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Objective To explore the SNP effects ofpatatin-like phospholipase domain which containing 3 (PNPLA3),transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene,environmental effects of smoking,alcohol drinking and interaction between gene-gene,gene-environment and drinking-smoking on hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC).Methods We collected anticoagulant peripheral blood from patients of HBV-HCC,chronic hepatitis B (CHB),liver cirrhosis (LC) and from healthy controls to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene loci rs738409 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene loci rs58542926,using the flight mass spectrometry method.The optimal assignment value of gene polymorphisms was defined by using the online SNP stats.Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) balance was tested for SNP.Effects of the genetic and environmental factors to HBV-HCC were analyzed by using the multiple classification logistic regression method.The gene-gene,gene-smoking and alcohol drinking interaction effects were investigated by Fork-Life analysis and binary logistic regression methods.Results The frequency distribution of CHB group rs738409 loci seemed not in conformity with the H-W balance (x2=11.980,P＜0.005).Two loci frequency distributions in the other groups were all in accordandce with the H-W balance.After adjusting for influences on age and sex and comparing to the healthy group,the rs58542926 mutation appeared as OR=1.659,95％CI:1.026-2.684,P=0.039,in the HBV-HCC group.When comparing to CHB group,the HBV-HCC group presented that drinking as OR=1.680,95％CI:1.121-2.519,P=0.012.When comparing to the LC group,the ORs of drinking and smoking were 1.539 (1.071-2.213) and 1.453 (1.005-2.099) respectively,in the HBV-HCC group.When comparing to the CHB + LC group,interactions between the HBV-HCC group were found rs738409 and rs58542926 on additive model OR=1.548 (U=1.885,P=0.029) and OR=1.658 (P=0.024) on logistic regression model while drinking was rs738409 on interaction additive model with OR=1.811(U=1.965,P=0.024).As for drinking and mutation of rs738409,the multiplication model of logistic regression showed no statistically significant differences.Interaction between smoking and drinking appeared as OR=1.756 (P＜0.001) in the logistics regression multiplication model.Conclusions Factors as mutation of TM6SF2,smoking and drinking all appeared as risk factors for HBV-HCC.Mutations of both PNPLA3 and TM6SF2,together with smoking and drinking all served as risk factors for HBV-HCC.However,the mutation of single PNPLA3 appeared as a protective factor on HBV-HCC.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the SNP effects ofpatatin-like phospholipase domain which containing 3 (PNPLA3),transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene,environmental effects of smoking,alcohol drinking and interaction between gene-gene,gene-environment and drinking-smoking on hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC).Methods We collected anticoagulant peripheral blood from patients of HBV-HCC,chronic hepatitis B (CHB),liver cirrhosis (LC) and from healthy controls to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene loci rs738409 and transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 (TM6SF2) gene loci rs58542926,using the flight mass spectrometry method.The optimal assignment value of gene polymorphisms was defined by using the online SNP stats.Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) balance was tested for SNP.Effects of the genetic and environmental factors to HBV-HCC were analyzed by using the multiple classification logistic regression method.The gene-gene,gene-smoking and alcohol drinking interaction effects were investigated by Fork-Life analysis and binary logistic regression methods.Results The frequency distribution of CHB group rs738409 loci seemed not in conformity with the H-W balance (x2=11.980,P＜0.005).Two loci frequency distributions in the other groups were all in accordandce with the H-W balance.After adjusting for influences on age and sex and comparing to the healthy group,the rs58542926 mutation appeared as OR=1.659,95％CI:1.026-2.684,P=0.039,in the HBV-HCC group.When comparing to CHB group,the HBV-HCC group presented that drinking as OR=1.680,95％CI:1.121-2.519,P=0.012.When comparing to the LC group,the ORs of drinking and smoking were 1.539 (1.071-2.213) and 1.453 (1.005-2.099) respectively,in the HBV-HCC group.When comparing to the CHB + LC group,interactions between the HBV-HCC group were found rs738409 and rs58542926 on additive model OR=1.548 (U=1.885,P=0.029) and OR=1.658 (P=0.024) on logistic regression model while drinking was rs738409 on interaction additive model with OR=1.811(U=1.965,P=0.024).As for drinking and mutation of rs738409,the multiplication model of logistic regression showed no statistically significant differences.Interaction between smoking and drinking appeared as OR=1.756 (P＜0.001) in the logistics regression multiplication model.Conclusions Factors as mutation of TM6SF2,smoking and drinking all appeared as risk factors for HBV-HCC.Mutations of both PNPLA3 and TM6SF2,together with smoking and drinking all served as risk factors for HBV-HCC.However,the mutation of single PNPLA3 appeared as a protective factor on HBV-HCC.
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BACKGROUND: There are various methods to observe and detect early angiogenesis in the process of entochondrostosis, but each holds certain deficiencies.OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of tetracycline and alizarin complexone as an indirect marker ofangiogenesis in the process of entochondrostosis.METHODS: New Zealand white rabbit models of bilateral radial bone defects were prepared, followed by β-tricalcium phosphate implantation, and then given the injection of tetracycline and alizarin complexone at 1 and 15 days,respectively. Samples were collected at 28 days, some of which were observed using fluorescence/light microscope after ink perfusion and hard tissue slicing, and the others were decalcified and observed using immunohistochemistry. The uniformity between lumen structures labeled with bone affinity fluorescein and vascular structures marked by immunohistochemistry and ink perfusion was compared.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The lumen structure labeled with bone affinity fluorescein was confirmed to be a CD34 positive vascular structure. Under the fluorescence microscope, the bone affinity fluorescein labeled vascular morphology was consistent with ink perfusion-labeled, and black ink lines could be observed in the lumen structures labeled with bone affinity fluorescein after ink perfusion. In addition, the color of the lumen labeled with fluorescein was more gorgeous,three-dimensional structure more vivid, and the vascular evolution process distinguished more easily by different fluorescein colors, exhibiting unique advantages. Therefore, it is available to detect the early angiogenesis in the process of entochondrostosis.
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OBJECTIVE@#To deepen the understanding of chronic subdural hematoma and to seek the effective treatment for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH).@*METHODS@#We retrospectively reviewed a series of 17 consecutive patients with CSDH, who received the treatment of bone flap craniotomy. To explore the surgical indications for CSDH, the data of imaging appearance, intraoperative findings and postoperative complications were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the patients, 13 were septated CSDH, with the characteristic imaging features such as anti-"3" impression in the inner edge of the hematoma and fibrous strap structure in the hematoma. Four patients were organized CSDH, with strong signals of T1 and T2 as well as hypointense netlike structure within the hematoma cavity while low signal on MRI in the thickened inner membrane. Burr hole trepanation was performed, but no improvement were achieved, whereas the bone flap craniotomy removed the hematoma completely without serious surgical complication except 1 case.@*CONCLUSION@#Based on the preoperative imaging data, flap bone craniotomy seems to be the first choice for treatment of CSDH.