surveillance sites.
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To clarify the species and preparation of " Baihe"( Lilii Bulbus),a traditional Chinese medicine,we investigated the relative ancient Chinese literature on this medicine. The study concluded that Lilium brownii var. viridulum is the authentic lily for medical use. In the Ben Cao Yan Yi and some medical books in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,L. lancifolium( Juandan) was also mistakenly used as genuine lily,but most doctors believe that this variety should not be used for medicinal purposes; L. pumilum( Shandan)began to be used as a medicine from Ri Hua Zi Ben Cao,but mainly for surgery,the effect is also different from L. brownii var. viridulum. We suggested Shandan be used as the species for another medicine as " Hong Bai He( red lily) " due to its red flower. All above three species recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia are not corresponded to the condition of ancient doctors' uses. Therefore,as for developing of traditional classical formula,L. brownii var. viridulum should be chosen and used as Baihe. The birth places for Baihe include Gansu,Hubei,Anhui and Shandong province. The drug preparations of Baihe include crude medicine,roasting and steaming,which preparation should be chosen depends on the formula which contains Baihe.
Subject(s)
Books , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Lilium , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant RootsABSTRACT
Objective To develop a method for designing schistosomiasis surveillance sites, so as to improve the efficiency and quality of schitsosomiasis surveillance. Methods By using the minimum spanning tree-based Spatial Kluster Analysis by Tree Edge Removal (SKATER) method, spatially constrained clustering was performed upon 31 historical schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts) in Anhui Province. A surveillance site was selected from each cluster to evaluate the representativeness and surveillance efficiency of these cluster-based surveillance sites for the endemic situation of schistosomiassi in Anhui Province, and to compare the surveillance efficiency with local national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Results There was no significant difference in the environmental factors between the cluster-based schistosomiasis surveillance sites and the whole region, showing a high homogeneity. If the same number of schistosomiasis surveillance sites was selected, there was no significant difference between the cluster-based surveillance sites and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the efficiency of the mean risk and long-term trend of schistosomiasis surveillance in Anhui Province; however, the cluster-based surveillance sites were superior to the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites for the prediction and estimation of the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the unmonitored areas. Conclusion The SKATER-based selection of schistosomiasis surveillance sites may better represent the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province, which may serve as an effective supplement for the conventional method of selecting schistosomiasis surveillance sites.
ABSTRACT
In 2013, two episodes of influenza emerged in China and caused worldwide concern. A new H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) first appeared in China on February 19, 2013. By August 31, 2013, the virus had spread to ten provinces and two metropolitan cities. Of 134 patients with H7N9 influenza, 45 died. From then on, epidemics emerged sporadically in China and resulted in several victims. On November 30, 2013, a 73-year-old woman presented with an influenza-like illness. She developed multiple organ failure and died 9 d after the onset of disease. A novel reassortant AIV, H10N8, was isolated from a tracheal aspirate specimen that was obtained from the patient 7 d after onset. This case was the first human case of influenza A subtype H10N8. On 4 February, 2014, another death due to H10N8 avian influenza was reported in Jiangxi Province, China.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , China , Epidemiology , Influenza A Virus, H10N8 Subtype , Classification , Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype , Classification , Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype , Classification , Influenza, Human , Epidemiology , Virology , Phylogeny , Reassortant Viruses , ClassificationABSTRACT
Objective To explore the impact of gender and body mass on stiffness of the medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle. Methods Forty healthy subjects were recruited to measure the stiffness of medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius mus-cle,using a novel hand-held device MyotonPRO.The relationships between gender,weight and muscle stiffness were examined. Results The stiffness of medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle was more in males than in females(t>2.523, P<0.01),and was positively correlated with body mass(r>0.322,P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the stiffness between dominant and non-dominant legs for medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle(t<0.851,P>0.05). Conclusion Gender and body mass ralate with the stiffness of medial and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle in healthy subjects,and the stiffness of both left and right sides is symmetrical in healthy subjects.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the intra-and inter-rater reliability of MyotonPRO for Achilles tendon properties measured. Methods Twenty healthy subjects were recruited to measure Achilles tendon properties using a novel hand-held Myoton-PRO device by two testers, one of the testers re-tested five days later. The reliability was assessed using in-tra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman analysis, and minimum detectable changes (MDC) was calculated. The Achilles tendon properties of the dominant or non-dominant leg was compared. The correlation between body mass and Achilles tendon properties was examined. Results The intra-rater reliabilities of Achilles tendon properties were ICCleft=0.884 and ICCright=0.904; the inter-rater reli-abilities were ICCleft=0.883 and ICCright=0.945. The MDC was 36.64 N/m. Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement. There was no significant difference in Achilles tendon properties between dominant and non-domi-nant legs (t<1.236, P>0.05). The body mass positively correlated with Achilles tendon properties (r>0.477, P<0.05). Conclusion The intra-and inter-rater reliabilities of MyotonPRO were good in measuring Achilles tendon properties in healthy subjects. No significant difference was found between dominant and non-dominant legs. The body mass positively correlated with Achilles tendon properties in healthy subjects.