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1.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;70(1)dic. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1387723

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Los mamíferos marinos se ven afectados por diversas amenazas que deben identificarse para los esfuerzos de mitigación. Objetivo: Cuantificar visualmente las amenazas a los mamíferos marinos en Colombia e identificar acciones de mitigación. Métodos: Georreferenciamos las amenazas con base en la literatura, cubriendo 35 especies en el período 1991-2020, y las superpusimos en mapas de distribución de especies. Resultados: 22 especies presentaron al menos una amenaza. La captura incidental y las interacciones con los artes de pesca afectaron a 16 especies, seguidas de la captura directa (8 especies), el tráfico/tránsito de embarcaciones (6 especies) y la alteración de la física oceánica (6 especies). Las especies más afectadas, en cuanto a mayor diversidad de amenazas, son: ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae), manatí antillano del Caribe (Trichechus manatus), el tucuxi marino (Sotalia guianensis) y el delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus). Casi todo el territorio marino de Colombia presenta algún grado de riesgo para los mamíferos marinos. Las áreas de alto riesgo son Buenaventura, Guapi, Golfo de Cupica y Tumaco en el Pacífico; y Golfo de Urabá, Golfo de Darién, Golfo de Morrosquillo, frente a Barranquilla, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y Golfo de Coquivacoa en el Caribe. Conclusión: Los mamíferos marinos en Colombia se encuentran actualmente en riesgo debido a varias amenazas, especialmente relacionadas con actividades de pesca, caza/captura y transporte marítimo, principalmente en las zonas costeras. Se necesitan acciones urgentes de evaluación y gestión en las diez áreas de alto riesgo identificadas en este estudio.


Abstract Introduction: Marine mammals are affected by diverse threats that must be identified for mitigation efforts. Objective: To visually quantify threats to marine mammals in Colombia, and to identify mitigation actions. Methods: We georeferenced threats based on the literature, covering 35 species in the period 1991-2020, and superimposed them on species range maps. Results: 22 species had at least one threat. Bycatch and interactions with fishing gear affected 16 species, followed by direct capture (8 species), vessel traffic/transit (6 species) and alteration of ocean physics (6 species). The most affected species, in terms of the greatest diversity of threats, are: humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), Caribbean West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), marine tucuxi (Sotalia guianensis) and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Nearly all of Colombia's marine territory presents some degree of risk for marine mammals. High-risk areas are Buenaventura, Guapi, Cupica Gulf and Tumaco in the Pacific; and Urabá Gulf, Darién Gulf, Morrosquillo Gulf, off Barranquilla, Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta and Coquivacoa Gulf in the Caribbean. Conclusion: Marine mammals in Colombia are currently at risk due to several threats, especially related to fishing, hunting/capture and shipping activities, mainly in coastal areas. Urgent evaluation and management actions are needed in the ten high-risk areas identified in this study.


Subject(s)
Animals , Marine Fauna , Geographical Localization of Risk , Mammals/classification , Colombia
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;69(supl. 2)mar. 2021.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1507779

ABSTRACT

Introducción: Tres especies de cetáceos, el delfín manchado pantropical (Stenella attenuata attenuata), el delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus) y la ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae) son un componente importante de la fauna marina del Área de Conservación Guanacaste. Sin embargo, la información biológica básica sobre el comportamiento y la presencia de estas especies sigue siendo escasa. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el comportamiento diurno de los cetáceos en el sector marino de la ACG y en sus áreas adyacentes. Métodos: Se muestreó el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica desde Bahía Salinas hasta las Islas Murciélago, incluyendo el Golfo de Santa Elena, entre mayo de 2005 y mayo de 2006. Se utilizó el método de escaneo de comportamiento para identificar el comportamiento general de los grupos. Resultados: Se registraron encuentros para tres especies en un total de 36 avistamientos, pero solo con un tiempo considerable para dos especies, S. attenuata y M. novaeangliae. Los delfines manchados exhibieron una amplia variedad de comportamientos en la temporada de lluvias. La búsqueda de alimento (X2 = 29.42; g.l. = 1; P < 0.001) y los viajes (X2 = 38.33; g.l. = 1; P < 0.001) aumentaron significativamente en la época de lluvias. Los comportamientos predominantes para la ballena jorobada fueron la asociación madre-cría, social y de viaje; este último fue mayor en la época de lluvias (X2 = 78.16; g.l. = 1; P < 0.001). Conclusiones: En la zona, los cetáceos presentaron comportamientos como forrajeo y madre-cría, lo que significa que el área puede clasificarse como un hábitat crítico para estas especies de cetáceos, de mayor importancia para especies altamente migratorias como las ballenas jorobadas.


Introduction: Three species of cetaceans, the pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata attenuata), the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), are important components of the marine fauna of the Guanacaste Conservation Area (ACG). However, basic biological information on the behavior and occurrence of these species remains scarce. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the diurnal behavior of the three-mentioned species in the ACG. Methods: The north Pacific of Costa Rica, from Bahía Salinas to the Marine Sector of ACG was sampled between May 2005 and May 2006. The behavior scanning method was used to identify the general behavior of the cetacean groups. Results: Encounters were recorded for the three species, in a total of 36 sightings, but only for S. attenuata and M. novaeangliae for considerable periods of time. Stenella attenuata exhibited a wide variety of behaviors, being foraging (X2 = 29.42; d.f. = 1; P < 0.001) and travelling (X2 = 38.33; d.f. = 1; P < 0.001) significantly higher during the rainy season. Predominant behaviors for the humpback whale were mother-calf association, social and travelling; being the latter higher during the rainy season (X2 = 78.16; d.f. = 1; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Behaviors such as foraging and mother-calf were the most representative among species and the most frequent. This suggests that the area can be considered as a critical habitat for these species of cetaceans, with particular importance for highly migratory species such as humpback whales.


Subject(s)
Cetacea/classification , Marine Biology , Costa Rica
3.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 50(2): e20190068, 2020. graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055864

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) is a small odontocete distributed from Santa Catarina state, Brazil, to Honduras. Although it is currently considered "near threatened" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, considerable knowledge on health and disease aspects of this species has been gained over the last decade. The main threats for the species are represented by multiple anthropic factors. Guiana dolphins feed on a variety of taxa, primarily teleosts, crustaceans, and cephalopods. Herein, we reported a case of severe laryngeal displacement and esophageal impaction with ulceration associated with a deglutted adult leatherjacket (Oligoplites sp.). This fish species is not a common prey item of Guiana dolphins' diet. Severe upper aerodigestive compromise likely led to death by mechanical asphyxia (choke) in this dolphin. This report attested the occurrence of upper aerodigestive dysfunction due to overzealous feeding in Guiana dolphin and contributed to general knowledge on pathology of the species.


RESUMO: O boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) é um pequeno odontoceto que ocorre desde o estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, até Honduras. Embora esta espécie seja considerada "quase ameaçada" pela União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza, um considerável conhecimento sobre diversos aspectos de saúde e doença nesta espécie foi adquirido na última década. As principais ameaças para a espécie são representadas por múltiplos fatores antrópicos. Os botos-cinza se alimentam de uma variedade de táxons, incluindo principalmente teleósteos, crustáceos e cefalópodes. No presente estudo relatamos um caso de deslocamento laríngeo grave e impactação esofágica com ulceração pela deglutição de um peixe adulto do gênero Oligoplites. Esta espécie de peixe não é um elemento comum da dieta dos botos-cinza. É possível que o comprometimento aerodigestivo grave tenha levado o animal à morte por asfixia mecânica. Este relato atesta a ocorrência de disfunção aerodigestiva superior devido à alimentação de tamanho excessivo por um boto-cinza, e contribui para o conhecimento geral de patologias na espécie.

4.
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-875307

ABSTRACT

The sound producing apparatus of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia sima) presents a complex anatomic structure composed of melon, spermaceti, phonic lips, vocal cap, case, papillae, spermaceti chamber and other airspaces, as well as facial muscles involved in sound production. The spermaceti chamber rests on the caudal portion of the premaxilla, with part of its mucosa covered with spherical/oval-shaped structures (approximately 1 to 2 mm in diameter), compatible with vesicles (previously referred to as "papillae"). Macroscopical examination revealed whitish, firm, widely and irregularly distributed vesicular mucosa on the premaxillary portion of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen stranded on the coast of Santos (southeastern Brazilian coast). Upon microscopic examination, walls of connective tissue with abundant type I collagen forming vesicles with an internal space or cavity filled with a small amount of eosinophilic substance compatible with mucoproteic fluid were observed. The base of such vesicles presented glands within the connective tissue, probably responsible for fluid production. This study describes the histology of the mucosa of the spermaceti chamber of a K. sima specimen and characterizes the glands associated with fluid production.(AU)


O sistema de produção sonora do cachalote-anão (Kogia sima) apresenta uma complexa estrutura anatômica composta por melão, espermacete, lábios fônicos, "vocal cap", "case", papilas, câmara do espermacete e outros espaços aéreos, além de músculos faciais envolvidos na produção sonora. A câmara do espermacete localiza-se na porção caudal da pré-maxila, apresentando parte de sua mucosa recoberta por estruturas esférico-ovaladas de aproximadamente 1 a 2 mm de diâmetro, compatíveis com vesículas (previamente denominadas "papilas"). Ao exame macroscópico de um espécime de K. sima encalhado no litoral de Santos (sudeste da costa brasileira), foi identificada mucosa esbranquiçada e firme ao corte, ampla e irregularmente distribuída na porção pré-maxilar da câmara do espermacete. Ao exame microscópico foram observadas vesículas compostas por abundante tecido conectivo de colágeno tipo I, dando origem a um espaço interno ou cavidade, contendo pequena quantidade de substância eosinófila, compatível com fluido mucoprotêico. Estruturas glandulares foram observadas em tecido conjuntivo na base das vesículas, provavelmente responsáveis pela produção do fluido observado no interior das mesmas. Esse estudo caracteriza histologicamente a mucosa da câmara do espermacete de um espécime de K. sima e as glândulas relacionadas a sua produção secretória.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Facial Muscles/anatomy & histology , Jaw/anatomy & histology , Mouth Mucosa/anatomy & histology , Vocalization, Animal , Whales/anatomy & histology , Animal Communication , Cetacea/anatomy & histology
5.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;63(supl.1): 395-406, abr. 2015. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-958150

ABSTRACT

Resumen Golfo Dulce es un estuario en forma de fiordo, localizado en el Pacífico Sur de Costa Rica. Este ecosistema marino-costero contiene una importante biodiversidad marina que incluye cetáceos. Este estudio describe la estructura de la comunidad de cetáceos en Golfo Dulce, sustentado en la diversidad de hábitats. Datos sobre avistamientos colectados en muestreos periódicos sistemáticos, han resultado en 943 registros (2005-2014≈3 490h≈64 533km) de siete especies de la familia Delphinidae, una Balaenopteridae y una especie de la familia Kogiidae. Se observa un gradiente en la diversidad de cetáceos desde la cuenca interna de Golfo Dulce hasta la zona de transición- oceánica en la entrada al Golfo. La dominancia se establece por la forma costera del delfín nariz de botella y el delfín manchado en la cuenca interna, mientras que T. truncatus junto con ballenas jorobadas migrantes ejercen la dominancia en el área del Umbral. El área transicional oceánica sostiene la mayor diversidad, dominada por especies de delfínidos de naturaleza piscívora, incluyendo la forma oceánica del delfín nariz de botella y la subespecie "Centroamericana" del delfín tornillo. Nosotros proponemos la hipótesis de una forma potencial particular del delfín manchado pantropical para Golfo Dulce, en contraste con S. attenuatta graffmani en aguas abiertas costeras del Pacífico Costarricense. El patrón de la estructura comunitaria de cetáceos se establece por la dinámica en uso de área por las especies presentes, lo cual debería ser considerado para el diseño de estrategias de manejo y conservación.


Abstract Golfo Dulce is a fiord-lilke embayment located in the southern Pacific of Costa Rica, this coastal-marine ecosystem harbors an important wealth in marine biodiversity, including cetaceans. In this study we describe the cetacean community of Golfo Dulce, in relation to the diversity of habitats constituting the seascape. Sighting data collected in periodic systematic surveys has yielded 943 records (2005-2014≈3 490h≈64 533km), of 12 species of cetaceans. A gradient of cetacean diversity is observed from the inner basin to the transitional-oceanic area at the entrance of the Gulf, with coastal bottlenose dolphin and spotted dolphin dominating the inner basin, and bottlenose dolphins and migratory humpback whales the sill area. Transitional oceanic habitat holds the greatest species diversity dominated by oceanic species, particularly piscivorous delphinids, including the off-shore form of bottlenose dolphins and the "Central American" spinner dolphin. We hypothesize the potential occurrence of a morphotype of pantropical spotted dolphins within Golfo Dulce, in contrast with S. attenuatta graffmani outside in open Pacific coastal waters. The pattern of cetacean community structure is established by the dynamic of area use by the species, which should be considered for the establishment of management and conservation strategies. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (2): 395-406. Epub 2015 June 01.


Subject(s)
Animals , Marine Fauna/analysis , Cetacea/classification , Dolphins/classification , Stenella/classification , Humpback Whale/classification , Costa Rica
6.
Univ. sci ; 20(1): 29-41, ene.-abr. 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-752930

ABSTRACT

El morbillivirus de los Delfines (DMV) es uno de los agentes más patógenos de los cetáceos; descrito por primera vez a finales de los años 80, y desde entonces ha venido causando brotes que afectan no sólo a las poblaciones de delfines sino también a las de otros cetáceos tanto en las costas de los EEUU como del mediterráneo. En la presente revisión se realizó una búsqueda de literatura científica en MedLine, SciELO, Scopus® y Google Scholar sin límite de fecha, usando descriptores tales como Cetacean morbillivirus, Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbilivirus, strandings, con el objetivo de presentar una actualización crítica sobre los aspectos básicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos de una de las infecciones emergentes más importantes para la fauna cetácea mundial, haciendo especial énfasis en las alternativas actuales para su diagnóstico y control. Con base en la información recopilada se concluye que hace falta no solo estudiar y cuantificar los varamientos, sino desarrollar conciencia sobre la importancia de la infección en los cetáceos y poner en marcha de planes efectivos de control que permitan mantener estas poblaciones en equilibrio biológico.


Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) is one of the most important pathogen of cetaceans. It was first described in the late 80s, since has been causing outbreaks that affects dolphin populations and also in other cetaceans in the U.S. and in the Mediterranean sea. We conducted a bibliographic search in MedLine, SciELO, Scopus® and Google Scholar without timeline limits using MeSH terms such as Cetacean morbillivirus, Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbillivirus, Strandings, etc., with the aim of provide a critical update on basic, clinical and epidemiological aspects of one of the most important emerging infections for cetacean wildlife, with particular emphasis on the current alternatives for diagnosis and control. Based on the information gathered we concluded that there is not only a need to study and quantify the strandings, but we need to develop awareness of the importance of this viral infection in cetaceans and to apply effective management plans that maintain those populations in biological balance.


O morbillivirus dos Golfinhos (DMV) é um dos mais importantes agentes patógenos dos cetáceos; foi descrita pela primeira vez no final dos anos 80, e desde entáo tem provocado surtos que afetam tanto as populac.5es de golfinhos quanto as de outros cetáceos nas duas regioes litorais dos EUA mesmo que no mediterráneo. Nesta revisáo, a pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada no Medline, Scielo, Scopus e Google Scholar®, usando descritores como Cetacean morbillivirus , Pilot Whale morbillivirus, Dolphin morbilivirus, strandings, objetivando apresentar uma atualizacáo crítica e básica dos aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos das infectes emergentes mais importantes para a vida dos cetáceos no mundo, fazendo especial énfase nas atuais alternativas de diagnostico y controle. Concluísse, na base destas informacoes que além de estudar e quantificar os animais encalhados deve se desenvolver a consciéncia da importáncia da infeccáo em cetáceos e implementar planos de gestáo eficazes que mantenham as populacoes em equilibrio biológico.

7.
Int. j. morphol ; 32(4): 1399-1406, Dec. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-734690

ABSTRACT

Existe una estrecha relación entre las características morfológicas de los sistemas sensoriales, su funcionamiento y el hábitat al que están adaptados los organismos. En este sentido, de todos los mamíferos marinos estudiados, los cetáceos son los que más profundamente han modificado su estructura y fisiología ocular por su estrecha adaptación a una vida exclusivamente acuática. Para aportar más datos a la literatura, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir morfológicamente la retina de la ballena piloto a través de técnicas de microscopia óptica, con el fin de relacionarla con su adaptación al medio acuático. Nuestros datos muestran que la retina de Globicephala melas se organiza de acuerdo al mismo plan básico de los vertebrados. Tiene un grosor medio alrededor de 330±23 µm en las zonas de alta densidad de células ganglionares y 175±2 µm en la zona periférica. La capa de los fotorreceptores se corresponde con el 45% del grosor de la retina total. Presenta largos segmentos externos. La capa más característica de cetáceos en general y de Globicephala melas en particular, es la capa de células ganglionares. Su grosor, de 77,76±37,26 siendo la más variable de toda la retina. Esta capa presenta baja densidad celular pero tamaños excepcionalmente grandes, de 10 a 75 µm (promedio de 33,5 µm), denominadas células ganglionares gigantes.


There is a close relationship between morphological features of sensory systems, their function and habitat to which these organisms are adapting. In this sense, of all marine mammals that have been studied, cetaceans are the ones that have profoundly changed structure and ocular physiology in their adaptation to an exclusively aquatic life. To add further data to the literature, the aim of this paper is to describe morphologically the retina of the pilot whale through optical microscopy and relate their adaptation to the aquatic environment. Our data show that the retina of the long-finned pilot whale is organized according to the same basic plan of vertebrates. It has an average thickness of about 330±23 microns in areas of high ganglion cell density of 175±2 microns in the peripheral zone. Photoreceptor layer corresponds to 45% of total thickness of the retina and has long outer segments. The most significant characteristic of cetaceans in general and long-finned pilot whale in particular, is the ganglion cell layer. Thickness of 77.76±37.26 being the most variable of the entire retina. This layer has a low density but exceptionally large cell size of 10 to 75 microns (average of 33.5 microns), known as giant ganglion cells.


Subject(s)
Animals , Retina/ultrastructure , Ecosystem , Whales, Pilot/anatomy & histology , Retina/cytology , Microscopy
8.
Rev. etol. (Online) ; 12(1/2): 18-24, Dec. 2013. graf, mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-772583

ABSTRACT

In the Cananéia estuary there is a rare positive interaction between a cetacean and a type of fishing activity. In this region the Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) uses cerco-fixo fish traps to corner shoals and reduce the escape routes of their prey, and in doing this increase their capture efficiency. The object of this study was to evaluate, by means of a quantitative analysis, how the Guiana dolphin uses the cerco-fixo fish trap in their fishing activities. Their behaviors were quantified separately according to a group structure, so as to also verify how their behaviors vary according to the number of individuals involved in the strategy. This approach serves to improve understanding about what the role of the trap in fishing strategies is and how its use, such as using it as a shield to block the shoals, influences the frequency of behaviors executed during fishing activities.


Subject(s)
Animals , Appetitive Behavior , Dolphins/psychology
9.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 104(2): 296-298, Mar. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-533520

ABSTRACT

Serum samples from 101 stranded or bycatch cetaceans from British waters were screened for Toxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies using the Sabin Feldman Dye Test. Relatively high seropositivity was recorded in short-beaked Delphinus delphis and this study presents the first documented case of Toxoplasma in a humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae.


Subject(s)
Animals , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Cetacea/parasitology , Toxoplasma/isolation & purification , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/epidemiology , Blotting, Western/veterinary , England/epidemiology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect/veterinary , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Toxoplasmosis, Animal/diagnosis
10.
Braz. j. biol ; Braz. j. biol;68(3): 545-551, Aug. 2008. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-493573

ABSTRACT

The increase in the research of cetacean surveys on the Brazilian coast has brought new data on the distribution of species never reported before. The present work reviews the current knowledge on cetaceans species and extends this knowledge with an analysis of cetaceans stranded in the Parnaiba Delta, on the coast of Maranhão State, Brazil. The studies on cetacean diversity on the coast of the Parnaíba Delta were made from August 2004 to August 2006. Fourteen strandings were reported, representing six distinct species, such as the estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni), dwarf minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), pigmy killer whale (Feresa attenuata), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and two specimens which have not yet been identified. The significant degree of cetacean diversity in the region shows that the Parnaíba Delta is, possibly, of an important area for cetacean studies in Brasil.


Com o aumento das pesquisas voltadas para o monitoramento de cetáceos no litoral brasileiro, registros inéditos sobre a distribuição de espécies têm sido realizados, ampliando o conhecimento sobre áreas de ocorrência dos cetáceos no Brasil. O presente estudo teve por objetivo realizar um levantamento das espécies de cetáceos encalhadas no Delta do Parnaíba, MA. Os estudos foram realizados através de entrevistas com comunidades locais e por meio de coleta direta, entre agosto de 2004 e agosto de 2006. Foram registrados 14 encalhes de cetáceos, com representantes de 6 espécies distintas, até então desconhecidas para a região do Delta do Parnaíba com um exemplar não identificado. Dentre as espécies registradas foram encontrados cinco exemplares do boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis), um exemplar de baleia-jubarte (Megaptera novaeangliae), três exemplares de baleia-de-bryde (Balaenoptera edeni), um exemplar de baleia-minke-anã (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), um exemplar de orca-pigméia (Feresa attenuata), dois exemplares de cachalote (Physeter macrocephalus) e dois exemplares não identificados que correspondem a um crânio de misticeto e uma escápula de um possível filhote de odontoceto. A significativa diversidade na região do Delta do Parnaíba indica sua relevância para os estudos de cetáceos no Brasil. As análises de idade, baseadas em análises de suturas ósseas dos exemplares encalhados mostram que a região deltaica pode ser utilizada como área de reprodução por algumas espécies como Sotalia guianensis e Balaenoptera edeni.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Cetacea/classification , Brazil
11.
Rev. biol. trop ; Rev. biol. trop;49(Supl.2): 135-143, dic. 2001. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-502400

ABSTRACT

The first complete checklist of Costa Rican cetaceans is presented with a total of 28 species (35% of the group's world diversity). Most of the species occur in the Pacific Ocean (89%) and most are considered oceanic (57%), common (54%) and resident (68%). The known distribution and status of each species are also provided.


Subject(s)
Animals , Biodiversity , Cetacea/classification , Seawater , Costa Rica , Geography
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