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AIM: To introduce the entry point of clinical pharmacists on developing pharmaceutical care in the department of nephrology to further explore more pharmaceutical care entry point and to better promote rational drug use. METHODS: To summarize the work of the clinical pharmacists participate in the formulation and optimization of anti-infection therapy; participate in the formulation of parenteral nutrition program; conduct medication and adherence education; conduct pharmaceutical monitoring; provide evidence-based medical analysis for the off-label drug use in the department of nephrology by case sharing. RESULTS: Clinical pharmacists provide pharmaceutical care in the department of nephrology. This improves the medication compliance, avoids adverse reactions, optimize therapeutic regimen. CONCLUSION: Developing various pharmaceutical care in the department of nephrology will be safe, effective and economic for drug application.
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Objective:To observe the role of lamividine and silymarin preventing and curing liver fibrosisrelevant factors induced by alcohol drinking in hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice (Tg mice).Methods:Forty HBV-Tg BALB/C mice with 1.3 copy were randomly divided into 4 groups:a control group,a model group,a lamivudine group and a silymarin group.Tg mice in control group were treated with normal saline via intragastric administration;Tg-mice in the model group were treated with 50％ alcohol (5 mL/kg) once a day via intragastric administration;while Tg-mice in lamivudine group and silymarin group were treated with alcohol (5 mL/kg) plus laminvudine (100 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) once a day via intragastric administration respectively.All groups were raised for 10 weeks.The levels of HBV-DNA copy number,ALT,AST in serum,the degree of inflammation,the degree of fibrosis,the mRNA expression levels of TGF-β 1,Smad3,Smad7 and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF),and the protein expression levels of TGF-β1,CTGF and α-SMA in liver tissue were detected.All the images were scanned with electronic computer and the data were analyzed with SPSS13.0 software.Results:Compared with the control group,liver injury were significantly aggravated,while HBVDNA copies,mRNA levels ofTGF-β1,Smad3,Smad7 and CTGF as well as the protein levels of TGF-β1,CTGF and α-SMA were significantly increased (P＜0.05).Compared with the model group,liver injury were significantly attenuated in silymarine group and lamivudine group,while mRNA levels of TGF-β 1,Smad3 and CTGF as well as the protein levels of TGF-β1,CTGF and α-SMA were significantly decreased;mRNA level of Smad7 was further increased (P＜0.05);the levels of ALT and AST in serum were decreased in the silymarine group (P＜0.05).Conclusion:Lamivudine and silymarin relieve the histological damage in the liver of alcohol-fed Tg mice.The mechanisms for the beneficial effects of lamivudine or silymarin might be related to inhibiting the expression of TGF-β 1,Smad3 and CTGF,modulating the expression of Smads and suppressing the activation of HSC.
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Objective To compare the molluscicidal effects between“Luo-wei”(TDS),a plant molluscicide in 4 percent, and metaldehyde and niclosamide(MNSC)in the field. Methods A natural ecological environment with Oncomelania hupensis was selected as the test area,the test concentrations of TDS and MNSC were 2.5 g/m3 and 2 ml/m3 respectively by the immersion method;the test doses of TDS and MNSC were 3 g/m2 and 2 ml/m2 respectively by the spray method;the doses of WPN in a control group were 2 g/m3 and 2 g/m2 respectively by the two methods above-mentioned. The molluscicidal effects between TDS and MNSC were compared by using the synchronous design method and parallel comparative method. Results In the TDS group,the death rate of snails was 90.70%by immersion for 24 hours,reached to 81.40%after spraying for 7 days,and there were no significant differences among the observation time points in molluscicidal effects(P>0.05). One day after the spraying,the death rate of snails was less in the TDS group compared with that in the MSCN group(P0.05). In the MSCN group,the death rate of snails was 99.17%by immersion for 24 hours,reached to 66.07% by spraying for 1 day. In the WPS group,the death rate of snails was 97.15% by immersion for 24 hours,reached to 71.43%after spraying for 1 day,and there were no significant differences(both P>0.05). Conclusion TDS has a good molluscicidal activity and stable efficacy,and the molluscicidal effect of TDS is similar to that of MSCN in the filed, but the molluscicidal sensitivity of TDS is lower than that of MSCN.
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OBJECTIVE@#To determine the effect of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on the expression of telomerase in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in rats and the role of TGF-β1 in the development of liver fibrosis.@*METHODS@#Primary HSCs were isolated from normal rats by density gradient separation and divided into 2 groups for culturing. The morphology of HSCs was identified by the inverted fluorescence microscope. The purity of HSCs was identified by immunohistological expression and fluorescence analysis. One group of HSCs was treated with different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 ng/mL) of TGF-β1 for 24 h, while the other group was treated with 1 ng/mL TGF-β1 and cultured for 3, 6, and 9 days. The mRNA expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) was assessed and compared by polymerase chain reaction.@*RESULTS@#Cell morphology showed that TGF-β1 triggered the differentiation of HSCs from a quiescent phenotype into highly activated myofibroblasts. TERT mRNA expression in the primary HSCs showed slight increase with the culture time, though with no statistical difference between the results at various time points (P>0.05). TGF-β1 at 0.1 ng/mL did not significantly affect the TERT mRNA level compared with the 0 ng/mL group, while 1 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 significantly decreased the level of TERT mRNA (P0.05). TGF-β1 at 1 ng/mL significantly inhibited TERT mRNA expression 6 days after the treatment (P<0.05). TGF-β1 inhibited the expression of TERT mRNA level in the HSCs in both dose- and time-dependent manner.@*CONCLUSION@#TGF-β1 may contribute to the transdifferentiation of HSCs by reducing TERT levels to develop hepatic fibrosis.
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Animals , Rats , Cell Transdifferentiation , Cells, Cultured , Hepatic Stellate Cells , Metabolism , RNA, Messenger , Telomerase , Metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1 , PharmacologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To conduct a meta-analysis to determine the efficacy of peginterferon alpha (PEG-IFN α) therapy versus IFN α, adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) and entecavir (ETV) for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients in China.@*METHODS@#MEDLINE database and 3 main Chinese biomedical databases between 1966 and 2012 was retrieved. Two reviewers independently screened all reports to identify randomized controlled trials that evaluated PEG-IFN α therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in China.@*RESULTS@#Fourteen trials met the eligibility criteria for this Meta analysis. PEG-IFN α therapy was more effective than IFN α therapy in achieving ALT normalization, serum HBV DNA clearance, HBeAg seroconversion, serum HBeAg clearance and fibrosis improvement in Chinese hepatitis B patients (P<0.05). PEG-IFN α was obviously superior to ETV in HBeAg seroconversion and serum HBeAg clearance (P<0.05), but the seroconversion rate was low. The combination therapy of PEG-IFN α and ADV was more effective than ADV monotherapy in ALT normalization, serum HBV DNA clearance and HBeAg seroconversion (P<0.05). PEG-IFN α showed no priority to other treatment regimes in HBsAg clearance.@*CONCLUSION@#Treatment with PEG-IFN α is safe and effective, and can be prescribed as firstline treatment options for chronic hepatitis B patients in China. Data are too limited to exclude a substantial benefit or harm of PEG-IFN α combination therapy for CHB patients in China.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adenine , Therapeutic Uses , Antiviral Agents , Therapeutic Uses , China , Drug Therapy, Combination , Guanine , Therapeutic Uses , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens , Hepatitis B e Antigens , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Drug Therapy , Interferon-alpha , Therapeutic Uses , Organophosphonates , Therapeutic Uses , Polyethylene GlycolsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the pharmacoeconomic effectiveness of three therapeutic schemes for lower respiratory tract infections.METHODS:The cost-effectiveness analysis of three therapeutic schemes for lower respiratory tract infections was carried out.RESULTS:The cost-effectiveness ratio of penicillin-piperacillin schemes(L1)was minimum in respect to the effective rate.However,the cost-effectiveness ratios had no significant difference between cefotaxime scheme(L3)and L1 scheme in regard to cure rate(P>0.05),the cost-effectiveness ratio of ciprofloxacin-clinadmacin scheme(L2) was higher significantly than those of L1 and L3 schemes(P<0.05,both schemes).CONCLUSION： L1 is the best therapeutic scheme.Although L3 scheme had higher cost,it had higher cure rate and lower ADRs occurrence.L3 scheme is benefitial to improvement of patient's life quality.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a HPLC method for content determination of gatifloxacin in human plasma.METHODS: The Analytical column was C18,the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-30mmol/L ammonium acetate-triethylamine-orthophosphoric acid (20∶80∶1.0∶0.7) with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min,the detection was performed at UV 294nm.RESULTS: The calibration curve was linear in the concentrations ranging from 0.1 to10.0?g /ml (r=0.9 992).The detection limit was 0.05?g/ml.The intraday RSD was less than 8% and interday RSD was less than 10%.The average recovery was (101.67?3.06)%.CONCLUSION: The method is simple, sensitive, accurate and suitable for determination of gatifloxacin in human plasma and pharmacokinetic study.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a reasonable formulation and preparation technique of Ketorolac Tromethamine eye drops and to study the stability.METHODS:The content,related substances and pH value were taken as the observing pa?rameters to design the formulation and preparation technic.The stability of3batches of sample was tested.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The eye drops was rational in formulation and feasible in preparation technic.The preparation in commercial packing was stable after6-month acceleration test and9-month storage at room temperature.