Clinical characteristics and treatment of spinal cord injury in children and adolescents / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Pediatric and adult spinal cord injuries (SCI) are distinct entities. Children and adolescents with SCI must suffer from lifelong disabilities, which is a heavy burden on patients, their families and the society. There are differences in Chinese and foreign literature reports on the incidence, injury mechanism and prognosis of SCI in children and adolescents. In addition to traumatic injuries such as car accidents and falls, the proportion of sports injuries is increasing. The most common sports injury is the backbend during dance practice. Compared with adults, children and adolescents are considered to have a greater potential for neurological improvement. The pathogenesis and treatment of pediatric SCI remains unclear. The mainstream view is that the mechanism of nerve damage in pediatric SCI include flexion, hyperextension, longitudinal distraction and ischemia. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of drugs such as methylprednisolone in the treatment of pediatric SCI and the indications and timing of surgery. In addition, the complications of pediatric SCI are also worthy of attention. New imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography may be used for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, imaging, clinical characteristics, treatment and complications of SCI in children and adolescents. Although current treatment cannot completely restore neurological function, patient quality of life can be enhanced. Continued developments and advances in the research of SCI may eventually provide a cure for children and adolescents with this kind of injury.

Research progress of Rehmanniae Radix in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis / 中国中药杂志

Osteoporosis fracture with high disability and mortality is a difficult problem that seriously affects the life quality of individuals. At present, there is still a lack of anti-osteoporosis drugs with clear target and significant efficacy in the clinical practice. Rehmanniae Radix and its prescriptions have significant clinical effects. In this regard, more and more studies have reported the effects and mechanisms of Rehmanniae Radix and its active components, and the certain research outputs have been achieved. In this article, the PubMed, Web of science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database were searched to collect and organize the latest research progress of Rehmanniae Radix treatment of osteoporosis in the recent 10 years. We summarized the research dynamics as well as the function indexes and mechanisms of the raw and processed Rehmanniae Radix, active ingredients such as catalpol, aucubin, acteoside and Rehmanniae Radix polysaccharide, and their formulating prescriptions, and then excavated the potential active ingredients, targets and signaling pathways, including the effect on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, promoting the osteoblast proliferation and promoting osteogenesis differentiation(increasing alkaline phosphatase, typeⅠ collagen, osteoprotegerin, and osteocalcin and promoting calcium deposits), increasing the bone density, inhibiting the osteoclast quantity and differentiation, promoting the osteoclast apoptosis, and reducing tartrate resistant acid phosphatase and bone resorption pit area to provide the reference and develop new ideas for developing Rehmanniae Radix prescriptions for treatment of osteoporosis and exploring its mechanism.

Clinical observation of dynamic cervical implant (DCI) internal fixation in the surgical treatment of cervical spondylosis / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the early clinical effects and radiological outcome of dynamic cervical implant (DCI) internal fixation in treating cervical spondylosis, and evaluate its safety and efficiency.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2009 to December 2011, 19 patients with cervical spondylosis correspond to the indication of DCI internal fixation in the study, including 5 cases of cervical spondylotic myelopathy and 14 cases of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. There were 8 males and 11 females, aged from 35 to 54 years with a mean of 43.2 years. Pathological segments included C3,4 in 1 case, C4,5 in 6, C5,6 in 6, C6,7 in 4, C3,4 and C5,6, C6,7 in 2. All patients were treated with anterior discectomy and decompression and DCI internal fixation, meanwhile, 2 cases of them with anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion plate fixation. Clinical evaluation included Modified Japanese orthopedics association (mJOA), neck disability index (NDI), visual analogue scale (VAS) score and patient satisfaction index (PSI) at pre-operation and final follow-up. Radiographic evaluation included flexion/extension lateral view at operative level and adjacent segment. The adjacent level degeneration was analyzed according to Miyazaki classification on MRI images.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed up from 12 to 42 months with an average of 19.8 months. Preoperative mJOA score was 13.6±1.1 and at final follow-up was 16.3±1.2 with improvement rate of 85.0%. Preoperative VAS,NDI was 6.6± 1.4, 17.1±7.4 and at final follow-up was 1.4±0.8, 6.1±3.9, respectively; there was statistical significance in all above-mentioned results between preoperative and final follow-up (P<0.05). Preoperative ROM at operation level was (7.6±1.9)° and final follow-up was (7.8+2.1)°; preoperative ROM at C2-C7 was (38.6±7.2)° and final follow-up was (39.9±6.4)°; there was no statistical significance in all above-mentioned results between preoperative and final follow-up (P>0.05). Preoperative DHI at operation level was (6.3±1.1) mm and final follow-up was (7.1±0.8) mm, there was statistical significance in DHI between preoperative and final follow-up (P<0.05). No heterotopic ossification was found. All patients followed up MRI, degeneration of 3 segments aggravated 1 degree in 38 adjacent segments, without clinical symptom.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment of cervical spondylosis with dynamic cervical implant can got satisfactory outcome in early follow-up. Activity of operative segment obtain reservation in some degree. The incidence of adjacent segment degeneration is lower and no adjacent segment disease occur. Nevertheless a longer follow-up time should be needed to assess the long term functionality of the DCI and the influence on adjacent levels.</p>

Growth activity of osteoblast on a novel strontium incorporated calcium sulfate / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the growth activity of osteoblast on a novel strontium incorporated calcium sulfate and make comparison with normal calcium sulfate material.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Osteoblast was inoculated on samples and cell proliferation was measured on the 1st, 3rd, 5th days, and the activities of ALP and osteocalcin were observed on the 5th day. And microcosmic morphology of osteoblast was observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Osteoblast grows robustly on tested material. Cell quantity on the surface of novel material was obviously higher than normal calcium sulfate material (P < 0.05). The activity of ALP and osteocalcin on novel material was 57.8% and 40.2% higher than on normal calcium sulfate material respectively (P < 0.05). On strontium incorporated surface, osteoblast spread well. Cells were polygonal with abundant cytoplasm and the morphology was active.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Strontium incorporated calcium sulfate can sustain robust growth activity of osteoblast, which is promising to be used for bone substitute materials.</p>

Clinical manifestation and surgical treatment of spinal osteoblastoma / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical manifestation and surgical outcome of spinal osteoblastoma.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2006 to July 2010, 11 patients with spinal osteoblastoma treated surgically were analyzed retrospectively. There were 7 males and 4 females with an average age of 23.5 years (range, 16 - 34 years). The tumors were located at C(5) in 3, C(6) in 4, C(7) in 2, C(6) ~ T(1) in 1 and T(11) in 1. Based on WBB classification, 9 were 1 - 3 or 10 - 12 and 2 were 4 - 9 and 1 - 3. All the operations had been performed with en-bloc resection. The posterior approach was used for 9 patients, and combined posterior and anterior approach was used for 2 patients. Reconstruction using instrumentation and fusion was performed using spinal instrumentation in 8 patients. To evaluate the change of pain before and after the operation by visual analogue scales (VAS), and to assess functional status of the spine by McCormick scale. Imaging test was used to review the stability and recurrence rate of spine cord, and the confluence of graft bones.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All cases were followed up for 12 - 64 months (average, 28.4 months). The average surgical time was 130.5 minutes (range, 90 - 210 minutes), with the average intraoperative blood loss of 560 ml (range, 300 - 1000 ml). During the follow-up period, the VAS grade reduced from 6.3 ± 1.1 to 2.5 ± 1.0 (t = 8.48, P < 0.05). There were 8 patients had neurological function improved and 3 remained no change which was evaluated by McCormick scale for spinal function status at final follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Spinal osteoblastoma has its own specific radiographic feature. There are some recurrence in simple curettage of tumor lesion. The thoroughly en-bloc resection of tumor or spondylectomy, bone fusion and strong in ter fixation are the key points for successful surgical treatment.</p>

Spinal fusion combined with dynamic interspinous fixation with Coflex system for lumbar degenerative disease / 中国骨伤

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize the effect of the implantation of Coflex interspious stabilization device combined with pinal fusion for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease. METHODS; From March 2008 to March 2010, 18 patients with two levels lumbar degenerative disease were treated with spinal fusion and dynamic interspinous fixation with Coflex system. There were 11 males and 7 females. The average age was 50.2 years (range 41 to 62 years). The VAS and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were used to assess clinical symptoms preoperatively and postoperatively. All patients underwent flexion/extension radiographs examinations before surgery and at last follow-up. Range of motion (ROM) and disc height index (DHI) were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients were followed up for 12 months averagely (range 6-30 months). At final follow-up, leg VAS, back VAS and ODI functional score were significant improved than those of preoperation [back VAS: 1.50 +/- 0.90 vs 7.20 +/- 0.90; leg VAS: 1.10 +/- 0.80 vs 5.20 +/- 0.90; ODI functional score: (15.90 +/- 5.80)% vs (52.50 +/- 5.90)%]. The DHI increased from 0.23 +/- 0.05 preoperatively to 0.35 +/- 0.06 postoperatively and to 0.33 +/- 0.04 at final follow-up, the height of intervertebral space were not found significant loss. The ROM at the Coflex stabilized levels on the X-ray views was (8.90 +/- 1.80) degrees preoperatively, (8.30 +/- 1.90) degrees postoperatively, and (8.10 +/- 1.80) degrees at final follow-up. There was no significant difference between final follow-up and preoperative (P = 0.19). The ROM of the lumbar spine (L2-S1) was (20.20 +/- 5.60) degrees preoperatively, (14.40 +/- 5.70) degrees postoperatively, and (15.50 +/- 5.20) degrees at final follow-up. There was significant reduction of the [E-S, ROM at final follow-up (P = 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Posterior interspinous stabilization with Coflex system combined with spinal fusion can obtain satisfactory outcomes for patients with two levels lumbar degenerative disease in the short follow-up duration. Nevertheless,no overwhelming evidence suggested that the system is better than traditional fusion at present. The selection of surgical indication is important for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease.</p>

Trichostatin A inhibits the activation of CD(4)(+) T cells by suppressing CD(28) expression in mice / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the mechanism of trichostatin A(TSA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, in inhibiting the activation of CD(4)(+) T cells in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The CD(4)(+) T cells isolated from the spleen of C57BL mice were treated with different concentrations of TSA (2, 20, and 200 nmol/L) for 24 h, and CD(3), CD(28) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) mRNA levels were measured with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The protein expressions of CD(3), CD(28) and IL-2 were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and ELISA analysis. ZAP70 and PI3K protein expression in CD(4)(+) T cells activated by CD(3) and CD(28) monoclonal antibody were analyzed by Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>TSA dose-dependently inhibited the transcription and protein expression of CD28 in CD(4)(+) T cells and reduced the expression of PI3K protein in activated CD(4)(+) T cells, without showing significant effect on the expression of ZAP70. TSA treatment of the cells also resulted in significantly decreased mRNA and protein expressions of IL-2 (P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TSA can regulate the immunological activity of CD(4)(+) T cells by inducing mRNA and protein expressions of CD(28), which inhibits the activation of the co-stimulatory signal transduction in CD(4)(+) T cells and decreases the secretion of IL-2.</p>

Effect of advanced oxidation protein products on nitric oxide production in mouse peritoneal macrophages / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) on nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>MPMs were incubated in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with AOPP-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) prepared by exposure of BSA to hypoclorous acid or pre-treated with AOPP-BSA and subsequent stimulation with LPS. NO production in the supernatants of the culture media was determined spectrophotometrically using Griess method. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BSA induced significant NO production in MPMs. AOPP modification of BSA significantly inhibited NO production, and AOPP-BSA exhibited time- and dose-dependent inhibition of NO production induced by LPS in MPMs incubated together with LPS or pre-treated before LPS stimulation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AOPP-BSA is capable of inhibiting inducible NO production in MPMs.</p>