ABSTRACT
We present a list of bats collected above 2000 meters in Río Abiseo National Park. Sixteen bat species belonging to the Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae families were collected during four expeditions between 1987 and 1990. Twelve species were found within expected altitudinal ranges, but four exceeded their previously reported maximum altitudinal ranges. A comparison with other bat lists from other localities at similar altitudes is presented.
Se presenta una lista de murciélagos colectados por encima de los 2000 m en el Parque Nacional Río Abiseo. Dieciséis especies de murciélagos pertenecientes tanto a las familias Phyllostomidae y Vespertilionidae fueron colectadas durante cuatro expediciones realizadas entre 1987 y 1990. Doce especies fueron encontradas dentro de los rangos altitudinales esperados, pero cuatro excedieron su altitud máxima previamente reportada. Se presenta una comparación con otras listas de murciélagos de otras localidades a altitudes similares.
ABSTRACT
Presentamos el primer registro de tres mamíferos pequeños voladores para el Perú en base a especímenes colectados entre 2007 y 2014. Estos son: Eumops glaucinus, en la selva baja del centro del Perú; Molossus bondae en el bosque tropical del Pacífico, y Promops nasutus en bosques montanos del sureste. Los nuevos registros incrementan la diversidad de mamíferos del Perú a 579 especies.
We presented the first record of three species bats for Peru based on specimens collected between 2007 and 2014. These are Eumops glaucinus, captured in the rainforest from the center of Peru, Molossus bondae captured in the Pacifico rainforest, and Promops nasutus, captured in the montane forests from southeastern. The new records increase the mammal diversity of Peru to 579 species.
ABSTRACT
@#Most of the public health importance coronaviruses, such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2 are likely originated from bats and spread to humans through intermediate hosts; civet cats, dromedary camel and Malayan pangolin, respectively. SARS-CoV-2-like coronaviruses were detected in Thailand, which is neighbouring with Kelantan in East Coast Malaysia. To date, there is no report on the presence of public health concerns (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV) coronaviruses in bats from Malaysia. This study was aimed to elucidate the presence of these coronaviruses in bat samples from East Coast, Malaysia. A total of hundred seventy oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from three states of East Coast Malaysia. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted based on partial 3’ Untranslated region (3’UTR) or ORF10 gene and the products were sequenced. The sequences were compared with all coronavirus sequences from the National Center for Biotechnology Information-GenBank (NCBI-GenBank) using NCBI-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (NCBI-BLAST) software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the genetic relationship among the detected coronaviruses with the reference coronaviruses from the NCBI-GenBank. Our results showed that SARSCoV-2-like viruses were present in 3% (5/170) of the bats from East Coast Malaysia that have 98-99% sequence identities and are genetically related to SARS-CoV-2 from humans. This finding indicates the presence of SARS-CoV-2-like viruses in bats from East Coast Malaysia that may become a public health concern in the future.
ABSTRACT
Zoonotic Surveillance Divisions (ZSDs) rescue and euthanize bats in contact with humans. The euthanasia procedure should be conducted safely for the animal and caretaker and minimal stress for the animal is important. The objectives of this study were: i. evaluate the methods of euthanasia used by ZSDs in the State of São Paulo; ii. compare the methods with national and international guidelines for animal euthanasia practices; iii. assess the methodologies considering taxonomy and eating habits of the main bat species, and iv. propose standardization of euthanasia procedures. Sixty-five ZSDs locations received an online questionnaire or were contacted by telephone and 33 ZSDs (50.8%) responded and are distributed in 11 mesoregions in the state to remain anonymous. The euthanasia methods were divided into chemical (injectable or inhalation), physical, or mixed methods. Bat specimens (n = 550) were identified and classified to evaluate the main genera found in the state. The location of the ZSD, species, eating habits, and the method of euthanasia used were analyzed. The specimens by bat families were Molossidae (n = 340), Phyllostomidae (n = 171), and Vespertilionidae (n = 39). Chemical methods were used in 25 ZSDs (75.75%), physical in 5 (15.15%), and mixed in 3 (9.09%). There is no uniformity or standardization in bat euthanasia methods used by ZSDs, although most are based on acceptable chemical methods. It was proposed an algorithm to assist the veterinarian in choosing the method of euthanasia for bats that will allow standardizing euthanasia procedures for this species, considering physiological differences, and respecting technical, bioethical, and animal welfare guidelines.(AU)
As Divisões de Vigilância de Zoonoses (DVZs) coletam e eutanasiam morcegos que tiveram contato com humanos. O procedimento de eutanásia precisa ocorrer de modo seguro para o animal e para o manipulador, sendo importante garantir o mínimo de estresse ao animal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: i. avaliar os métodos de eutanásia praticados nas DVZ do estado de São Paulo; ii. comparar esses métodos com os guias nacionais e internacionais de práticas de eutanásia animal; iii. avaliar as metodologias aplicadas considerando a taxonomia e os hábitos alimentares das principais espécies de ocorrência de morcegos; e iv. propor a padronização dos procedimentos de eutanásia. Sessenta e cinco DVZs receberam o questionário online ou foram contatadas por telefone, dessas, trinta e três DVZs (50,8%) que responderam ao questionário foram incluídas no estudo e distribuídas em 11 mesorregiões para garantir anonimato. Os métodos de eutanásia reportados foram divididos em métodos químicos (injetáveis; inalatórios), físicos ou mistos. Os espécimes de morcegos (n = 550) foram identificados e classificados para avaliar os principais gêneros encontrados no estado. A localização da DVZ, as espécies, os hábitos alimentares e o método de eutanásia utilizado foram analisados. Os espécimes por família de espécies de morcegos foram Molossidae (n = 340), Phyllostomidae (n = 171) e Vespertilionidae (n = 39). Métodos químicos foram utilizados em 25 DVZs (75,75%), físicos em 5 (15,15%) e mistos em 3 (9,09%). Não há uniformidade ou padronização nos métodos de eutanásia de morcegos, embora a maioria seja baseada em métodos químicos aceitáveis. É proposto um algoritmo para auxiliar o veterinário na escolha do método de eutanásia, que permite a padronização desses procedimentos para os morcegos, considerando as diferenças fisiológicas e respeitando as diretrizes técnicas, bioéticas e de bem-estar animal.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chiroptera , Data Collection , Euthanasia, Animal/methods , Brazil , Animal WelfareABSTRACT
Los murciélagos son los únicos mamíferos capaces de volar, y también son un grupo diverso, dentro de los cuales se han identificado 1.116 especies, 202 géneros y 18 familias. Geográficamente, se distribuyen en casi todo el mundo, con excepción del polo Norte y Sur. Existen al menor tres especies de murciélagos hematófagos, las cuales solo habitan en el continente americano: el vampiro de patas peludas (Diphylla ecaudata), el alas blancas (Diaemus youngi), que tienen preferencia por el consumo de sangre de aves, y el vampiro común (Desmodus rotundus), único de estas especies que se alimenta de sangre de mamíferos, incluyendo humanos, siendo ésta la especie de mayor importancia desde un punto de vista sanitario y económico. Es importante destacar que una variedad de nuevas enfermedades infecciosas zoonóticas ocurridas en los últimos años se ha relacionado con los murciélagos. A pesar de ser portadores de diversas enfermedades, también tiene un lado positivo que señala su importancia en la naturaleza, destaca que, debido a su alta sensibilidad a los cambios climáticos, son considerados como buenos indicadores del estado de conservación de bosques. Además, aportan a la diversidad estructural y funcional de los bosques siendo dispersadores de semillas, polinizadores de plantas y controladores de plagas. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como finalidad, el uso de métodos físicos para la exclusión de murciélagos hematófagos que habitan en la zonificación de San Remo, del sector la Molina en Lima, Perú. Posterior a a un diagnóstico inicial, se implementaron los métodos de barrera física, tales como mallas, cortinas o tubos de PCV que impedieron la pernotación de los murciélagos en los hogares zonificados encontrándose una reducción de los índices de infestación(AU)
Bats are the only mammals capable of flight, and they are also a diverse group, within which 1,116 species, 202 genera, and 18 families have been identified. Geographically, they are distributed throughout almost the entire world, with the exception of the North and South Pole. There are at least three species of blood-sucking bats, which only inhabit the American continent: the hairy-legged vampire (Diphylla ecaudata), the white-winged (Diaemus youngi), which prefers to consume bird blood, and the vampire bat. common (Desmodus rotundus), the only one of these species that feeds on the blood of mammals, including humans, this being the most important species from a health and economic point of view. Importantly, a variety of new zoonotic infectious diseases in recent years have been linked to bats. Despite being carriers of various diseases, they also have a positive side that indicates their importance in nature, noting that due to their high sensitivity to climate change, they are considered good indicators of the state of forest conservation. In addition, they contribute to the structural and functional diversity of forests by being seed dispersers, plant pollinators and pest controllers. Therefore, the purpose of this work is the use of physical methods for the exclusion of blood-sucking bats that inhabit the San Remo zoning, in the La Molina sector in Lima, Peru. After an initial diagnosis, physical barrier methods were implemented, such as meshes, curtains or PCV tubes that prevented bats from staying in zoned homes, finding a reduction in infestation rates(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Chiroptera , Epidemiological Monitoring , Peru , Zoonoses , Vector Control of DiseasesABSTRACT
Rotaviruses are the most common cause of diarrhea in children and animals. Bats are considered reservoirs of many viruses with zoonotic impact worldwide. Rotaviruses have been detected in bats and many of those strains that have been identified globally share high homology with rotavirus strains identified in animals and humans, demonstrating that roles are being created in interspecies transmission and genetic rearrangement in a large number of occasions, which is producing rotavirus genetic diversity. The current effort to characterize strains of rotavirus in bats would help expand knowledge about the great genetic diversity of rotaviruses and could also suggest a bat origin for several unusual rotavirus strains detected in humans and animals. This is a review of the different strains of rotavirus that have been detected in bats globally, where bats have been identified as a possible zoonotic potential in the transmission of rotavirus to animals and humans; and possible anthropozoonosis events are revealed.
ABSTRACT
Molecular based identification of bat fauna in Pakistan has been relatively less explored. The current study was therefore planned to report for the first time the molecular classification of insectivorous bats (Pipistrellus coromandra) based on mitochondrion gene (COI) from Punjab, Pakistan. Specimens were collected from five different locations followed by DNA extraction with subsequent gene amplification and sequencing. All samples in the study had shown close identity matches with species (Pipistrellus coromandra) from India and (Pipistrellus tenuis) from Vietnam with percentage identity score of 96.11 and 95.58 respectively except one sequence which only revealed 86.78% identity match on Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and could only be assigned to genus level Pipistrellus sp. The results indicated negligible intra-population genetic distance among collected samples whereas the comparison with species from other countries had shown high intraspecific (P. coromandra) and interspecific (P. tenuis) mean genetic distances. The current study hence successfully proved the efficiency of COI gene as a molecular marker for species identification and in analyzing the patterns of genetic variation with species from other countries.
A identificação com base molecular da fauna de morcegos no Paquistão tem sido relativamente menos explorada. Portanto, o estudo atual foi planejado para relatar pela primeira vez a classificação molecular de morcegos insetívoros (Pipistrellus coromandra) com base no gene da mitocôndria (COI) de Punjab, Paquistão. As amostras foram coletadas em cinco locais diferentes, seguidas pela extração de DNA com subsequente amplificação e sequenciamento do gene. Todas as amostras no estudo mostraram coincidências de identidade próximas com espécies (Pipistrellus coromandra) da Índia e (Pipistrellus tenuis) do Vietnã, com pontuação de identidade percentual de 96,11 e 95,58, respectivamente, exceto uma sequência que revelou apenas 86,78% de correspondência de identidade na Ferramenta de Pesquisa de Alinhamento Local Básico (BLAST), a qual só poderia ser atribuída ao nível de gênero Pipistrellus sp. Os resultados indicaram distância genética intrapopulacional desprezível entre as amostras coletadas, enquanto a comparação com espécies de outros países mostrou altas distâncias genéticas intraespecíficas (P. coromandra) e interespecíficas (P. tenuis) médias. O presente estudo, portanto, comprovou com sucesso a eficiência do gene COI como marcador molecular para identificação de espécies e análise dos padrões de variação genética com espécies de outros países.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chromosome Mapping/veterinary , Chiroptera/genetics , Genetic MarkersABSTRACT
Abstract Molecular based identification of bat fauna in Pakistan has been relatively less explored. The current study was therefore planned to report for the first time the molecular classification of insectivorous bats (Pipistrellus coromandra) based on mitochondrion gene (COI) from Punjab, Pakistan. Specimens were collected from five different locations followed by DNA extraction with subsequent gene amplification and sequencing. All samples in the study had shown close identity matches with species (Pipistrellus coromandra) from India and (Pipistrellus tenuis) from Vietnam with percentage identity score of 96.11 and 95.58 respectively except one sequence which only revealed 86.78% identity match on Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and could only be assigned to genus level Pipistrellus sp. The results indicated negligible intra-population genetic distance among collected samples whereas the comparison with species from other countries had shown high intraspecific (P. coromandra) and interspecific (P. tenuis) mean genetic distances. The current study hence successfully proved the efficiency of COI gene as a molecular marker for species identification and in analyzing the patterns of genetic variation with species from other countries.
Resumo A identificação com base molecular da fauna de morcegos no Paquistão tem sido relativamente menos explorada. Portanto, o estudo atual foi planejado para relatar pela primeira vez a classificação molecular de morcegos insetívoros (Pipistrellus coromandra) com base no gene da mitocôndria (COI) de Punjab, Paquistão. As amostras foram coletadas em cinco locais diferentes, seguidas pela extração de DNA com subsequente amplificação e sequenciamento do gene. Todas as amostras no estudo mostraram coincidências de identidade próximas com espécies (Pipistrellus coromandra) da Índia e (Pipistrellus tenuis) do Vietnã, com pontuação de identidade percentual de 96,11 e 95,58, respectivamente, exceto uma sequência que revelou apenas 86,78% de correspondência de identidade na Ferramenta de Pesquisa de Alinhamento Local Básico (BLAST), a qual só poderia ser atribuída ao nível de gênero Pipistrellus sp. Os resultados indicaram distância genética intrapopulacional desprezível entre as amostras coletadas, enquanto a comparação com espécies de outros países mostrou altas distâncias genéticas intraespecíficas (P. coromandra) e interespecíficas (P. tenuis) médias. O presente estudo, portanto, comprovou com sucesso a eficiência do gene COI como marcador molecular para identificação de espécies e análise dos padrões de variação genética com espécies de outros países.
ABSTRACT
Molecular based identification of bat fauna in Pakistan has been relatively less explored. The current study was therefore planned to report for the first time the molecular classification of insectivorous bats (Pipistrellus coromandra) based on mitochondrion gene (COI) from Punjab, Pakistan. Specimens were collected from five different locations followed by DNA extraction with subsequent gene amplification and sequencing. All samples in the study had shown close identity matches with species (Pipistrellus coromandra) from India and (Pipistrellus tenuis) from Vietnam with percentage identity score of 96.11 and 95.58 respectively except one sequence which only revealed 86.78% identity match on Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and could only be assigned to genus level Pipistrellus sp. The results indicated negligible intra-population genetic distance among collected samples whereas the comparison with species from other countries had shown high intraspecific (P. coromandra) and interspecific (P. tenuis) mean genetic distances. The current study hence successfully proved the efficiency of COI gene as a molecular marker for species identification and in analyzing the patterns of genetic variation with species from other countries.
A identificação com base molecular da fauna de morcegos no Paquistão tem sido relativamente menos explorada. Portanto, o estudo atual foi planejado para relatar pela primeira vez a classificação molecular de morcegos insetívoros (Pipistrellus coromandra) com base no gene da mitocôndria (COI) de Punjab, Paquistão. As amostras foram coletadas em cinco locais diferentes, seguidas pela extração de DNA com subsequente amplificação e sequenciamento do gene. Todas as amostras no estudo mostraram coincidências de identidade próximas com espécies (Pipistrellus coromandra) da Índia e (Pipistrellus tenuis) do Vietnã, com pontuação de identidade percentual de 96,11 e 95,58, respectivamente, exceto uma sequência que revelou apenas 86,78% de correspondência de identidade na Ferramenta de Pesquisa de Alinhamento Local Básico (BLAST), a qual só poderia ser atribuída ao nível de gênero Pipistrellus sp. Os resultados indicaram distância genética intrapopulacional desprezível entre as amostras coletadas, enquanto a comparação com espécies de outros países mostrou altas distâncias genéticas intraespecíficas (P. coromandra) e interespecíficas (P. tenuis) médias. O presente estudo, portanto, comprovou com sucesso a eficiência do gene COI como marcador molecular para identificação de espécies e análise dos padrões de variação genética com espécies de outros países.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chiroptera/genetics , Pakistan , PhylogenyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Leptospirosis is an endemic disease caused byLeptospiraspp., a bacterium that affects animals and humans. In recent years, the number of reports of leptospirosis in wild animals has increased, which highlights the need to study the infectious agents in these animals. In this study, a duplex PCR for the detection of leptospiral DNA was performed on 50 kidney samples from bats, and a MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) for serological detection of anti-leptospiral antibodies was applied to 47 serum samples from bats from different regions of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. DNA was extracted using Chelex-100 and duplex PCR was performed by targeting the detection of genessecYandflaB, of pathogenicLeptospiraspp. Of the 50 kidney samples, 3 were positive forEumopssp. andTadaridabrasiliensisby duplex PCR. Of the 47 serum samples, 12 were positive for different serovars:Leptospira interrogansserovars Icterohaemorrhagiae, Cynopteri and Bataviae, andLeptospira borgpeterseniiserovar Ballum. This is the first report of the detection of pathogenic leptospires by serology in bats belonging to theT. brasiliensisandEptesicus furinalisspecies in Argentina. In addition, this is the first report of the detection of pathogenic leptospiral DNA by PCR inT. brasiliensisspecies. The detection ofLeptospiraspp. in these wild animals shows that they may play an important role as wildlife reservoirs of leptospires.
RESUMEN La leptospirosis es una enfermedad endémica causada porLeptospiraspp., una bacteria que afecta a animales y a humanos. En los últimos años, el número de reportes de leptospirosis en animales silvestres ha aumentado, lo que resalta la necesidad de analizar los agentes infecciosos en estos animales. En este estudio, se aplicó una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) dúplex para la identificación del ADN leptospiral en 50 muestras de riñones de murciélagos y la prueba de aglutinación microscópica (MAT) para la detección serológica de anticuerpos antileptospira en 47 muestras de suero de murciélagos de diferentes regiones de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El ADN fue extraído usando Chelex-100 y la PCR dúplex estuvo dirigida a la detección de los genessecYyflaBdeLeptospiraspp. patógena. De las 50 muestras de riñón, tres resultaron positivas por PCR dúplex paraEumopssp. yTadaridabrasiliensis. De las 47 muestras de suero, 12 fueron positivas a diferentes serovares:LeptospirainterrogansserovaresIcterohaemorrhagiae, Cynopteri y Bataviae, yLeptospiraborgpeterseniiserovarBallum. Este es el primer reporte de detección de leptospiras patógenas por serología en murciélagos pertenecientes a las especiesT. brasiliensisyEptesicusfurinalisen Argentina. Además, también es el primero en la localización de ADN leptospiral por PCR en la especieT. brasiliensis.La identificación deLeptospiraspp. en estos animales silvestres muestra que pueden desempeñar un papel importante como reservorios de leptospiras en la fauna silvestre.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Chiroptera , Leptospira , Leptospirosis , Argentina , Leptospira/genetics , Leptospirosis/veterinary , Leptospirosis/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Abstract: The state of Goiás, in central Brazil, is covered mainly by the Cerrado domain, with the Alto Paraná Atlantic Forest occupying its central-southern portion. Goiás is one of the 20 Brazilian federative units without a mammal checklist. In this study, we provide the first checklist of mammals from Goiás state. We recorded mammal species based primarily on the analysis of specimens housed in scientific collections as well as on literature with associated voucher material. We listed 191 mammalian species belonging to 125 genera, 31 families and 10 orders, which represents 25.2% of the mammal species occurring in Brazil. The most speciose orders were Chiroptera (90 spp.), followed by Rodentia (43 spp.), Carnivora (19 spp.) and Didelphimorphia (17 spp.). The following orders accounted for a smaller portion of the state diversity: Cetartiodactyla (7 spp.), Cingulata (7 spp.), Primates (4 spp.), Pilosa (2 spp.), Lagomorpha (1 sp.), and Perissodactyla (1 sp.). A total of 28 species (14.7%), mainly represented by medium and large-sized mammals, are nationally threatened while 12 (6.3%) are globally threatened. Our results indicate great portions of the state lacking a proper survey of mammals, especially the northwestern portion. We discuss species richness, distribution and conservation status of the mammals of Goiás state in national and regional scenarios. We highlight the need for mammal inventories based on complementary survey techniques with the collection of vouchers in order to provide karyologic, molecular, morphologic, parasitologic, and ecological data. These informations are the basis for integrative studies that lead to the understanding of current mammalian richness and diversity. Indeed, knowledge on species richness distribution in the state will guide conservation strategies, especially in areas undergoing habitat loss and fragmentation, such as the central-southern portion of Goiás.
Resumo: O estado de Goiás, no Brasil central, é coberto principalmente pelo domínio do Cerrado, com a Mata Atlântica do Alto Paraná ocupando sua porção centro-sul. Goiás é uma das 20 unidades federativas brasileiras que ainda não possui uma lista de espécies de mamíferos. Neste estudo, apresentamos a primeira lista de mamíferos para o estado. Registramos as espécies de mamíferos com base principalmente na análise de espécimes depositados em coleções científicas, bem como na literatura apresentando material testemunho associado. Listamos 191 espécies pertencentes a 125 gêneros, 31 famílias e 10 ordens, as quais representam 25,2% das espécies de mamíferos que ocorrem no Brasil. As ordens mais especiosas foram Chiroptera (90 spp.), seguida pelas ordens Rodentia (43 spp.), Carnivora (19 spp.) e Didelphimorphia (17 spp.), com as demais ordens respondendo por uma porção menor da diversidade: Cetartiodactyla (7 spp.), Cingulata (7 spp.), Primates (4 spp.), Pilosa (2 spp.), Lagomorpha (1 sp.) e Perissodactyla (1 sp.). Um total de 28 espécies (14,7%), principalmente representadas por mamíferos de médio e grande porte, estão ameaçadas nacionalmente e 12 (6,3%) encontram-se globalmente ameaçadas. Nossos resultados indicaram grandes porções do estado ainda não devidamente pesquisadas em relação aos seus mamíferos, com informações escassas e fragmentadas, principalmente no que diz respeito à sua porção noroeste. Discutimos a riqueza de espécies, a distribuição e o estado de conservação dos mamíferos do estado de Goiás nos cenários nacional e regional. Ressaltamos a importância da realização de inventários que utilizem técnicas complementares de amostragem, incluindo a coleta de material testemunho, proporcionando a obtenção de dados cariotípicos, moleculares, morfológicos, parasitológicos e ecológicos. Estas informações são a base de estudos integrativos, os quais aumentam nossa compreensão a respeito da riqueza e diversidade atual dos mamíferos. O conhecimento a respeito da distribuição da riqueza de espécies em Goiás é essencial para embasar estratégias de conservação, tão necessárias em áreas que vem sofrendo com a perda e fragmentação de seus hábitats naturais, como a porção centro-sul do estado.
ABSTRACT
This study performed a histomorphometric analysis of the retina and estimated the visual acuity of three fruit-eating bats of the genus Artibeus, including Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris and Artibeus obscurus. In total, 13 animals were used for this study, in which the retinas were hemidisected, fixed, cut, and stained. The visual acuity was determined by the density of ganglion cells in the retina and the retinal layers were also measured from histological sections. The retinas of these bats are avascular, do not present tapetum lucidum in any quadrant, and have the 10 retinal layers common in mammals. Moreover, it was observed that the thickness of the retina in the central region was significantly higher in all measured parameters (p<0.001), except for the outer plexiform layer (OPL) which was significantly higher in the peripheral region (p<0.001). The retinas of the three species showed a horizontal visual streak with a higher concentration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at the inferotemporal region. In addition, the species A. lituratus exhibited extras areas of high cell density in the retina. Thus, A. lituratus showed the highest visual acuity (1.92 cycles/degree), while A. planirostris showed a visual acuity of (1.77 cycles/degree) and A. obscurus exhibited the lowest visual acuity (1.50 cycles/degree). All these characteristics are related to the echolocation system and the eating habits of each species. Therefore, it can be concluded that bats of the genus Artibeus have a high visual acuity value compared to other echolocating bats and all these differences might be directly linked to the phylogeny of the genus.(AU)
Este estudo realizou uma análise histomorfométrica da retina e determinou os valores de acuidade visual de três espécies de morcegos do gênero Artibeus, incluindo Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus planirostris e Artibeus obscurus. Em total, 13 animais foram usados para esse estudo, no qual as retinas foram hemidissecadas, fixadas, cortadas e coradas. A acuidade visual foi determinada pela densidade de células ganglionares na retina e também foi realizado a mensuração das camadas retinianas a partir de cortes histológicos. As retinas dessas três espécies são avasculares, não apresentaram tapetum lucidum em nenhum quadrante e possuem as 10 camadas retinianas comum em mamíferos. Verificou-se também que a espessura da retina na região central foi significativamente maior em todos os parâmetros mensurados (p<0,001), com exceção da camada plexiforme externa (OPL) que foi significativamente maior na região periférica (p<0,001). As retinas das três espécies exibiram uma especialização retiniana em forma de faixa visual horizontal apresentando a maior concentração de células ganglionares na região inferotemporal. Além disso, a espécie A. lituratus exibiu áreas extras de alta densidade celular na retina. Assim, a espécie A. lituratus exibiu a maior acuidade visual (1,92 ciclos/grau), A. planirostris mostrou um valor intermediário entre essas duas espécies (1,77 ciclos/grau) e A. obscurus exibiu a menor acuidade visual (1,50 ciclos/grau). Todas estas características estão relacionadas aos padrões de ecolocalização e hábitos alimentares de cada espécie. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os morcegos do gênero Artibeus têm um alto valor de acuidade visual em comparação com outros morcegos ecolocalizadores e todas essas diferenças devem estar diretamente ligadas à filogenia do gênero.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Retina/anatomy & histology , Visual Acuity , Chiroptera/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
There are no studies that characterize the enteric nervous system (ENS) bats. The organization and density of myenteric neurons may vary according to the animal species, as well as the segment of the digestive tube considered. The nitric oxide is one of the key neurotransmitters present in the myenteric neurons, acting as a mediator in the smooth muscle relaxation. These neurons are evidenced by immunohistochemistry of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. In this sense, this study aimed to characterize the total neuronal population and subpopulation NADPH-d+ of the myenteric plexus present in the jejunum of the insectivore species Molossus rufus quantitatively. Five specimens were collected of M. rufus in a buffer area of the "Reserva Biológica das Perobas" in the microregion of Cianorte/PR. After the euthanasia, in a chamber saturated with isoflurane, segments were collected from the small intestine corresponding to the jejunum intended for two techniques for neuronal marking, Giemsa and NADPH-diaphorase, and a fragment to the histological technique of hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome. All the procedures were approved by the "Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais Unipar" (CEUA - protocol No. 34347/2017) and the "Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade" (ICMBio - protocol No. 60061-1) The histological sections allowed to highlight the location of the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic. The myenteric plexus had an average of total neuronal population (neurons Giemsa+) of 279.23 neurons/mm2, being the nitrergic neurons (neurons NADPH-d+) represented 20.4% of this total population, with an average of 58.14 neuron/mm2. Therefore, the collected data are consistent with previous studies in other mammalian species concerning the location of the myenteric plexus, as well as the neural myenteric proportion NADPH-d+ compared with the population of neurons Giemsa+. The gaps in the knowledge of ENS of bats limits comparative intraspecific and interspecific studies.(AU)
Não há estudos que caracterizem o sistema nervoso entérico (SNE) destes animais, configurando uma lacuna no conhecimento quanto à biologia destes indivíduos. A organização e densidade dos neurônios mientéricos podem variar de acordo com a espécie animal bem como o segmento do tubo digestório considerado. O óxido nítrico é um dos principais neurotransmissores presentes nos neurônios mientéricos, atuando como mediador no relaxamento do músculo liso gastrointestinal, de modo que estes neurônios são evidenciados igualmente pela imunohistoquímica da óxido nítrico-sintase (NOS) ou pela histoquímica da NADPH-diaforase. Neste sentido, objetivou-se caracterizar quantitativamente a população neuronal total e subpopulação NADPH-d+ do plexo mientérico presente no jejuno da espécie Molossus rufus de hábito alimentar insetívoro. Foram coletados cinco espécimes de M. rufus em área de amortecimento da Reserva Biológica das Perobas na microrregião de Cianorte/PR. Após a eutanásia, em câmara saturada com isoflurano, foram coletados segmentos do intestino delgado correspondentes ao jejuno destinados a duas técnicas para marcação neuronal, Giemsa e NADPH-diaforase e, um fragmento para a técnica histológica de hematoxilina-eosina e tricômio de Masson. Todos os procedimentos realizados foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais da Unipar (CEUA - protocolo nº 34347/2017) e pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio - protocolo nº 60061-1) Os cortes histológicos possibilitaram evidenciar a localização do plexo mientérico entre os estratos longitudinal e circular da túnica muscular. Neurônios Giemsa+ apresentaram uma média de 279,23 neurônios/mm2, já os neurônios nitrérgicos apresentaram em média 20,4% da população neuronal mientérica total, sendo evidenciados 58,14 neurônios NADPH-d+/mm2. Portanto, os dados coletados mostram-se condizentes com estudos anteriores em outras espécies de mamíferos quanto à localização do plexo mientérico, bem como, a proporção neuronal mientérica NADPH-d+ comparada com a população de neurônios Giemsa+. As lacunas existentes quanto ao conhecimento do SNE de morcegos limita possíveis inferências em comparativo intraespecífico e interespecífico.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Chiroptera/anatomy & histology , Enteric Nervous System/anatomy & histology , Myenteric Plexus/anatomy & histology , NeuronsABSTRACT
Resumen En el Perú se registran al menos 180 especies de murciélagos. Sin embargo, son pocos los estudios acerca de sus ectoparásitos, dentro de los cuales destacan las denominadas moscas de murciélagos (Diptera: Streblidae y Nycteribiidae), en los cuales se estima un total de 158 especies en la región Neotropical. En el Perú, una de las regiones con menos información es la costa. En este estudio actualizamos el conocimiento de las asociaciones ectoparásito-hospedero en murciélagos de la costa peruana, una de las regiones ecologicas con más degradación y pérdida de hábitat. Se evaluaron cinco localidades en las regiones de Piura, Lima y Tacna. Se capturaron 85 murciélagos pertenecientes a 7 especies; 4 de Phyllostomidae, 2 de Molossidae y 1 de Vespertilionidae. Se encontraron seis especies de dípteros (Diptera: Streblidae) y un hemíptero (Hemiptera: Polyctenidae) y se reporta por primera vez algunas de estas asociaciones en las regiones de Lima y Piura. Se reporta también a Anoura peruana como hospedero de Anastrebla modestini (Streblidae) en una colonia reproductiva compartida con Platalina genovensium, y por primera vez para la región de Piura, el co-parasitismo de los estréblidos Megistopoda aranea, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis y Metelasmus pseudopterus en un mismo individuo de Artibeus fraterculus.
Abstract There are at least 180 species of bats in Peru. However, there are few studies about ectoparasites of bats, among which the so-called bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) stand out, with a total of 158 species estimated for the Neotropical region. In Peru, one of the ecological regions with the least information is the coast. In this study we updated the knowledge of the ectoparasite-host associations in bats from the Peruvian coast, one of the regions of the country with the most degradation and loss of habitat. Five locations in the Piura, Lima and Tacna regions were evaluated. 85 bats belonging to 7 species were captured: 4 from Phyllostomidae, 2 from Molossidae and 1 from Vespertilionidae. Six dipterous species (Diptera: Streblidae) and one Hemiptera species (Hemiptera: Polyctenidae) were found and some of these associations are reported for the first time in the Lima and Piura regions. Anoura peruana is also reported as the host of Anastrebla modestini (Streblidae) in a reproductive colony shared with Platalina genovensium, and for the first time for the Piura region, the co-parasitism of the Megistopoda aranea, Aspidoptera phyllostomatis and Metelasmus pseudopterus in a same individual of Artibeus fraterculus.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The understanding of the echolocation by studying different auditory nuclei of echolocating bats can be an important link in elucidating questions arising in relation to their foraging behavior. The superior olivary complex (SOC) is the primary center for processing the binaural cues used in sound localization since echo locating bats rely on acoustic cues to navigate and capture prey while in flight. The present study was taken to test the hypothesis that the SOC of echolocating neotropical bats with different foraging behavior will exhibit morphological variations in relative size, degree of complexity and spatial distribution. The brains were collected from six male adult bats of each species: Noctilio leporinus (fish eating), Phyllostomus hastatus (carnivorous/omnivorous) and Carollia perspicillata (fruit eating). They were double-embedded and transverse serial sections were cut and stained with cresyl fast violet. The SOC measured as 640 ± 70 µm in the N. leporinus bat, 480 ± 50 µm in the P. hastatus and 240 ± 30 µm in the C. perspicillata bat. The principal nuclei of the SOC of in all three bats were the LSO, MSO and MNTB. The MSO and LSO were very well developed in N. leporinus bats. The MSO of N. leporinus bat subdivided into DMSO and VMSO. The main cell type of cells present in MSO and LSO are dark staining multipolar cells in all the bats studied. The well-developed MSO and LSO of N. leporinus bats indicate that these bats are highly sensitive to low frequency sounds and interaural intensity differences, which help these bats to forage over water by using various types of echolocation signals. The average size of SOC in P. hastatus and C. perspicillata bats can be attributed to the fact that these bats use vision and smell along with echolocation to forage the food.
Resumo O entendimento da ecolocalização pelo estudo de diferentes núcleos auditivos de morcegos pode ser um elo importante na elucidação das inúmeras questões que surgem em relação ao seu comportamento de forrageamento. O complexo olivar superior (SOC) é o principal centro de processamento das pistas binaurais usadas na localização do som, já que os morcegos ecolocalizadores contam com sinais acústicos para navegar e capturar as presas durante o vôo. O presente estudo foi realizado para testar a hipótese de que morcegos que usam a ecolocalização para diferentes comportamentos de forrageamento irão variar na estrutura, tamanhos relativos e grau de complexidade e distribuição espacial do grupo SOC. Os cérebros foram coletados de seis machos adultos de morcego de cada espécie: Noctilio leporinus (piscívoro), Phyllostomus hastatus (carnívoros/onívoros) e Carollia perspicillata (frugívoro). Eles foram seccionados em série e transversalmente, cortados e corados com coloração rápida cresil-violeta. tolet. O grupo SOC foi medido como 640 ± 70 µm no morcego N. leporinus, 480 ± 50 µm no P. hastatus e 240 ± 30 µm no morcego C. perspicillata. Os principais núcleos do grupo SOC dos três morcegos foram o LSO e o MSO e o MNTB. O MSO e o LSO foram muito bem desenvolvidos em morcegos N. leporinus. A MSO de N. leporinus foi subdividida em DMSO e VMSO. O principal tipo de células presentes na MSO e LSO são as células multipolares de coloração escura em todos os morcegos. Os MSO bem desenvolvidos e LSO de morcegos N. leporinus indicam que estes morcegos são altamente sensíveis a sons de baixa frequência e diferenças de intensidade interaural, que ajudaram estes morcegos a se alimentarem na superfície da água usando vários tipos de sinais de ecolocalização. O tamanho médio de SOC em morcegos de P. hastatus e C. perspicillata pode ser atribuído ao fato destes morcegos usarem visão e olfato junto com a ecolocalização para forragear.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Chiroptera , Echolocation , Superior Olivary Complex , AcousticsABSTRACT
Nipah virus infection is a newly emerging zoonotic disease that spreads from animal to human. The fruit bats are the one of the carriers of Nipah virus which gets transmitted from bats to other animals mainly through body fluids. Nipah can cause asymptomatic infection to the acute respiratory syndrome and fatal encephalitis in human beings with a dreadful mortality rate of 70 per cent. This review article focused on role of bats in ecosystem and preventive measure to contain the virus by improving public health. In 2018 the outbreak of Nipah in Kerala state of India claimed 17 lives. It has indeed opened Pandora’s box exposing the role of general public, health department and social media and so on. The early detection and the well-oiled medical infrastructure in the state did wonders. Though social media have been accused of spreading misinformation leading to culling of bats, the people of Kerala responded with positive frame of mind. Prompt and synchronized efforts of all stakeholders like health workers, state government, scientists, researchers and central government led to timely and successful control of Nipah virus cases in Kerala.
ABSTRACT
Se estudia la dieta y la estructura trófica de 36 especies de murciélagos del Santuario Nacional Pampa Hermosa. Se analizaron muestras fecales y geles con polen. En las fecas se encontraron semillas, polen y restos de artrópodos. Los murciélagos se clasificaron en seis grupos funcionales. En la dieta de los frugívoros sedentarios (FS), frugívoros nómades (FN) y nectarívoros (N) se identificaron 70 morfoespecies de semillas y polen; en la dieta de los insectívoros aéreos (IA) e insectívoros recolectores (IR) se identificaron nueve morfo especies de artrópodos. El análisis de componentes principales muestra la separación de los murciélagos y sus dietas. Carollia brevicauda-Piperaceae (Piper spp.), Vampyressa melissa-Moraceae (Ficus spp.), Sturnira lilium-Solanaceae; Anoura peruana y Anoura cultrata separados por el consumo de Fabaceae y Bombacaceae, respectivamente, y Myotis spp. por el consumo de artrópodos. La amplitud de nicho alimentario fue menor de 0.50, en todo el ensamblaje. Los valores de solapamiento de dieta fueron mayores de 0.5 entre: A. cultrata-A. caudifer (0.59), Sturnira lilium-Uroderma bilobatum (0.55), V. melissa-Platyrrhinus masu (0.62), y en general para los IA e IR. El análisis de agrupamiento basado en los valores de solapamiento de dieta, agrupa a los frugívoros estrictos Sternodermatinae separándolos de los murciélagos con dietas insectívoras, como Carollia spp. y Anoura spp.
We study the diet and trophic structure of 36 bat species from the Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary. Faeces samples and gels with pollen were analyzed; seeds, pollen and remains of arthropods were found in the feces. Bats were classified in six functional groups. We found in the diet of the sedentary frugivores (FS), frugivorous nomads (FN) and nectarivores (N), 70 morphospecies of seed and pollen; in the diet of the aerial insectivorous (IA) and foliage gleaners (IR), nine morphospecies of arthropods. Principal component analysis shows the separation of bats and their diets; Carollia brevicauda-Piperaceae (Piper spp.), Vampyressa melissa-Moraceae (Ficus spp.), Sturnira lilium-Solanaceae; Anoura peruana and Anoura cultrata were separated by the consumption of Fabaceae and Bombacaceae, respectively, and Myotis spp. for the consumption of arthropods. The niche breadth was less than 0.50, in the assemblage. The values of dietary overlap were higher than 0.5, between: A. cultrata-A. caudifer (0.59), Sturnira lilium-Uroderma bilobatum (0.55), V. melissa-Platyrrhinus masu (0.62), in for the almost of AI and IR. The cluster analysis based on dietary overlap grouped to the strict frugivores Sternodermatinae in a different cluster than bats with insectivorous diets, as Carollia spp. and Anoura spp.
ABSTRACT
A pesar de la alta diversidad de mamíferos conocidos para el Perú, son pocos los estudios en las yungas centrales, lo que no permite un adecuado conocimiento de su diversidad. Aquí se da a conocer los resultados de una evaluación de la diversidad de mamíferos de Carpish, Huánuco, un bosque montano en estado crítico de conservación. El estudio se realizó entre 2001 y 2002 con cinco expediciones en las localidades de Carpish de Mayobamba (2730 - 3080 m) y San Pedro de Carpish (1780 - 2400 m). Se emplearon métodos de captura, avistamientos y entrevistas, los que representan un esfuerzo de 28500 trampas noche y 190 redes noche. Registramos 35 especies de mamíferos en el área de estudio. Los órdenes más diversos fueron los murciélagos y roedores (74.3 %), estos incluyen cuatro especies endémicas para el país, cuatro especies en alguna categoría de conservación y el primer registro de la marmosita grácil Gracilinanus aceramarcae para Huánuco. La riqueza y los índices de diversidad (H' y Simpson) para roedores no muestran correlación significativa con respecto a la elevación. El roedor Thomasomys ischyrus y el murciélago Anoura aequatoris fueron las especies con mayor abundancia relativa. Nuestros registros, más los de la literatura y la revisión de colecciones científicas, sustentan la ocurrencia de 45 especies de mamíferos en el bosque de Carpish. Esta riqueza de especies, los endemismos y la acelerada pérdida de bosque son base para recomendar el establecimiento de un área de conservación que garantice la protección de los bosques montanos de Carpish.
Despite the high diversity of the well-known mammals of Peru, there are few studies in the central yungas, which does not allow an adequate knowledge of their diversity. Here we present the results of an evaluation of mammal diversity of Carpish, Huanuco, a montane forest in a critical state of conservation. The study was carried out between 2001 and 2002 with five expeditions in the localities of Carpish de Mayobamba (2730 - 3080 m) and San Pedro de Carpish (1780 - 2400 m). We used capture methods, sightings and interviews, which represent an effort of 28 500 trap-nights and 190 net-nights. We recorded 35 species of mammals in the study area. The most diverse orders were bats and rodents (74.3%); these include four endemic species for the country, four species in some conservation category and the first record of the gracile opossum Gracilinanus aceramarcae for Huánuco. Species richness and diversity index (H' and Simpson) for rodents show no significant correlation with respect to elevation. The rodent Thomasomys ischyrus and the bat Anoura aequatoris were the species with the highest relative abundance. Our records, plus those from literature and review of scientific collections, support the occurrence of 45 mammal species in the Carpish forest. This species richness, endemism and the accelerated forest loss are the basis for recommending the establishment of a conservation area that guarantees the protection of the Carpish's montane forests.
ABSTRACT
Resumen La Amazonía es uno de los ecosistemas tropicales más biodiversos del mundo, característica atribuida a la complejidad estructural que le brinda la geología y la gran riqueza de sus suelos. Los murciélagos constituyen uno de los taxones de la clase Mammalia mejor representados en esta región, aun así, existen claros vacíos de conocimiento, principalmente, respecto a su ecología, con lo cual, en el presente estudio se pretende evaluar la influencia que tienen factores ambientales, como la temporada climática, temperatura (máxima y mínima), humedad relativa y porcentaje de fase iluminada de la Luna, en los patrones de actividad (riqueza, abundancia y gremios tróficos) de un ensamblaje de murciélagos en la Amazonía central brasilera. El estudio fue llevado a cabo en dos municipios del estado de Rondônia, empleando ocho redes de niebla, durante 62 noches de muestreo, abarcando las temporadas lluviosa y seca. En total fueron capturados 2 499 individuos de 58 especies, la familia mejor representada fueron los Phyllostomidae, mientras que la especie que registró la mayor frecuencia de capturas fue Carollia perspicillata (N = 859), seguida de C. brevicauda (N = 209). No se presentaron diferencias entre la estructura del ensamblaje considerando la temporada climática (lluviosa-seca), sin embargo, durante la temporada seca se registró un mayor número de especies e individuos (57 especies, N = 1 597), que en la temporada lluviosa (44 especies, N = 902). La abundancia de murciélagos estuvo influenciada principalmente, por la humedad relativa (P = 0.00) y la temperatura (mínima) (P = 0.04), mientras que, las especies respondieron diferencialmente al porcentaje de fase iluminada de la luna. En estos resultados se evidencia la influencia de factores ambientales en los patrones de actividad del ensamblaje de murciélagos en la Amazonía, en donde la ecología de las especies determina el tipo de influencia. Sin embargo, se requieren de estudios llevados a cabo por períodos más prolongados, para determinar si estos patrones se mantienen a lo largo del tiempo.(AU)
Abstract The Amazon is considered one of the most biodiverse tropical ecosystems in the world thanks to the structural complexity that geology offers and the great biological richness of its soils. Further, concerning the Mammalian class, bats are one of the best represented taxa in the region, nevertheless their ecology is poorly studied. This study, evaluates the influence of environmental factors such as the climate season, temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity and lunar phase on the activity patterns (abundance and trophic guilds) of an assemblage of bats in the Brazilian central Amazon. This study was carry out in two municipalities of the state of Rondônia using eight mist nets during 62 nights of sampling, covering humid and dry periods. A total of 2 499 individuals of 58 species were captured. The best represented family was the Phyllostomidae, while the species that recorded the highest frequency of captures was Carollia perspicillata (N = 859), followed by C. brevicauda(N = 209). There were no significant differences between the structure of the assemblage considering the climatic season (rain-dry). However, during the dry season a greater number of species and individuals was recorded (57 species, N = 1 597) than in the rainy season (44 species, N = 902). The abundance of bats was influenced mainly by relative humidity (P = 0.00) and minimal temperature (P = 0.04), while the species responded differentially to the lunar phase. These results show the influence of environmental factors on the activity patterns of a bat assemblage in the Amazon, where the factors that influence them depends on the ecology of each species. However, studies carried out for longer periods are required to determine if these patterns are maintained over time.(AU)