Comparison of early and late diagnosis impact of type 2 diabetes on cognitive function: a pilot study

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is known to be associated with cognitive impairment, but the Impact of the timing of diagnosis on cognitive function remains unclear. This pilot project aims to assess the cognitive function of people diagnosed with T2DM at an early vs. late stage. The study will examine several cognitive domains, such as attention, memory, executive function, visuospatial skills, and sensorimotor abilities. Methods: We recruited 80 adults diagnosed with T2DM, evenly split into 2 groups-one with early diagnosis (?5 years) (n=40) and other with late diagnosis (?6 years) (n=40) depending on when their disease was identified. Both groups underwent evaluation for demographic and clinical factors. Cognitive function was assessed using mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA), and Addenbrooke's cognitive examination (ACE-III). Specific domain of cognition wasmeasured as span of attention (Tachitoscope), memory (PGI Battery scale), executive function (Stroop test), visuospatial function (Corsi block test), sensorimotor abilities (auditory /visual reaction time), and intelligence (Koh抯 Block design test). Results: Preliminary findings suggest that the early diagnosis group showed significantly average cognitive performance compared to the late diagnosis group. They also showed improved metabolic control and increased levels of physical activity. Individuals in the early diagnosis group had higher educational levels and socioeconomic status, potentially leading to improved disease detection and more effective health management. Conclusions: These findings indicate that identifying T2DM at an early stage, help in preserving cognitive function as compared to a diagnosis made at a later stage.

Investigating Morphological Changes of the Hippocampus After Prolonged Aerobic Exercise in Mice: Neural Function and Learning Capabilities / Investigación de los Cambios Morfológicos del Hipocampo Después De un Ejercicio Aeróbico Prolongado en Ratones: Función Neuronal y Capacidades de Aprendizaje

SUMMARY: Both the academic and popular worlds have paid close attention to the link between exercise and cognitive performance. It is increasingly important to understand the numerous mechanisms by which exercise might influence cognitive abilities in view of the continuous societal issues caused by aging populations and the prevalence of disorders associated to cognitive decline. A rising amount of evidence showing a favorable association between physical activity and cognitive well-being serves as the foundation for the justification for studying the effects of exercise on cognitive function and learning ability. The study employed an 8-week treadmill based on exercise on male adults C57BL/6 mice. The exercise group were engaged in 5 sessions a week gradually increasing the intensity of the protocol by 5 % each week. The Mice cognitive assessments were done using Morris Water Maze and Novel Object Recognition tests. The long term-impact on learning ability were further assessed through immmohistochemistry and molecular analysis of the hippocampal and prefrontal cortex tissues of the animals' brain tissues. The findings showed improved spatial learning abilities, recognition memory, and heighted synaptic plasticity indicated by elevated synaptic makers. The study underscores the role of long-term aerobic exercise in augmenting cognitive performance. It not only contributes to the understanding of the interplay between neuroplasticity and cognitive benefits but also the growing body of research on the impact of exercise on cognitive function.

Tanto el mundo académico como el popular han prestado mucha atención al vínculo entre el ejercicio y el rendimiento cognitivo. Es cada vez más importante comprender los numerosos mecanismos por los cuales el ejercicio podría influir en las capacidades cognitivas en vista de los continuos problemas sociales causados por el envejecimiento de la población y la prevalencia de trastornos asociados al deterioro cognitivo. Una cantidad cada vez mayor de evidencia que muestra una asociación favorable entre la actividad física y el bienestar cognitivo sirve como base para justificar el estudio de los efectos del ejercicio sobre la función cognitiva y la capacidad de aprendizaje. El estudio se realizó en ratones machos adultos C57BL/6 utilizándose en los ejercicios una cinta rodante durante 8 semanas. El grupo de ejercicio realizó 5 sesiones por semana aumentando gradualmente la intensidad del protocolo en un 5 % cada semana. Las evaluaciones cognitivas de los ratones se realizaron utilizando las pruebas Morris Water Maze y Novel Object Recognition. El impacto a largo plazo en la capacidad de aprendizaje se evaluó mediante inmunohistoquímica y análisis molecular de los tejidos del hipocampo y la corteza prefrontal de los tejidos cerebrales de los animales. Los hallazgos mostraron mejoras en las habilidades de aprendizaje espacial, la memoria de reconocimiento y una mayor plasticidad sináptica indicada por unos creadores sinápticos elevados. El estudio subraya el papel del ejercicio aeróbico a largo plazo para aumentar el rendimiento cognitivo. No sólo contribuye a la comprensión de la interacción entre la neuroplasticidad y los beneficios cognitivos, sino también al creciente conjunto de investigaciones sobre el impacto del ejercicio en la función cognitiva.

Aislamiento social y funciones ejecutivas en adultos: una revisión sistemática / Social isolation and executive functions: a systematic review

Resumen Esta revisión da cuenta de artículos que se refieren a la relación existente entre aislamiento social y funciones ejecutivas encargadas de la generación de recursos, para la adaptación de las personas a situaciones poco habituales. Se empleó una estrategia PICO para la definición de la pregunta de investigación y lineamientos básicos del modelo PRISMA, se revisó bases de datos en Scopus, Science Direct, Springer y Google académico. Se identificaron 7042 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de selección, reportándose finalmente 12 investigaciones. Se concluye que el aislamiento social se relaciona con un funcionamiento cognitivo general más deficiente, extendiéndose a otros dominios cognitivos como: orientación, memoria y atención. Además, se evidencia que el aislamiento actúa como un estresor crónico, observándose una disminución en la actividad cortical global y un aumento del cortisol.

Abstract This review reports articles aimed to analyze the relationship between social isolation and executive functions responsible for generating resources for adapting people to unusual situations. A PICO strategy was used to define the research question and essential guidelines of the PRISMA model, and databases in Scopus, Science Direct, Springer, and Google Scholar were reviewed. 7.042 articles that fulfilled the selection criteria were identified, finally reporting 12 investigations. It was concluded that social isolation is related to poorer general cognitive functioning, extending to other cognitive domains such as orientation, memory, and attention. It was also evidenced that isolation acts as a chronic stressor, showing decreased global cortical activity and increased cortisol.

Acute effects of breaking up sitting time with isometric exercise on cognition in healthy adults / Efeitos agudos de interrupções do tempo sentado com exercício isométrico na cognição de adultos saudáveis

The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of different sitting break strategies on cogni-tion in healthy adults. Twelve physically inactive adults (8 women, 28 ± 9 years; 25.10 ± 4.90 kg/m²) randomly completed three 3-hour conditions: 2-min isometric leg extension exercise sitting breaks at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction every 30-min; 2-min light-intensity walking sitting breaks every 30-min; sitting without breaks. Stroop and Eriksen-Flanker tests were used to measure cog-nition before and after conditions. Generalized estimated equations were used to analyze cognition responses. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Stroop congruent phase decreased for all conditions (Isometric: 1.56 ± 0.20s Pre vs 1.49 ± 0.12s Post; Walking: 1.67 ± 0.22s Pre vs 1.54 ± 0.19s Post; Control: 1.69 ± 0.24s Pre vs 1.59 ± 0.26s Post; p = 0.044). There were no significant effects on Stroop incongruent phase, Stroop effect, or Eriksen-Flanker (p > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, walking or isometric exercise sitting breaks do not acutely improve cognition in healthy adults.

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos agudos de diferentes estratégias de interrupções do tempo sentado na cognição de adultos saudáveis. Doze adultos jovens e fisicamente inativos (8 mulheres, 28 ± 9 anos; 25,10 ± 4,90 kg/m²) realizaram três sessões de 3 horas de duração em ordem randomizada: 2-min de interrupção com exercício isométrico de extensão de joelho a 30% a contração voluntária máxima a cada 30 min; 2-min de interrupções com caminhada de leve intensidade a cada 30 min; tempo sentado sem interrupções. Os testes de Stroop e Eriksen-Flanker foram utilizados para medir a cognição antes e depois das sessões experimentais. Equações estimadas generalizadas foram utilizadas para analisar as respostas da cognição. Os dados estão apresentados em média ± desvio padrão. O tempo de reação da fase congruente do teste de Stroop diminuiu após todas as sessões (Isométrico: 1,56 ± 0,20s Pré vs 1,49 ± 0,12s Pós; Caminhada: 1,67 ± 0,22s Pré vs 1,54 ± 0,19s Pós; Controle: 1,69 ± 0,24s Pré vs 1,59 ± 0,26s Pós; p = 0,044). Não houve efeitos significantes para a fase incongruente do teste de Stroop, para o efeito Stroop ou para o teste de Erik-sen-Flanker (p > 0,05 para todos). Em conclusão, interrupções do tempo sentado com caminhada ou exercício isométrico não melhoram agudamente a cognição de adultos saudáveis.

The duration-dependent and sex-specific effects of neonatal sevoflurane exposure on cognitive function in rats

Clinical studies have found that neonatal sevoflurane exposure can increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction. However, recent studies have found that it can exhibit neuroprotective effects in some situations. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of sevoflurane neonatal exposure in rats. A total of 144 rat pups (72 males and 72 females) were assigned to six groups and separately according to sevoflurane exposure of different times on the seventh day after birth. Blood gas analysis and western blot detection in the hippocampus were conducted after exposure. The Morris water maze test was conducted on the 32nd to 38th days after birth. The expression of PSD95 and synaptophysin in the hippocampus was detected after the Morris water maze test. We found that neonatal exposure to sevoflurane promoted apoptosis in the hippocampus, and Bax and caspase-3 were increased in a dose-dependent manner. The 2-h exposure had the greatest effects on cognitive dysfunction. However, with the extension of exposure time to 6 h, the effects on cognitive function were partly compensated. In addition, sevoflurane exposure decreased synaptogenesis in the hippocampus. However, as the exposure time was extended, the suppression of synaptogenesis was attenuated. In conclusion, neonatal sevoflurane exposure exhibited duration-dependent effects on cognitive function via Bax-caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and bidirectional effects on synaptogenesis in rats.

Mediating effects of cognitive function on the relationship between literacy level and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people in China / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective　To explore the mediating role of cognitive function in the association between literacy level and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people in China. Methods　 Using the fourth national follow-up data of the China Health and Elderly Care Tracking Survey 2018, 8 124 middle-aged and elderly people aged 45 years and above were included as the study subjects. The PROCESS 4.0 program was used to test the mediating effect of cognitive function between literacy level and depressive symptoms, and the Bootstrap method was used for the mediator variable validation. Results The detection rate of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly people in China was 38.10%. After controlling for gender, place of residence, marital status, smoking, alcohol consumption, and exercise, literacy level was a negative predictor of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people (β =－0.480, t =－11.248, P<0.001). Cognitive function accounted for 58.75% of the amount of mediating effect between literacy level and depressive symptoms. Conclusion 　Literacy level and cognitive function are associated with depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly people. Literacy level can influence depressive symptoms directly or indirectly through the mediation of cognitive dysfunction.

Effects of dexmedetomidine-assisted general anesthesia on the hemodynamics and cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing painless enteroscopy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine （DEX）-assisted general anesthesia on hemodynamics and cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing painless enteroscopy. METHODS From July 2020 to February 2022， 180 elderly patients undergoing painless enteroscopy in the outpatient operating room of the Second People’s Hospital of Jiaozuo were selected and divided into a control group （n＝90） and an observation group （n＝90） according to the random number table method. The control group was given routine general anesthesia （induced with sufentanil and propofol anesthesia， maintained with propofol anesthesia）， while the observation group was given DEX-assisted general anesthesia after preoperative preparation. The hemodynamic indexes [mean arterial pressure （MAP）， heart rate （HR）]， dosage of general anesthesia， awakening time， cognitive function [minimized mental status examination （MMSE）]， and the incidence of adverse drug reactions were compared between the two groups. RESULTS There was no significant difference in various indicators before anesthesia （T0） between 2 groups （P＞ 0.05）. Compared with T0， MAP and HR of the two groups were reduced significantly 10 minutes after anesthesia （T1）， at the time of enteroscope reaching the ileum and cecum （T2）， enteroscope withdrawal after the examination （T3）， and 10 minutes after surgery （T4）； but MAP and HR of the observation group at T1， T2， T3， and T4 were all higher than those of the control group （P＜0.05）. Compared with the control group， the dosage of general anesthesia and the recovery time in the observation group were significantly reduced or shortened， the MMSE scores at 1， 2 and 3 days after the operation were significantly increased， while the incidence of cognitive dysfunction and adverse reactions were significantly reduced （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS DEX can effectively improve the hemodynamics and cognitive function of elderly patients undergoing painless enteroscopy， which is beneficial to reduce the dosage of general anesthesia， shorten recovery time， and has better safety.

Overexpression of NRF1 alleviates mitochondrial and cognitive dysfunction in mice models of Alzheimer's disease / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the effects of nuclear respiratory factor 1(NRF1)on mitochondrial and cog-nitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease(AD)model mice.Methods The 5 × FAD mice were utilized as a mod-el for Alzheimer's disease,and the sparsely labeled AAV virus overexpressing NRF1(AAV-NRF1)was adminis-tered via stereotaxic injection into the brain.The expression of NRF1 in hippocampus was determined by Western blot,the morphology of mitochondria in hippocampus was observed by transmission electron microscope,the den-dritic spines of sparsely labeled neurons in the CA1 region were visualized and quantified using confocal laser mi-croscopy,cognitive and memory functions of mice were evaluated using the Morris water maze test,while electro-physiological methods were employed to detect long-term potentiation(LTP)of synaptic efficacy.Results The ex-pression of NRF1 in the hippocampus was significantly upregulated following stereotactic injection of AAV-NRF1(P＜0.001).This intervention led to notable improvements in mitochondrial morphology within hippocampal neurons,as well as enhanced cognitive and memory functions in mice(P＜0.01).Moreover,there was a significant in-crease in dendritic spine density among neurons located in the CA1 region of the hippocampus(P＜0.001),ac-companied by long-lasting and stable long-term potentiation(LTP)and a substantial elevation in fEPSP slope(P＜0.01).Conclusion The overexpression of NRF1 in a 5 × FAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease(AD)initia-ted the restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced synaptic plasticity,indicating that these alterations may contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of NRF1 overexpression in ameliorating cognitive dysfunction associated with AD.

Effects of total saponins of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim on cognitive function and neurovascular unit in 2-VO model rats / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To observe the effects of total saponins of Trillium tschonoskii Maxim(TST)on vascular cognitive impairment(VCI),neurovascular units(NVUs),and neural circuit integrity in rats.Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group,model group,TST group(intragastric administration,100 mg/kg),and donepezil group(intragastric administration,0.45 mg/kg),and then subjected to ischemic stroke by 2-VO method(bilateral common carotid artery ligation)or sham surgery.After 28 days of intragastric administration,Mirros water maze test was performed to evaluate the spatial learning and memory abilities of rats in each group.HE and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological changes of brain tissue in rats.The expression of synuclein(SYN)in rat hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemical staining.Changes in dendritic spines in rat's hippocampal neurons were observed by Golgi staining.Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-10,vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA),postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD95),and growth associated protein 43(GAP43)in rat's hippocampus in each group.Results In Mirros water maze test,rats in model group showed significant prolonged escape latency(P＜0.05),and a significant reduction in the number of crossing platforms and the percentage of activity time in the target quadrant(P＜0.05)than those in sham-operated group;while rats in TST group and donepezil group showed significant shortened escape latency(P＜0.01),and significant increase of the number of times of crossing platforms and the percentage of activity time in the target quadrant(P＜0.05)than those in model group.Compared of sham-operated group,model group showed a decrease in the expression of SYN and the number of neurons,Nissl bodies,and dendritic spines in the CA1 region of the hippocampus(P＜0.05).Compared with model group,TST group and donepezil group showed an increase in the expression of SYN and the number of neurons,Nissl bodies,and dendritic spines in the CA1 region of the hippocampus(P＜0.05).Western blotting showed a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β and VEGF(P＜0.05),and a decrease in the expression of IL-10,PSD95,and GAP43(P＜0.01)in rat's hippocampus of model group than those in sham-operated group.Compared with model group,TST group and donepezil group showed a significant decrease in the expression of IL-1β(P＜0.05),and an increase in the expression of VEGFA,IL-10,and GAP43(P＜0.05).Conclusions TST could alleviate cognitive impairment through promoting synaptic plasticity and neurovascular unit remodeling in 2-VO model rats,suggesting its significance as a potential drug for apoplexy.

Effects of ultrasound guided pericapsular nerve group combined with lateral femoral cutaneous nerve block on analgesia,stress response and postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing hip replacement / 临床外科杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of ultrasound guided block of pericapsular nerve(PENG)combined with lateral femoral cutaneous nerve(LFCN)on analgesia,stress response and postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing hip replacement.Methods 102 patients who underwent hip Joint replacement in our hospital from September 2020 to September 2022 were selected and randomly divided into control group(51 cases)and study group(51 cases).The control group was given ultrasound guided iliac fascia space block(FICB),and the study group was given ultrasound guided PENG combined with LFCN block.The perioperative related indicators,postoperative analgesia effect,stress response indicators and postoperative cognitive function of the two groups were compared.Results There was no statistically significant difference in the comparison of surgical time between the two groups(P＞0.05).The amount of sufentanil used and the number of analgesic pump used within 48 hours after surgery in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).The first postoperative time of getting out of bed and hospitalization in the study group were significantly shorter than those in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in VAS scores between the two groups at 6 h,12 h,24 h,and 48 h after surgery(P＞0.05).The VAS scores of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group at 6 h,12 h,and 24 h after surgery(P＜0.05).The heart rate(HR)and Mean arterial pressure(MAP)of the control group were higher at the time of block(T1),30 min of block(T1)(T2),and the end of block(T3)than at the time of entry(T0)(P＜0.05).HR and MAP of the study group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P＜0.05).The MMSE scores of the two groups at 6 h,12 h,24 h,and 48 h after surgery were lower than those before surgery(P＜0.05),but the MMSE scores of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Using ultrasound guided PENG combined with LFCN block for patients undergoing hip Joint replacement can more effectively reduce the amount of opioids and the number of use of analgesia pump,reduce postoperative pain in the exercise state,reduce stress reaction,and have less impact on cognitive function,so as to promote faster recovery of patients.

Alteration of cognitive function in overweight and obese adolescents and its relationship with serum FGF21 levels / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To evaluate the changes in cognitive function in overweight and obese adolescents,and explore the association between cognitive function and fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21).Methods·A total of 175 adolescents from a senior high school in Shanghai were divided into normal weight group(n=50),overweight group(n=50)and obese group(n=75)based on their body mass index(BMI).General information,anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators of the adolescents were collected and compared.The cognitive function of the three groups of adolescents was assessed by using the accuracy(ACC)and reaction time of Flanker task and n-back task.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the serum FGF21 level of the three groups of adolescents.Partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model were used to evaluate the correlation between cognitive task performance and anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators.Results·Compared with the normal weight group,systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,and the levels of fasting plasma glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin and triacylglycerol in the obese group were higher(all P<0.05).Under congruent or incongruent stimulus conditions in the Flanker task,there was no significant difference in ACC between any two groups;compared with the normal weight and overweight groups,the reaction time of the adolescents in the obese group was prolonged(all P<0.05).In the n-back task,there were no significant differences in ACC between any two groups,while the obese group had longer reaction time in the 1-back and 2-back tasks compared to the normal weight and overweight groups(all P<0.05).Compared with the normal weight group,serum FGF21 levels of the adolescents in the obese group were higher(P=0.000).Partial correlation analysis showed that the reaction time of the adolescents in Flanker and n-back tasks was correlated with their BMI,body fat mass,waist circumference,waist-to-hip ratio and FGF21 level(all P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis further confirmed that BMI was associated with prolonged reaction time in cognitive-related behavioral tasks in the adolescents(all P<0.05),and FGF21 level was associated with ACC in the 2-back task(P=0.000)and reaction time in the incongruent stimulus condition(P=0.048).Conclusion·Overweight and obese adolescents have cognitive impairments,and BMI and serum FGF21 levels are associated with changes in their cognitive function.

Ilex pubescens var.kwangsiensis improved radiation-induced cognitive impairment of mice by inhibiting oxidative stress / 神经解剖学杂志

Objective:To investigate the improvement of radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction and its preliminary mechanism by Ilex pubescens var.kwangsiensis.Methods:SPF grade male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group(Control),Ilex pubescens var.kwangsiensis(IP),radiation group(Rad)and radiation+Ilex pubescens var.kwangsiensiss group(Rad+IP),with 10 mice in each group.Morris water maze test and dark avoidance test were used to detect the changes in cognitive function of mice before and after drug intervention.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the changes of brain histopathology and ultrastructure in the hip-pocampus of mice.The expressions of nuclear factor E2-associated factor 2(Nrf2),heme oxygenase 1(HO-1),man-ganese superoxide dismutase(MnSOD),B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2(Bcl-2)and Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax)were detected by immunohistochemical assay.Results:The expressions of MnSOD and Bcl-2 in hippocampal tissue of mice in Rad group were significantly decreased,the expressions of Nrf2,Bax and HO-1 were significantly increased,and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was also significantly increased.After intervention,he expressions of MnSOD,Nrf2 and HO-1 were significantly increased,and the apoptosis rate was significantly decreased.Conclusion:Ilex pu-bescens var.kwangsiensis improved cognitive dysfunction in mice after radiation,and the mechanism may be related to Nrf2 activation and regulation of HO-1 transcription and expression,reducing oxidative stress damage.

Correlation between the Expression of Serum P2X7R and CTGF Levels and Clinical Symptom Scores and Cognitive Function in Patients with Schizophrenia / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation between the expression of purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor(P2X7R)and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)in serum and cognitive function and clinical symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.Methods A total of 160 patients with schizophrenia who were diagnosed and treated in Department of Mental Intensive Care of Wuhan Wudong Hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 were collected as the observation group,and 160 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examinations were collected as the control group for the study.According to the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale(PANSS),patients were evaluated for their clinical and psychiatric symptoms(positive and negative symptoms,general pathological symptoms,and additional symptoms).The patients were grouped into a high score group(PANSS total score≥70 points,n=72)and a low score group(PANSS total score＜70 points,n=88).MATRICS consensus cognitive battery(MCCB)was applied to evaluate the cognitive abilities of patients;enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was applied to detect serum P2X7R and CTGF levels.Spearman method was applied to analyze the correlation between serum P2X7R,CTGF levels and PANSS scores,and MCCB scores in patients with schizophrenia.Results Compared with the control group,the serum levels of P2X7R(610.71±107.83ng/L vs 384.78±80.62 ng/L)and CTGF(1.85±0.36μg/L vs 1.40±0.21μg/L)in the observation group were increased,with differences of statistical significance(t=21.226,13.658,all P＜0.05).The scores of variety items of MCBB of patients with schizophrenia in the observation group were lower than those in the control group,with differences of statistical significance(t=14.845～24.862,all P＜0.05),the positive symptom score(21.10±3.42score),negative symptom score(23.37±5.03 score),general pathological symptom score(39.48±8.11score),additional symptom score(8.26±1.22 score),and PANSS total score(92.21±12.50score)of schizophrenia patients in the high group were higher than those in the low group(13.65±3.04,15.62±3.91 score,30.14±6.15 score,5.20±0.94score,64.61±5.30score),with differences of statistical significance(t=14.576,10.964,8.280,17.915,18.764,all P＜0.05).The serum levels of P2X7R and CTGF in patients with schizophrenia in the high group were higher than those in the low group,with differences of statistical significance(t=12.233,5.923,all P＜0.05).The levels of serum P2X7R and CTGF in patients with schizophrenia were positively correlated with PANSS score(r=0.464～0.580,all P＜0.05),and negatively correlated with MCCB score[r=-0.603～-0.439,all P＜0.05].Conclusion The serum levels of P2X7R and CTGF in patients with schizophrenia are elevated,they are closely related to the clinical symptoms and cognitive function of patients.

Serum miR-211 and miR-202 Expression Levels in Alzheimer's Disease Patients and Their Correlation with Cognitive Function,Anxiety and Depression / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective To analyze the expression levels of serum microRNA(miR)-211 and miR-202 in patients with Alzheimer's disease and their correlation with cognitive function,anxiety and depression.Methods A total of 90 patients with Alzheimer's disease admitted to Hebei Yanda Hospital from March 2019 to March 2022 were selected as the research group.According to the Clinical Dementia Rating(CDR)score,the patients were grouped into mild group(n=24),moderate group(n=48)and severe group(n=18).Another 90 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination were collected as the control group.The expression levels of miR-211 and miR-202 in serum were compared.Pearson method and Spearman method were used to analyze serum miR-211 and miR-202 and their correlation with cognitive function,anxiety and depression.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of Alzheimer's disease.Results The expression levels of serum miR-211(0.59±0.16,1.01±0.31)and miR-202(0.35±0.10,1.00±0.32)were significantly reduced in the research group and control group,with significant differences(t=11.422,18.393,all P<0.05).Serum miR-211(0.73±0.21,0.62±0.17,0.32±0.08)expression levels,miR-202(0.51±0.15,0.33±0.10,0.19±0.04)expression levels,mini-mental state examination(MMSE)score(22.54±1.41 score,19.35±1.01 score,16.23±1.00 score)and Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)score(25.35±2.60 score,18.59±1.32 score,16.59±1.24 score)in the mild,moderate and severe groups gradually decreased,and the differences were statistically significant(F=32.006,46.917,163.048,163.703,all P<0.05).Compared with mild group,the serum miR-211,miR-202,MMSE and MoCA scores of severe group and moderate group were reduced,and the differences were statistically significant(t=3.685～25.375,all P<0.05).The mild,moderate and severe groups had a gradual increase in Hamilton anxiety scale(HAMA)score(12.34±1.27 score,20.59±2.09 score and 31.29±2.19 score)and Hamilton depression scale(HAMD)score(14.35±2.13 score,23.89±2.20 score and 35.35±1.21 score),and the differences were statistically significant(F=496.059,553.939,all P<0.05).According to Pearson correlation analysis,miR-211 was positively correlated with miR-202(r=0.651,P<0.05).According to Spearman correlation analysis,miR-211 and miR-202 were positively correlated with MMSE and MoCA(r=0.539～0.585,all P<0.05)and negatively correlated with HAMA and HAMD(r=-0.651～-0.539,all P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that the low expression of miR-211[OR(95%CI):5.321(1.648～17.180)]and miR-202[OR(95%CI):3.158(1.989～5.012)]were risk factors for Alzheimer's disease(P<0.05).Conclusion The serum expression levels of miR-211 and miR-202 in patients with Alzheimer's disease were reduced,indicating miR-211 and miR-202 were closely related to cognitive function,anxiety and depression.

Research progress in cognitive function characteristics of children with tic disorder / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The prevalence rate of tic disorder in Chinese children and adolescents is relatively high, and tic disorder is often co-occurring with psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit and hyperactive disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder.The cognitive impairments of tic disorder patients with different clinical types, course of disease and comorbidities are different, but all affect the learning and life quality of patients.Exploration of the cognitive function characteristics of tic disorder patients is conducive to further understanding of the disease and its etiological mechanism, and has guiding significance for clinical recognition, diagnosis and treatment.

Clinical value of 64-slice spiral CT in traumatic brain injury and its correlation study on cognitive function evaluation / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnostic effect of 64-slice spiral CT in patients with traumatic brain injury(TBI),and to evaluate the correlation between CT scores and cognitive function.Methods A total of 138 cases of TBI patients underwent surgical treatment were selected.The surgical pathological examination results were regarded as the gold standard.The prognosis was assessed by Glasgow outcome scale(GOS).The CT scores of all patients were compared by Montreal cognitive assessment(MoCA)and mini-mental state examination(MMSE)scores,and correlation between CT scores and cognitive-related scores was analyzed.Results The sensitivity of 64-slice spiral CT was 74.64%,82.61%and 98.55%within 3 hours,1 day and 2-3 days after admission,respectively.The MoCA and MMSE scores of severe patients were significantly higher than those of moderate and mild patients,and the MoCA and MMSE scores of moderate patients were significantly higher than those of mild patients(P<0.05).CT score was positively correlated with both MoCA and MMSE scores(P<0.05).The GOS of severe patients was significantly higher than that of moderate and mild patients,and the GOS of moderate patients was significantly higher than that of mild patients(P<0.05).Conclusion TBI can be detected with high sensitivity via 64-slice spiral CT.CT score has a significant positive correlation with the cognitive function,and is closely related to the prognosis.It can provide an effective basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Effects of high-intensity interval training with different intervention durations on cognitive function in older adults:a Meta-analysis / 中国组织工程研究

OBJECTIVE:With the increasing aging population,the decline of cognitive ability in older adults has received widespread attention.High-intensity interval training(HIIT)has been applied as an emerging exercise intervention to improve cognitive ability in older adults,but its efficacy is still controversial.This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT intervention on cognitive ability in older adults,in order to provide a theoretical basis for its application in improving cognitive ability in older adults. METHODS:Randomized controlled trials regarding the effect of HIIT on cognitive ability in older adults were retrieved from databases including CNKI,WanFang,PubMed,Embase,and Web of Science,from the database inception to November 2022.The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized controlled trials was used to evaluate the methodological quality,and RevMan 5.3 software was used for the Meta-analysis of outcome indicators in the included literature. RESULTS:A total of 8 randomized controlled trials,including 4 high-quality and 4 low-quality studies with 369 participants,were included in the Meta-analysis.Meta-analysis showed that(1)compared with moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT),HIIT could effectively improve the maximal oxygen uptake of older adults[weighted mean difference(WMD)=3.78,95%confidence interval(CI):2.79,4.77,P＜0.000 01].Subgroup analysis showed that with long-term intervention(intervention period≥6 weeks),compared with the MICT group,the HIIT group could significantly improve the executive function[standardized mean difference(SMD)=0.36,95%CI:0.20-0.52,P＜0.000 1)and its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=0.35,95%CI:0.17-0.52,P＜0.000 1)of older adults.(2)Compared with the control group,the HIIT group could effectively improve the maximal oxygen uptake of older adults(WMD=6.75,95%CI:4.20-9.29,P＜0.000 01),memory(SMD=0.20,95%CI:0.03-0.37,P=0.02),executive function(SMD=0.87,95%CI:0.52-1.22,P＜0.000 01),and its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=0.89,95%CI:0.46-1.33,P＜0.000 1).Subgroup analysis showed that with long-term intervention(intervention period≥6 weeks),compared with the control group,the HIIT group could effectively improve the executive function(SMD=0.75,95%CI:0.41-1.09,P＜0.000 1),its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=0.50,95%CI:0.19-0.81,P=0.002),and switching ability(SMD=1.65,95%CI:0.86-2.44,P＜0.000 1).(3)With a single intervention,compared with the control group,the HIIT group could effectively improve the executive function(SMD=1.25,95%CI:0.39-2.11,P=0.004)and its sub-function inhibition ability(SMD=2.40,95%CI:0.87-3.92,P=0.002). CONCLUSION:HIIT can effectively improve the executive function and its sub-function inhibition ability of older adults,but has no improvement effect on memory ability.At the same time,long-term HIIT intervention is superior to MICT in improving aerobic capacity and executive function of older adults.

Effect of compassion focused therapy on cognitive function and sense of shame in stroke patients with hemiplegia / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the effect of compassion focused therapy on cognitive function and sense of shame in stroke patients with hemiplegia.Methods A total of 100 stroke patients with hemiplegia admitted in our hospital were included as the research objects.The patients were randomly divided into a control group admitted from December 2020 to December 2021 and an observation group admitted from January 2022 to January 2023,with 50 patients per group.The patients in the control group received cognitive behavioural therapy,while those in the observation group received compassion focused therapy as well as cognitive behavioural therapy.The sense of shame,cognitive function,self-criticism and social anxiety in the two groups were observed and compared before and at the end of the intervention.Results The score of the sense of shame in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.001).The cognitive function score in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at the end of intervention(P<0.05).and the score of the sense of shame scale in the observation group was lower than that in the control group at the end of the intervention(all P<0.05).Conclusion Compassion focused therapy can significantly reduce the self-criticism and sense of shame in the stroke patients with hemiplegia,and promote the recovery of the cognitive function.

Effect of a three-tier delirium nursing management process on NICU patients with acute stroke / 现代临床护理

Objective To investigate the effect of a three-tier delirium care management process in patients with acute stroke in neurology intensive care unit(NICU).Methods A total of 50 patients with acute stroke admitted to the NICU of the Fourth Hospital of Changsha from May to September 2021 were assigned to the control group.The patients in the control group received routine NICU nursing care to prevent delirium.Another 50 patients with acute stroke admitted to the NICU from December 2021 to April 2022 were assigned to the trial group.They were managed with the three-tier delirium nursing management process on top of the routine NICU nursing care for the control group.The incidence of ICU delirium(DICU),duration of DICU,length of stay in NICU and the incidence of delirium-related adverse events were compared between the two groups.The degree of delirium and cognitive function before and after the intervention were compared between the two groups as well.Results The trial group had significantly shorter duration of DICU and NICU stay(both P<0.05)and lower incidence rate of delirium-related adverse events(P<0.05)compared to the control group.After the intervention,the trial group showed significantly lower scores on the intensive care delirium screening checklist(ICDSC)and significantly higher scores of cognitive function compared to those of the control group(both P<0.05).Conclusion The three-tier delirium nursing management process can lower the occurrence of delirium in NICU patients with acute stroke,shorten the NICU stay,reduce the safety risk in nursing,and improve the cognitive function.

Effect of ropivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine in transversus abdominis plane block on postoperative stress hormone and cognitive function in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy / 新乡医学院学报

Objective To explore the effect of ropivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine in transversus abdominis plane block(TAPB)on postoperative stress hormones and cognitive function in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.Methods A total of 80 patients undergoing laparoscopic radical gastrectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University from April to October 2023 were selected as the research subjects.According to different anesthesia methods,the patients were divided into the observation group and the control group,with 40 patients in each group.Patients in the observation group were injected bilaterally with 2.5 g·L-1 ropivacaine and 0.5 μg·kg-1 dexmedetomidine for TAPB,with 20 mL injection on each side.Patients in the control group were injected bilaterally with 2.5 g·L-1 ropivacaine for TAPB,with 20 mL injection on each side.Mean arterial pressure(MAP)and heart rate(HR)were recorded at the time of admission to the operating room(T1),immediately after endotracheal intubation(T2),40 minutes after pneumoperitoneum(T3),and 15 minutes after extubation(T4).Radioimmunoprecipitation was used to detect serum cortisol(COR)level,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum norepinephrine(NE)and epinephrine(E)levels at 1,6,12,and 24 hours after surgery.Visual analog scale(VAS)was used to assess pain at rest,and Ramsay sedation scale(RSS)was used to evaluate sedation depth.The doses of propofol and sufentanil were compared between the two groups.Serum β-amyloid(Aβ)and S100β protein levels at 1 day before surgery,1 and 3 days after surgery were detected by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,and cognitive function was assessed at the same time points by using the mini-mental state examination(MMSE).Results At T,and T2,there was no significant difference in MAP and HR between the control group and the observation group(P＞0.05).At T3 and T4,MAP and HR in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).At 1,6,and 12 hours postoperatively,VAS score in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P＜0.05).At 24 hours postoperatively,there was no significant difference in VAS score between the control group and observation group(P＞0.05).At 1 and 6 hours postoperatively,RSS score in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).At 12 and 24 hours postoperatively,there was no significant difference in RSS score between the control group and observation group(P＞0.05).At 1,6,and 12 hours postoperatively,COR,NE,and E levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).At 24 hours postoperatively,there was no significant difference in COR,NE,and E levels between the control group and observation group(P＞0.05).The doses of propofol and sufentanil in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).One day before surgery,there was no significant difference in MMSE score between the control group and observation group(P＞0.05).At 1 and 3 days postoperatively,MMSE score in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).One day before surgery,there was no significant difference in serum Aβ and S100β protein levels between the control group and observation group(P＞0.05).At 1 and 3 days postoperatively,serum Aβ and S100β protein levels in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Ropivacaine combined with dexmedetomidine in TAPB in radical gastrectomy can significantly reduce postoperative pain,increase sedative effect,prolong the duration of TAPB,and benefit patients'postoperative recovery with reduced cognitive impairment.