Necrólisis epidérmica tóxica debido a un fármaco a base de caléndula más acetilcisteína: presentación de caso / Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Induced by a Drug Combination of Calendula and Acetylcysteine: A Case Report / Necrólise epidermal tóxica por medicamento à base de calêndula mais acetilcisteína: relato de caso

Introducción: la hipersensibilidad por fármacos es inducida por una respuesta aberrante del sistema inmune; por lo general, impredecible, dosis independiente y amenazante para la vida del paciente. Las reacciones de hipersensibilidad por fármacos con compromiso mucocutáneo se dan en alrededor del 2 %-3 % de los pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: describir un caso de necrólisis tóxica epidérmica por un fármaco a base de caléndula y acetilcisteína como los presuntos desencadenantes. Presentación del caso: hombre de 39 años, quien asistió a emergencias, por malestar general, artralgias, mialgias, astenia y adinamia de un día de evolución. Tres días después refirió la aparición de lesiones purpúricas progre-sivas que se extendieron por cara, extremidades y glúteos; delimitadas; no dolorosas, y sin desaparecer a la digitopresión, asociado con disnea, inestabilidad hemodinámica y cardiovascular. Al sexto día de hos-pitalización, se interrogó al paciente, quien se había automedicado un fármaco de origen desconocido, presuntamente de extracto herbal a base de caléndula más acetilcisteína para artralgias, osteomialgias y disfagia. A la mañana siguiente, presentó lesiones purpúricas y ulcerativas extensas. Se observaron lesiones purpúricas progresivas y ulcerativas en cara extremidades y glúteos. Mediante la sospecha clínica y la evaluación histopatológica, se confirmó la necrólisis tóxica epidérmica. Conclusiones: las reacciones adversas medicamentosas severas que amenazan la vida del paciente son relativamente raras, pero representan un verdadero desafío diagnóstico y terapéutico. Es necesario profundizar en la investigación para esclarecer la causa de este tipo de reacción medicamentosa.

Introduction: Drug hypersensitivity is induced by an aberrant response from the immune system. It is usually unpredictable, dose-independent, and can be life-threatening to the patient. Drug-induced hypersensitivity reactions with mucocutaneous involvement occur in approximately 2­3% of hospitalized patients. However, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis is a rare case. Aim: To describe a case of drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis triggered by Calendula officinalis and acetylcysteine. Case report: A 39-year-old male was pre-sented to the emergency room with malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, asthenia, and adynamia since day one. Three days later, he developed progressive purpuric lesions that spread to the face, extremities, and buttocks. These lesions were painless, not delineate, and did not blanch under pressure. They were asso-ciated with dyspnea and hemodynamic and cardiovascular instability. On the sixth day of hospitaliza-tion, the patient admitted to self-medicating with an unknown drug, presumably a herbal extract based on calendula and acetylcysteine, for arthralgia, myalgia, and dysphagia. The morning after the drug consumption, the patient developed extensive purpuric and ulcerative lesions. A diagnosis of toxic epi-dermal necrolysis was made based on clinical suspicion and histopathological confirmation. Conclusion:Severe adverse drug reactions that threaten a patient's life are relatively rare. However, they represent a real diagnostic and therapeutic challenge when they do occur

Introdução: a hipersensibilidade a drogas é induzida por uma resposta aberrante do sistema imunoló-gico; geralmente imprevisível, independente da dose e com risco de vida para o paciente. As reações de hipersensibilidade a drogas com comprometimento mucocutâneo estão em torno dos 2-3% dos pacien-tes hospitalizados. Objetivo: descrever um caso de necrólise epidérmica tóxica causada por uma droga à base de Calendula officinalis e acetilcisteína como os supostos desencadeantes. Apresentação do caso:homem, 39 anos, deu entrada no pronto-socorro manifestando mal-estar, artralgia, mialgia, astenia e adinamia há um dia. Posteriormente, três dias depois, relatou o aparecimento de lesões purpúricas pro-gressivas que se espalharam para a face, extremidades e nádegas; que são delimitadas, não dolorosas e não desaparecem com a acupressão associada a dispnéia, instabilidade hemodinâmica e cardiovascular. No sexto dia de internação, o paciente foi questionado, y disse que tinha se automedicado com uma droga de origem desconhecida, presumivelmente extrato de ervas à base de calêndula mais acetilcis-teína para artralgia, osteomialgia e disfagia. Na manhã seguinte, apresentou extensas lesões purpúricas e ulcerativas. Observam-se lesões purpúricas progressivas e ulcerativas que se estendem à face, extre-midades e nádegas. Pela suspeita clínica e confirmação histopatológica, confirma-se a necrólise epidér-mica tóxica. Conclusões: reações adversas graves a medicamentos que ameaçam a vida do paciente são relativamente raras, mas quando ocorrem representam um verdadeiro desafio a nível diagnóstico e terapêutico. São precisas mais pesquisas para esclarecer a causa desse tipo de reação medicamentosa.

Effects of Calendula officinalis extract on liver histopathology, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in rats submitted to a diet rich in cholesterol and carbohydrates

Purpose: To evaluate the modulatory properties of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) (C. officinalis) extract on cafeteria diet-fed rats. Methods: A cafeteria diet was administered ad libitum for 45 days to induce dyslipidemia. Then, the rats were treated with the formulations containing C. officinalis in the doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg or only with the vehicle formulation; the control group received a commercial ration. Results: The cafeteria diet decreased glutathione S-transferase activity and high-density lipoprotein plasmatic levels and damaged the hepatic architecture. The C. officinalis extract was able to reduce lipid infiltration in liver tissue and to modulate oxidative stress and lipid profile markers. Conclusions: The correlations between the variables suggest a pathological connection between oxidative stress markers and serum lipid profile.

Teaching and practice in Homeopathy via pharmacobotany and pathophysiology

Semiology, Clinical Pathophysiology, Phytotherapy and Homeopathy were taught through active methodology by the Moodle platform (HL) also using apps for monitoring injuries through SAPB site, building rationality for the external topic use of homeopathic and herbal medicines.At the 7th Infirmary of General Hospital Santa Casa de Misericordia in Rio de Janeiro, the clinical medical team of the Benoit Mure Nucleus of Assistance Teaching and Research,made a medicinal plant gardenwith the agricultural/environmental educator, and communityethnicalleaders. Undergraduate students from UNIFASE/FMP Academic League of Physiology and Pathophysiology plantedCalendula Officinalis seedlings, destined to research in pharmacobotany and to be in touch with pharmacotechnical prepares. Aims: To follow-up the study since from seedling of Calendula Officinalistill to prepare of HUD. Methodology: To prepare medicinal garden: plant seedlings of Calendula offin accordance with good agricultural techniques. At first: Three seeds in ten pots, made in triplicate (N = 90), to obtain explants of quality analyzed whose evaluation was about plant development (explants percentual: weight, size, viability, morphology). To visit pharmacy-school to learn how to preparematrix extracts and High Ultra-Diluted Solutions (HUD) of Calendula off 6DH. Results and Discussion: The stages of teaching semiology and practice in pharmacobotany, besides cultive plant have been completed.Viability was impaired because of lack of irrigation during 4 months (50%). Weight, sizewere minor than usual but with no statistical significance (p>0.05). Morphology was maintained. Unfortunately, the visit to pharmacy-school couldn't be performed at this period. Conclusion: Through hybrid learning and face-to-face activities completely realized, students had qualitative perception of the relevance about morphology and quality of plant development, chemistry plant production, aiming for resolutive actions based upon pathophysiology of chronic diseases. Because of pandemic, it was described just a preliminary experience. After returning to normal activities the experiment will be repeated.

Healing of Wounds Treated with Chitosan Hydrogels with Extracts from Aloe vera and Calendula officinalis / Cicatrización de Heridas Tratadas con Hidrogeles de Quitosano con Extractos de Aloe vera y Calendula officinalis

ABSTRACT This project's purpose was to evaluate the healing effects of chitosan (CS) hydrogels loaded with extracts from Aloe vera (CS+AV) and Calendula officinalis (CS+CO) on wounds of diabetic and non-diabetic Wistar rats. A total of 24 rats were used; animals were randomly divided into three diabetic and three non-diabetic groups (one control and two treated groups) and monitored for 13 days. A biopsy on the wound site was recovered to assess the collagen and n-acetyl glucosamine content. The wound area ratio was reduced since day 1 on both non-diabetic treated groups. A similar effect was observed on the diabetic group treated with CS+AV, while the diabetic group treated with CS+CO showed a reduction in wound area compared to the diabetic control until day 11 after being wounded. Collagen and n-acetyl glucosamine content were higher in every treated group. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms through which they promote wound healing. These results suggest that the hydrogels prepared are potential material to be used as wound dressings.

RESUMEN El propósito de este proyecto fue evaluar los efectos curativos de los hidrogeles de quitosano con extractos de Aloe vera (CS + AV) y Calendula officinalis (CS + CO) en heridas en ratas Wistar diabéticas y no diabéticas. Se utilizaron un total de 24 ratas; los animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos diabéticos y tres no diabéticos (un grupo control y dos tratados) y se monitorearon durante 13 días. Se recuperó una biopsia del sitio de la herida para evaluar el contenido de colágeno y n-acetilglucosamina. El área de la herida se redujo desde el día 1 en ambos grupos no diabéticos tratados. Se observó un efecto similar en el grupo diabético tratado con CS + AV, mientras que el grupo diabético tratado con CS + CO mostró una reducción del área de la herida en comparación al control diabético hasta el día 11 después de la creación de la herida. El contenido de colágeno y n-acetilglucosamina fue mayor en todos los grupos tratados. Se necesitan más estudios para aclarar los mecanismos subyacentes a través de los cuales estos tratamientos promueven la cicatrización de heridas. Estos resultados sugieren que los hidrogeles preparados son materiales con potencial para usarse como apósitos para heridas.

Efectividad terapéutica de la jalea de caléndula al 1 % en pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente / Therapeutic effectiveness of calendula jelly at 1% in patients with aphthous recurrent stomatitis

Introducción: Para el tratamiento de pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente suele emplearse el extracto fluido y la tintura de Caléndula officinalis L. como colutorio disuelto en agua. Teniendo en cuenta los inconvenientes que generan estas formulaciones se elaboró una jalea al 1 % contentiva de los principios activos de la referida planta. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad terapéutica de la jalea de caléndula al 1 % en pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente. Métodos: Se realizó una intervención terapéutica en 30 pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente, atendidos en el Policlínico Docente 30 de Noviembre de Santiago de Cuba, desde marzo hasta diciembre de 2019. La muestra se dividió en 2 grupos: control y de estudio, que recibieron tratamiento convencional y jalea de caléndula al 1 %, respectivamente. Se tuvieron en cuenta algunas variables de interés, a saber: edad, sexo, tiempo de remisión del dolor y de cicatrización, respuesta al tratamiento y efectividad terapéutica. Se empleó el porcentaje como medida de resumen y el estadígrafo de Ji al cuadrado con un nivel de significación de 0,05. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el grupo etario de 15- 24 años de edad (33,3 %) y el sexo femenino (60,0 %). En los tratados con la jalea de caléndula, la remisión del dolor y la cicatrización de las lesiones ulcerativas se evidenciaron en las primeras 24 y 48 horas, respectivamente, y la mayoría de estos habían mejorado a las 72 horas. Conclusiones: La jalea de caléndula al 1 % es efectiva como analgésico y cicatrizante en pacientes con estomatitis aftosa recurrente.

Introduction: The officinalis L Calendula fluid extract and tincture is usually used as mouthwash dissolved in water for the treatment of patients with aphthous recurrent stomatitis. Taking into account the inconveniences that generate these formulations a jelly at 1 % was elaborated with the active principles of the plant above mention. Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of the calendula jelly at 1% in patients with aphthous recurrent stomatitis. Methods: A therapeutic intervention in 30 patients with aphthous recurrent stomatitis, assisted in 30 de Noviembre Teaching Polyclinic was carried out in Santiago de Cuba, from March to December, 2019. The sample was divided in 2 groups: control and study that received conventional treatment and calendula jelly at 1%, respectively. Some variables of interest were taken into account, such as: age, sex, pain regression and scaring time, response to the treatment and therapeutic effectiveness. The percentage was used as summary measure and the chi-squared test with a significance level of 0.05. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the 15 - 24 age group (33.3 %) and female sex (60.0 %). In the patients treated with the calendula jelly, pain regression and scaring of the ulcerative lesions were evidenced in the first 24 and 48 hours, respectively, and most of them had improved at 72 hours. Conclusions: The calendula jelly at 1% is effective as analgesic and healing in patients with aphthous recurrent stomatitis.

Aplicación de una jalea de caléndula al 1% en pacientes con alveolitis / Application of a 1% calendula jelly in patients with alveolitis

Objetivo: demostrar los beneficios terapéuticos del uso de una jalea de caléndula al 1% en pacientes con alveolitis. Métodos: se realizó una intervención terapéutica en el Policlínico Julián Grimau, provincia Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, entre enero y junio de 2019. Por muestreo no probabilístico se reclutó una muestra de 24 pacientes con diagnóstico de alveolitis seca o húmeda, distribuyéndose en dos grupos: A (control) y B (estudio), los cuales recibieron tratamiento convencional y jalea de caléndula al 1%, respectivamente. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, tipo de alveolitis, tiempo de remisión del dolor y de cicatrización, respuesta al tratamiento (mejorado y no mejorado) y beneficios terapéuticos. Se empleó el porcentaje como medida de resumen y el test estadístico Ji al cuadrado de Independencia con un nivel de significación (a) de 0,05. Resultados: se evidenció un predominio de la alveolitis en pacientes con 19-59 años de edad (50,0%), del sexo femenino (66,7%) y del tipo húmeda (75,0%). En ambos grupos de tratamiento, el mayor porcentaje de los pacientes (17) refirió alivio del dolor a las 48 horas. En el 83,3% de los pacientes, incluidos en el grupo B, se observó menor tiempo de cicatrización. El 100% de los pacientes se categorizó como mejorado. Conclusiones: la jalea de caléndula al 1% resulta beneficiosa, dada su capacidad analgésica y cicatrizante en el tratamiento de pacientes con alveolitis.

Objective: demonstrate the therapeutic benefits of a 1 % calendula jelly in patients with alveolitis. Methods: a therapeutic intervention was carried out at the Julián Grimau Polyclinic, Santiago de Cuba province, Cuba, between January and June 2019. By non-probabilistic sampling, a sample of 24 patients with a diagnosis of dry or wet alveolitis was recruited, distributed in two groups: A (control) and B (study), who received conventional treatment and 1% calendula jelly, respectively. The variables were analyzed: age, sex, type of alveolitis, time of remission of pain and healing, response to treatment (improved and not improved) and therapeutic benefits. The percentage was used as a summary measure and the Chi-square test of Independence with a significance level (a) of 0.05. Results: a predominance of alveolitis was evidenced in patients aged 19-59 years (50.0 %), female (66.7 %) and of the wet type (75.0 %). In both treatment groups, the highest percentage of patients (17) reported pain relief at 48 hours. In 83.3% of the patients included in group B, a shorter healing time was observed. 100 % of the patients categorized as improved. Conclusions: Calendula jelly 1 % is beneficial as an analgesic and healing in the treatment of patients with alveolitis.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum L e Hamamelis virginiana L. sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa / In vitro Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum L and Hamamelis virginiana L. on multiresistant clinical straines of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

O conhecimento dos efeitos dos extratos naturais de plantas vem cada vez mais se mostrando um campo promissor. Extratos de Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum e Hamamelis virginiana apresentam propriedades analgésicas, anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes e potencial antimicrobiano que deve ser aprofundado. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar ação antimicrobiana dos extratos glicólicos em culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de cepas padrão e clínicas de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foi realizado o teste de microdiluição em caldo segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) dos extratos. Foram realizados biofilmes monotípicos, nos tempos de contato de 5 min e 24 h, utilizando o teste de MTT. A CIM e CMM variaram de 1,56 a 50 mg/mL para todas as cepas avaliadas. C. annuum (50 mg/mL) apresentou redução de 0,25% entre 8,60% para cepa ATCC de P. aeruginosa (5 min) e em 24 h redução de 99,89% entre 99,99%, destacando-se os extratos de C. annuum (100 mg/mL) e os de C. officinalis. C. annuum (200 mg/mL) apresentou redução de 18% de K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352). Em 24 h houve redução de 8,86%-75,74%, para o extrato de C. annuum (100 mg/mL). Os extratos apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios quando expostos aos tratamentos de 24 horas. As cepas clínicas K1, K2 e K3 responderam ao tratamento de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL) (p>0,05%). Para cepa clínica K4, os extratos de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL) e C. officinalis (12,5 mg/mL) promoveram redução de viabilidade semelhante a clorexidina 2% (p>0,05%). O extrato de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL), promoveu a redução de viabilidade de P1 e P2, enquanto o extrato de C. officinalis (25 e 50 mg/mL), reduziu P1 (p>0,05%). Para as cepas P3 e P4 o extrato de 50 e 100 mg/mL de C. annuum, apresentaram resultados semelhantes a clorexidina. Conclui-se que todos os extratos apresentaram ação antimicrobiana em cultura planctônica, no entanto, o extrato de C. annuum foi o que apresentou importante ação antibiofilme (24 h) sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de K. pneumoniae e P. aeruginosa, podendo ser considerado um potencial agente antimicrobiano.

Empirical knowledge of natural plant extracts is increasingly proving to be a promising field. Extracts of Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum and Hamamelis virginiana have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential that should be further developed. This research objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of glycolic extracts in planktonic cultures and biofilms of standard and clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The broth microdilution test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Microbicide Concentration (MMC) of the extracts. Tests were performed on monotypic biofilms, at contact times of 5 min and 24 h, using the MTT test. The MIC and CMM of the extracts ranged from 1.56 to 50 mg/mL for all strains evaluated. C. annuum (50 mg/mL) showed a reduction of 0.25% between 8.60% for the ATCC strain of P. aeruginosa (5 min) and in 24 h a reduction of 99.89% between 99.99%, highlighting extracts from C. annuum (100 mg/mL) and from C. officinalis. C. annuum (200 mg/mL) showed an 18% reduction in K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352). In 24 h there was a reduction of 8.86% between 75.74% for the extract of C. annuum (100 mg/mL). The extracts showed more satisfactory results when exposed to 24-hour treatments. Clinical strains K1, K2 and K3 responded to the treatment of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL) (p>0.05%). For clinical strain K4, extracts of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL) and C. officinalis (12.5 mg/mL) promoted a reduction in viability similar to chlorhexidine 2% (p>0.05%). The extract of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL), reduced the viability of P1 and P2, while the extract of C. officinalis (25 and 50 mg/mL), reduced P1 (p>0.05% ). For strains P3 and P4, the extract of 50 and 100 mg/mL of C. annuum showed similar results to chlorhexidine. It is concluded that all extracts showed antimicrobial action in planktonic cultures, however, the extract of C. annuum was the one that showed an important antibiofilm action (24 h) on multiresistant clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and can be considered a potential antimicrobial agent

Hallazgo de diclofenaco en un producto fitoterapéutico a base de caléndula comercializado en Colombia / Finding diclofenac in a marigold-based phytotherapeutic product marketed in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la consulta de un particular que trajo un producto fitoterapéutico a base de caléndula cuyo consumo le causó fuertes reacciones adversas, originó esta investigación sobre la composición de este producto. Objetivo: caracterizar la composición química de muestras de lotes diferentes de un producto comercial denominado fitoterapéutico a base de caléndula (Calendula officinalis) (PFC) comercializado en Colombia. Metodología: se analizaron tabletas de ocho cajas del PFC de cuatro lotes diferentes de producción (2017 y 2018). Se llevó a cabo el análisis de espacio de cabeza (HS) de tabletas por microextracción en fase sólida (SPME), con una fibra PDMS/DVB (65 µm), expuesta al HS de la muestra durante 30 min a 50 °C. Las fracciones volátiles se analizaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Los extractos de tabletas obtenidos con mezcla de metanol:agua (1:1, v/v) se analizaron por cromatografía líquida (LC) de alta (HPLC) y ultra-alta eficiencia (UHPLC), con detectores de arreglo de diodos (DAD) y espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRMS), respectivamente; la cuantificación de diclofenaco se hizo por calibración con patrón externo y por adición de estándar. Los espectros de masas de baja y alta resolución y patrones de fragmentación de las sustancias detectadas se estudiaron, usando GC/HRMS y LC/HRMS-Orbitrap. Resultados: en tabletas analizadas por HSSPME, se encontraron monoterpenoides y sesquiterpenoides de origen vegetal, ftalatos, residuos de solventes (2-cloroetanol, etilenglicol) y sustancias químicas intermediarias en la síntesis de diclofenaco (2,6-dicloroanilina y 2,6-cloro-N-fenil-bencenamina). En los cromatogramas, obtenidos por GC/MS de los extractos de tabletas obtenidos con diclorometano, se detectaron diclofenaco, sus impurezas A, B y C, los ésteres de diclofenaco y algunas otras impurezas. Diclofenaco en cantidad ca. 40 mg (7-8%) se cuantificó por HPLC en tabletas (> 70 analizadas) escogidas al azar de ocho cajas del PFC, adquirido en el mercado local de Bucaramanga (Colombia). Conclusión: en cada tableta analizada se determinaron alrededor de 40 mg del compuesto sintético diclofenaco (sustancia no declarada en la etiqueta del producto) y en ninguna se detectaron ésteres de los triterpenoides oleanano o faradiol, constituyentes del extracto de caléndula que poseen actividad antiinflamatoria; se encontraron algunos flavonoides comunes a muchas plantas, en cantidades mil veces menores que la de diclofenaco.

Abstract Introduction: The consultation of a person who brought a marigold-based phytotherapeutic product whose consumption caused strong adverse reactions, originated this investigation of the composition of this product. Objective: to characterize the chemical composition of samples of different lots of a commercial product called calendula-based phytotherapeutic product (Calendula officinalis) (PFC) commercialized in Colombia. Methodology: Tablets of eight packs of the phytotherapeutic product from four different production batches (2017 and 2018) were analyzed. Headspace analysis (HS) of tablets by solid phase microextraction (SPME) was carried out with a PDMS/ DVB fiber (65 µm), exposed to the HS of the sample for 30 min at 50 °C. Volatile fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Tablet extracts obtained with methanol:water mixture (1:1, v / v) were analyzed by liquid chromatography (LC) of high (HPLC) and ultra-high performance (UHPLC) with diode array (DAD) and high-resolution mass spectrometric (HRMS) detectors, respectively; diclofenac was quantified by external calibration and standard addition. Low- and high-resolution mass spectra (MS, HRMS) and fragmentation patterns of detected substances were studied, using GC/HRTOF-MS and LC/HRMS-Orbitrap. Results: in tablets analyzed by HS-SPME, monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids of plant origin, phthalates, solvent residues (2-chloroethanol, ethylene glycol) and intermediary chemicals in diclofenac synthesis (2,6-dichloroaniline and 2,6- chloro-N-phenyl-benzenamine) were found. In the chromatograms (GC/MS) of the extracts of tablets obtained with organic solvent (dichloromethane), diclofenac, its impurities A, B and C, diclofenac esters, and some other compounds were detected; diclofenac quantification by HPLC found amounts of ca. 40 mg (7 - 8%) in tablets (> 70 analyzed) chosen at random from eight packs of the calendula-based phytotherapeutic product, purchased in the local market in Bucaramanga (Colombia). Conclusion: each analyzed tablet contained around 40 mg of the synthetic compound diclofenac (substance not declared in the product's label) and no tablet contained detectable amounts of esters of the triterpenoids oleanane or faradiol, which are calendula extract constituents that possess antiinflammatory activity; a few flavonoids that are common to many plants were found in amounts a thousand times smaller than that of diclofenac.

Extraction of metabolites from Calendula officinalis and evaluation of their colorant and antibacterial capacity / Extracción de metabolitos a partir de Calendula officinalis y evaluación de su capacidad colorante y antibacterial

ABSTRACT In this work, different bioactive compounds were obtained by different extractions from Calendula officinalis. The effect of different extraction time and temperature on the quantity of bioactive compounds was investigated. The extracts were quantified by UV-visible spectrometric analysis. The effect of extraction technique on both the colorant power and antibacterial capacity of metabolites obtained was evaluated. Colorant power was evaluated by UV-visible spectrometric and dyeing ability in dairy product. Antibacterial activity of extracts was evaluated using Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium by diffusion technique in well. Outstanding extraction results were obtained by ultrasound extraction technique performed during 2 hours, at 30 °C and ethanol 96% as solvent. The same treatment showed the best result in colorant power and dyeing ability. The extracts obtained by ultrasound had a slightly inhibitory effect of growth on E. coli in comparison with the other techniques. None of the extracts obtained from the different techniques reported a significant inhibition on the growth of S. typhimurium. Therefore, ultrasound-assisted extraction is considered as an alternative process for obtaining the bioactive compounds from C. officinalis with high concentration, colorant power and antibacterial activity.

RESUMEN En este trabajo, diferentes compuestos bioactivos fueron obtenidos a partir de extracciones de las flores de Caléndula officinalis. Se investigó el efecto que tiene el tiempo de extracción y la temperatura sobre la cantidad de compuestos bioactivos. Los extractos obtenidos fueron cuantificados mediante espectrofotometría UV-visible. Se evaluó el efecto de la técnica de extracción sobre el poder colorante y la capacidad antibacterial de los metabolitos obtenidos. El poder colorante se evaluó mediante espectrofotometría UV-visible y la capacidad de teñido se evaluó en un producto lácteo. La actividad antibacterial de los extractos fue evaluada usando Escherichia coli y Salmonella typhimurium mediante la técnica de difusión en pocillos. Se obtuvieron buenas cantidades de metabolitos evaluados mediante la técnica por ultrasonido realizada durante 2 horas, a 30 °C, con etanol a una concentración de 96%. El mismo tratamiento mostro los mejores resultados en cuanto al poder colorante y la capacidad de teñido en una matriz láctea. Los extractos obtenidos por ultrasonido tuvieron un ligero efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento sobre E. coli en comparación con las otras técnicas. Ninguno de los extractos obtenidos mediante las diferentes técnicas mostró una inhibición significativa en el crecimiento de S. typhimurium. Por lo tanto, la extracción asistida por ultrasonido se considera como un proceso alternativo para obtener los compuestos bioactivos de C. officinalis con alta concentración, poder colorante y actividad antibacteriana.

Effectiveness of skin protectors and calendula officinalis for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis: an integrative review / Eficacia de los protectores de la piel y Calendula officinalis para la prevención y tratamiento de la radiodermatitis: revisión integrativa / Efetividade de protetores cutâneos e calendula officinalis para prevenção e tratamento de radiodermatites: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the effectiveness of skin protectors and Calendula officinalis for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis. Method: an integrative review conducted at CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, IBECS, LILACS, and Web of Science. The final sample consisted of five studies, four clinical studies and one preclinical. Critical appreciation and narrative synthesis of the findings were carried out. Results: the Cavilon™ skin protector was more effective than Sorbolene (cream with 10% glycerin) and less effective than Mometasone Furoate cream. Calendula officinalis was more effective than Trolamine and essential fatty acids and less effective than Ching Wan Hung® for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis. Conclusion: data confirm the potential of Calendula officinalis for prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis and point to promising results regarding skin protector use; however, there is a need for further testing as to the effectiveness of such products.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la eficacia de los protectores cutáneos y Calendula officinalis para la prevención y el tratamiento de la radiodermatitis. Método: revisión integradora, en las bases de datos CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, IBECS, LILACS y Web of Science. La muestra final consistió en cinco estudios, cuatro estudios clínicos y uno preclínico. Se llevó a cabo una apreciación crítica y síntesis narrativa de los hallazgos del estudio. Resultados: el protector de piel Cavilon™ fue más efectivo que S butterflyene (crema con 10% de glicerina) y menos efectivo que la crema de Furoato de Mometasona. Calendula officinalis fue más eficaz que la trolamina y los ácidos grasos esenciales y menos eficaz que Ching Wan Hung® para la prevención y el tratamiento de la radiodermatitis. Conclusión: los datos confirman el potencial de Calendula officinalis en la prevención y el tratamiento de la radiodermatitis y apuntan a resultados prometedores en cuanto al uso de protectores cutáneos, sin embargo, existe la necesidad de nuevas pruebas sobre la efectividad de dichos productos.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a efetividade de protetores cutâneos e da Calendula officinalis para a prevenção e tratamento de radiodermatites. Método: revisão integrativa, nas bases de dados CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, IBECS, LILACS e Web of Science. A amostra final foi composta por cinco estudos, quatro pesquisas clínicas e uma pré-clínica. Foram realizadas a apreciação crítica e síntese narrativa dos achados dos estudos. Resultados: o protetor cutâneo Cavilon™ foi mais efetivo que Sorbolene (creme com 10% de glicerina) e menos efetivo que creme de Furoato de Mometasona. Calendula officinalis foi mais efetivo que Trolamina e ácidos graxos essenciais e menos efetivo que Ching Wan Hung® para a prevenção e tratamento de radiodermatite. Conclusão: os dados confirmam o potencial da Calendula officinalis na prevenção e tratamento da radiodermatite e apontam resultados promissores quanto ao uso dos protetores cutâneos, entretanto há necessidade de novas testagens quanto à efetividade de tais produtos.

A pharmacological study on the effect of calendula officinalis extract on wound healing in animals

Background: Calendula officinalis is one of those plants which have medicinal importance due to its flowers (HECO) has pharmacological activity the important pharmacological parameters have been less investigated properly and can be scientifically proved by reverse pharmacology. It was found of interest to evaluate these properties of extract of flowers of Calendula officinalis.Methods: Study was conducted in Albino Wistar rats. For evaluating wound healing activity Excision wound model and Incision wound mode were used containing 4 groups each. The wound contraction was studied by tracing the raw wound area on graph paper. Scar area and time for complete epithelisation were measured. The percentage of wound contraction was recorded. The differences between experimental groups were compared by ANOVA followed by Students “t” unpaired test.Results: In the excision wound healing model, 5% and 10% flowers showed a highly significant reduction in wound area as compared with control. In incision wound model, rats treated with 5% and 10% ointment of Calendula officinalis flowers extract showed highly significant increase in tensile strength as compared to control.Conclusions: It was found that the Calendula extract enhanced the wound healing in both the models as seen by increased synthesis of connective tissue especially collagen. There was a significant increase in the granuloma tissue. In both the models wound contraction and increased tensile strength was found to be statistically significant.

La efectividad de la crema Calendula officinalis L como tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente / Calendula officinalis L cream effective treatment for recurrent aphthous stomatitis

RESUMEN Introducción: la estomatitis aftosa recurrente es una enfermedad habitual en las urgencias de Periodontología. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la crema de Calendula officinalis L. al 10%, en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente, en una clínica estomatológica. Método: se realizó un ensayo no controlado- no aleatorizado, en una población de 15 a 34 años de edad; que acudieron a la consulta de periodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica Docente "Manuel Angulo Farrán" en Holguín, Cuba, en el período comprendido del año 2015 al 2017. La muestra fue de 100 pacientes, tratada durante 6 días, con consultas cada 48 horas. Resultados: el 59% de los pacientes fueron del sexo femenino, el 63% entre los 25 y 34 años, y en el 97% predominaron las aftas menores. La crema en estudio mejoró los síntomas en el 97% de los pacientes, y el 94% se curó. Conclusiones: la crema de Calendula officinalis L al 10% parece eficaz en el tratamiento de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente, aunque se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados que lo demuestren de forma definitiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a frequent disease in periodontology emergencies. Objective: to evaluate the Calendula officinalis L at 10% cream effectiveness, as treatment for recurrent aphthous stomatitis, in a stomatological clinic. Method: non-control, non-randomized trial was conducted in a population between 15 and 34 years old, who attended "Manuel Angulo Farrán" Stomatological Teaching Clinic in Holguín, Cuba, from 2015 to 2017. Sample was 100 patients, treated in consultations every 48 hours, for 6 days. Results: the 59% of the patients were female, 63% between 25 to 34 years, and minor aphthae predominated in the 97%. The studied cream improved symptoms in 97% of patients and 94% were completely cured. Conclusions: Calendula officinalis L at 10% cream seems effective in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, although controlled and randomized clinical trials would definitively demonstrate it.

In vitro study activity proliferative fibroblast human submitted to treatment Zincummetallicum and Calendula officianlis in homeopathic ultra dilutions

Cicatrization can be divided into three phases: inflammation, fibroblastic, maturation and remodeling [1]. The extracellular matrix may be replaced by a stronger and more elastic connective tissue. In a scar collagen is the major component of the mature connective tissue [2]. In homeopathic area, the greater is the investigated segment ultra dilutions [6]. However, little research has been done to explore the effect of dynamized drugs in in vitro cell culture [4]. Using the Zincum metallicum 6CH and Calendula officinalis 6CH applied independently in different concentrations in fibroblast cultures sought to determine the increase in proliferative activity using techniques such as IC50, MTT, flow cytometry and quantification of collagen. As expected from the literature, ie both homeopathic according to the literature are used for treatments that Require skin healing, both showed increased proliferative activity, having Calendula most cellular response, presenting as cell cycle stimulating checked via flow cytometry.

Un caso clínico de fractura dental y su abordaje clínico homeopático / A clinical case of dental fracture and its clinical homeopathic approach

Se presenta un caso de trauma dentoalveolar en un paciente masculino de 22 años de edad, al sufrir un asalto en la Ciudad de México. El paciente acude al consultorio dental 29 horas posteriores al incidente; durante la exploración se identifican edema y laceraciones en los labios; movilidad de los dientes centrales superiores y fractura del ángulo mesio-incisal del lateral superior derecho. El estudio radiográfico muestra fractura de las coronas en los centrales superiores. El abordaje terapéutico combinó Homeopatía, tratamiento endodóntico, periodontal y prótesis. Los medicamentos que se administraron fueron: Arnica montana, Hypericum perforatum, Calendula officinalis y Echinacea angustifolia (nombre de marca: Gavosim); se prescindió de antibióticos y antiinflamatorios. A las cuatro semanas del tratamiento endodóntico se remitió al paciente con el periodoncista, y cuatro semanas después, con el protesista. Al final, se logró la rehabilitación total. Se concluye que los medicamentos prescritos facilitaron la recuperación de los tejidos periodontales.

Lettuce and marigold intercropping: crops productivity and marigold's flavonoid content / Consórcio entre alface e calêndula: produtividade das culturas e teor de flavonóides em calêndula

ABSTRACT: Intercropping of vegetables and medicinal plants might produce favorable interactions for both crops, resulting in increased production and profit per unit area. It is known that active compounds can change because of several factors, including the cropping system. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of intercropping of lettuce and marigold on the productivity of these crops and on the flavonoid content of marigold flowers. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of EPAMIG in Oratorios-MG. Treatments consisted of lettuce + marigolds intercropping between rows, lettuce + marigold intercropping between plants, and monocultures of each species. Spacing was 0.3x0.3m. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with ten repetitions. Harvest of lettuce and marigold flowers started 45 days after transplantation (DAT) and extended up to 72 DAT for marigolds. Lettuce and marigold intercropping appears feasible because lettuce production did not differ between the monoculture and intercropped cultivations, and marigold productivity was higher when intercropped with lettuce. No change in the flavonoid (active chemicals of medicinal interest) content in the floral capitula of marigolds was observed.

RESUMO: O cultivo consorciado entre hortaliças e plantas medicinais pode promover interação benéfica entre as duas culturas, resultando em aumento na produção e no lucro por unidade de área. Sabe-se também que os princípios ativos podem ser alterados por vários fatores, incluindo o sistema de cultivo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do consórcio entre alface e calêndula na produtividade destas culturas e no teor de flavonoides em flores de calêndula. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da EPAMIG, em Oratórios-MG. Os tratamentos consistiram em: alface + calêndula entre linhas, alface + calêndula entre plantas e os monocultivos de alface e de calêndula. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,3x0,3m. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com dez repetições. A colheita de alface e das flores de calêndula iniciou-se 45 dias após o transplantio (DAT), sendo a colheita de calêndula estendida até os 72 DAT. O consórcio entre alface e calêndula é viável, pois a produção da alface é semelhante entre sistemas consorciados e cultivo solteiro, e a produtividade da calêndula é maior quando consorciada com a alface, não havendo alteração no teor de flavonoides (princípio ativo de interesse medicinal) dos capítulos florais de calêndula.

Low-level laser therapy and Calendula officinalis in repairing diabetic foot ulcers / Terapia con láser de baja intensidad y Calendula officinalis en la reparación de úlcera en pie diabético / Terapia a laser de baixa intensidade e Calendula officinalis no reparo de úlcera em pé diabético

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy isolated and associated with Calendula officinalis oil in treating diabetic foot ulcers. METHOD An experimental, randomized, controlled, prospective, interventional clinical case study using a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 32 diabetic patients of both genders. Participants were randomly divided into four groups. Doppler Ultrasound evaluation of the Ankle-Brachial Index, brief pain inventory and analog pain scale were performed at baseline and after 30 days. RESULTS Reduced pain was observed in the Low-level laser therapy and Low-level laser therapy associated with Essential Fatty Acids groups (p<0.01). Regarding the Ankle-Brachial Index and Doppler Ultrasound, all groups remained stable. By analyzing lesion area reduction, Low-level laser therapy associated with Essential fatty acids group showed a significance of p=0.0032, and the Low-level laser therapy group showed p=0.0428. CONCLUSION Low-level laser therapy, performed alone or associated with the Calendula officinalis oil was effective in relieving pain and accelerating the tissue repair process of diabetic foot.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar los efectos de la Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad aislada y asociada con el aceite de Calendula officinalis en la reparación de úlceras en pie diabético. MÉTODO Estudio de caso clínico, experimental, controlado, randomizado, prospectivo, intervencionista, de carácter cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 32 pacientes diabéticos, de ambos géneros. Los participantes fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. Ecografía Doppler, evaluación del Índice Tobillo-Brazo, Inventario breve de dolor y escala visual analógica fueron realizados al inicio y después de 30 días. RESULTADOS Hubo reducción del dolor en los grupos Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad y Terapia con Láser de Baja intensidad asociada con los Ácidos Grasos Esenciales, con p<;0,01. En cuanto al Índice Tobillo-Brazo y la Ecografía Doppler, todos los grupos se mantuvieron estables. En el análisis de la reducción del área de la lesión, el grupo Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad asociada con los Ácidos Grasos Esenciales presentó una significación p=0,0032, y el grupo Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad, p=0,0428. CONCLUSIÓN La Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad, llevada a cabo tanto aisladamente como asociada con el aceite de Calendula officinalis, fue eficaz en el alivio del dolor y la aceleración del proceso de reparación de tejidos del pie diabético.

Resumo OBJETIVO Avaliar os efeitos da Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade isolada e associada ao óleo de Calendula officinalis no reparo de úlceras em pé diabético. MÉTODO Estudo de caso clínico, experimental, controlado, randomizado, prospectivo, intervencional, de caráter quantitativo. A amostra foi composta de 32 pacientes diabéticos, de ambos os gêneros. Os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. Ultrassom Doppler, avaliação do Índice Tornozelo-Braquial, Inventário breve de dor e escala de dor analógica foram realizados no início e após 30 dias. RESULTADOS Houve redução da dor nos grupos Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade e Terapia a Laser de Baixa intensidade associada aos Ácidos Graxos Essenciais, com p<0,01. Quanto ao Índice Tornozelo-Braquial e Ultrassom Doppler, todos os grupos mantiveram-se estáveis. Na análise da redução de área da lesão, o grupo Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade associada aos Ácidos Graxos Essenciais apresentou uma significância p=0,0032, e o grupo Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade, p=0,0428. CONCLUSÃO A Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade, realizada tanto isoladamente quanto associada ao óleo de Calendula officinalis, foi eficaz no alívio da dor e na aceleração do processo de reparo tecidual de pé diabético.

Cicatrização de úlceras por pressão com extrato Plenusdermax® de Calendula officinalis L / Cicatrización de úlceras por presión con extracto de Plenusdermax® Calendula officinalis L / Pressure ulcer healing with Plenusdermax® Calendula officinalis L extract

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os benefícios terapêuticos do extrato de bioativos de Calendula officinalis Plenusdermax® na cicatrização de úlceras de pressão. Métodos: estudo observacional de coorte realizado com quarenta e um pacientes com diagnóstico de úlcera por pressão com tamanho da ferida estável por mais de três meses. Os pacientes foram avaliados quinzenalmente durante 30 semanas, em relação a redução da área da lesão, controle de infecção, tipos de tecido e exsudato e microbiologia das úlceras. Resultados: a proporção de pacientes que cicatrizaram completamente após 15 e 30 semanas de tratamento foi 63% e 88%, respectivamente, sendo que a média de tempo de cicatrização foi de 12,5 ± 7,8 semanas. Não foram observados eventos adversos durante o tratamento. Conclusão: os resultados do estudo indicam que Plenusdermax® de bioativos de C. officinalis é um tratamento seguro que promove a cicatrização de úlceras de pressão.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar los beneficios terapéuticos del extracto bioactivo de Calendula officinalis Plenusdermax® en la cicatrización de úlceras por presión. Método: estudio observacional de cohorte con cuarenta y un pacientes con diagnóstico de úlceras por presión con un tamaño de herida estable durante más de tres meses. Se evaluó a los pacientes durante 30 semanas cada dos semanas, incluyendo reducción del área de lesión, control de infecciones, tipos de tejidos y secreciones y microbiología de las úlceras. Resultados: la proporción de pacientes con cicatrización completa después de 15 y 30 semanas de tratamiento fue de 63% y 88%, respectivamente, y el promedio de todos los tiempos de cicatrización fue de 12.5±7.8 semanas. No se observaron eventos adversos durante el tratamiento. Conclusión: los resultados del estudio indican que Plenusdermax® con bioactivos de C. officinalis es un tratamiento seguro que promueve la cicatrización de úlceras por presión.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of the bioactive extracts of Plenusdermax®Calendula officinalis for pressure ulcer healing. Method: an observational cohort study, including 41 patients with a diagnosis of pressure ulcer that was stable in size for more than three months. Patients were evaluated every two weeks, over 30 weeks, for: reduction of the wound area, infection control, types of tissue and exudate, and ulcer microbiology. Results: the proportions of patients who were completely healed after 15 and 30 weeks of treatment were 63% and 88%, respectively, and the mean healing time was 12.5±7.8 weeks. No adverse events were observed during treatment. Conclusion: the results of the study indicate that bioactive C. officinalis Plenusdermax® is a safe treatment that promotes healing of pressure ulcers.

Comparing the effects of Bentonite & Calendula on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial.

Background & objectives: Infantile diaper dermatitis is a common, acute inflammatory reaction of the skin around diaper among infants. This study was undertaken to compare the effect of topical application of Bentonite and Calendula creams on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis. Methods: This double blind randomized controlled trial was undertaken on 100 patients of infantile diaper dermatitis. The 100 participants were randomly assigned into two groups of 50 each, and were prescribed the coded medicine. The mothers were trained to apply the cream and level of improvement was judged by observing the affected area on the first visit and then after three days of receiving treatment. Results: The mean age of infants was 6.45±5.53 months in Calendula group and 7.35±6.28 months in Bentonite group. Overall, 88 per cent of lesions in the Bentonite group started improving in the first six hours while this rate was 54 per cent in Calendula group (P<0.001). The risk ratio for the improvement in the first six hours was 2.99 folds in the Bentonite group. Also, lesions in 86 per cent infants in the Bentonite group and 52 per cent in the Calendula group were completely improved in the first three days after treatment (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: Our results showed that in comparison with Calendula, Bentonite had faster healing effect and was more effective on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis (IRCT ID: IRCT 2012112811593N1).

Análise de amostras de flores de Calêndula (Calendula officinalis L, Asteraceae) comercializadas na grande Curitiba / Analysis of samples of flowers Calendula (Calendula officinalis L. ) Asteraceae commercially in Curitiba, PR, Brazil

A espécie Calendula officinalis L. é uma planta herbácea pertencente à família Asteraceae, suas flores apresentam propriedades antimicrobianas, emolientes, antiinflamatórias e tonificantes da pele. Os flavonoides são utilizados como marcadores para avaliar a qualidade da droga vegetal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a identidade e qualidade de seis amostras de flores de C. officinalis L. comercializadas na Grande Curitiba (PR). Foram realizados os ensaios de identificação macroscópica e de pureza, determinação de flavonoides, perfil do extrato etanólico em cromatografia em camada delgada, avaliação das atividades antioxidante e atividade antibacteriana sobre Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Todas as seis amostras analisadas foram identificadas como C. officinalis L. e foram aprovadas no perfil cromatográfico, porém não atenderam aos requisitos farmacopeicos de pureza e teor de flavonoides, fatores que contribuíram para a diminuição da atividade antioxidante e antibacteriana. A má qualidade de plantas medicinais, decorrente de processos produtivos inadequados, pode ocasionar ausência ou diminuição do efeito terapêutico esperado, além de possíveis efeitos tóxicos.(AU)

Calendula officinalis L., is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, its flowers have antimicrobial, emollient, anti-inflammatory and toning of the skin properties. Flavonoids are used as chemical markers to evaluate the quality of plant drug. The aim of this study was to evaluate the identity and quality of six samples of C. officinalis L. flowers commercialized in Curitiba City and Metropolitan Area (State of Paraná, Brazil). Tests of macroscopic identification, purity, determination of flavonoids were performed, in addition to the profile of the ethanolic extract in thin layer chromatography, evaluation of antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. All six samples analyzed were identified as C. officinalis L. and were approved in chromatographic profile, but samples were in discordance with parameters established by Brazilian Pharmacopoeia of purity and content of flavonoids, factors that have contributed to the decline of antioxidant activity and antibacterial. The poor quality of medicinal plants as a result of productive processes inadequate can cause absence or reduction of the therapeutic effect expected, in addition to possible toxic effects.(AU)

Usage of Calendula officinalis in the prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial / Uso De La Calendula Officinalis En La Prevención Y Tratamiento De Radiodermatitis: Ensayo Clínico Randomizado Doble Ciego / Uso da Calendula officinalis na prevenção e tratamento de radiodermatite: ensaio clínico randomizado duplo cego

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of Calendula officinalis in relation to Essential Fatty Acids for the prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis. METHOD This is a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial with 51 patients with head and neck cancer in radiotherapy treatment divided into two groups: control (27) and experimental (24). RESULTS There is statistically significant evidence (p-value = 0.0120) that the proportion of radiodermatitis grade 2 in Essential Fatty Acids group is higher than Calendula group. Through the Kaplan-Meier survival curve we observed that Essential Fatty Acids group has always remained below the Calendula group survival curve, due to the lower risk of developing radiodermatitis grade 1, which makes the usage of Calendula more effective, with statistical significance (p-value = 0.00402). CONCLUSION Calendula showed better therapeutic response than the Essential Fatty Acids in the prevention and treatment of radiodermatitis. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials: RBR-237v4b. .

OBJETIVO Evaluar la eficacia de la Calendula officinalis con respecto a los Ácidos Grasos Esenciales en la prevención y tratamiento de radiodermatitis. MÉTODO Se trata de ensayo clínico randomizado doble ciego realizado con 51 pacientes con cáncer de cabeza y cuello en tratamiento radioterápico divididos en dos grupos: control (27) y experimental (24). RESULTADOS Existe evidencia estadística significativa (p-valor = 0,0120) de que la proporción de radiodermatitis grado 2 en el Grupo Ácidos Grasos Esenciales es superior al Grupo Caléndula. Por medio de la curva de Kaplan-Meier se observa que la supervivencia del Grupo Ácidos Grasos Esenciales se mantuvo siempre por debajo de la curva de supervivencia del Grupo Caléndula, en virtud del menor riesgo de desarrollar radiodermatitis grado 1, lo que hace la utilización de la Caléndula más efectiva, con significación estadística (p-valor = 0,00402). CONCLUSIÓN La Caléndula exhibió mejor respuesta terapéutica que los Ácidos Grasos Esenciales en la prevención y tratamiento de la radiodermatitis. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos: RBR-237v4b. .

OBJETIVO Avaliar a eficácia da Calendula officinalis em relação aos Ácidos Graxos Essenciais na prevenção e tratamento de radiodermatite. MÉTODO Trata-se de ensaio clínico randomizado duplo cego realizado com 51 pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço em tratamento radioterápico divididos em dois grupos: controle (27) e experimental (24). RESULTADOS Há evidência estatística significativa (p-valor = 0,0120) de que a proporção de radiodermatite grau 2 no Grupo Ácidos Graxos Essenciais é superior ao Grupo Calêndula. Por meio da curva de Kaplan-Meier observa-se que a sobrevida do Grupo Ácidos Graxos Essenciais manteve-se sempre abaixo da curva de sobrevida do Grupo Calêndula, devido ao menor risco de desenvolver radiodermatite grau 1, o que torna a utilização da Calêndula mais eficaz, com significância estatística (p-valor = 0,00402). CONCLUSÃO A Calêndula exibiu melhor resposta terapêutica do que o Ácidos Graxos Essenciais na prevenção e tratamento da radiodermatite. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos: RBR-237v4b. .