Beyond Role Conflict and Ambiguity: A Global Measure of Role Stress among South African School Teachers / Más allá del conflicto y la ambigüedad de roles: una medida global del estrés de rol entre los profesores sudafricanos

Abstract Background: Role stress is linked to reduced work performance, diminished organizational commitment, increased intention to leave a job, and negative physical and mental health effects. Given the significant implications of role stress, researchers have sought to understand and quantify the concept. The Role Conflict and Ambiguity (RCA) scales are widely utilized in job stress research as the predominant measurement tools. They were originally conceptualized as consisting of two independent dimensions: role conflict and role ambiguity. Objective: This study advances the validation research of the RCA scales by exploring its dimensionality through Mokken Scale Analysis (MSA) and Classical Test Theory (CTT). Method: South African school teachers responded to the RCA scales, Maslach Burnout Inventory, and Teaching Satisfaction Scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and MSA were employed for data analysis. Results: The research determined that a second-order model provided the optimal fit, indicating that role ambiguity and role conflict are subordinate dimensions within the overarching construct of role stress. Conclusion: The findings from the CFA and supplementary bifactor indices reinforce the view that the instrument comprises 13 items, which assess a general dimension of role stress along with two sub-dimensions: role conflict and role ambiguity. Such specificity may lead to more effective strategies to mitigate role-related stress, thereby enhancing overall employee well-being, job satisfaction, and organizational productivity.

Resumen Antecedentes: El estrés de rol está relacionado con la reducción del rendimiento laboral, la disminución del compromiso organizativo, el aumento de la intención de abandonar el trabajo y los efectos negativos sobre la salud física y mental. Dadas las importantes implicaciones del estrés de rol, los investigadores han tratado de comprender y cuantificar este concepto. Las escalas de Conflicto y Ambigüedad de Roles (RCA) se utilizan ampliamente en la investigación del estrés laboral como herramientas de medición predominantes. Al principio, se conceptualizaron como dos dimensiones independientes: conflicto de rol y ambigüedad de rol. Objetivo: Este estudio avanza en la investigación de validación de las escalas RCA, explorando su dimensionalidad mediante el Análisis de Escalas de Mokken (MSA) y la Teoría Clásica de los Test (CTT). Método: Profesores sudafricanos respondieron a las escalas RCA, Maslach Burnout Inventory y Teaching Satisfaction Scale. Se emplearon el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) y el MSA para el análisis de los datos. Resultados: La investigación determinó que un modelo de segundo orden proporcionaba el ajuste óptimo, indicando que la ambigüedad de rol y el conflicto de rol son dimensiones subordinadas dentro del constructo global del estrés de rol. Conclusiones: Los resultados del AFC y los índices bifactoriales suplementarios refuerzan la opinión de que el instrumento consta de 13 ítems, que evalúan una dimensión general de estrés de rol junto con dos subdimensiones: conflicto de rol y ambigüedad de rol. Esta especificidad puede conducir a estrategias más eficaces para mitigar el estrés relacionado con el rol, mejorando así el bienestar general de los empleados, la satisfacción en el trabajo y la productividad de la organización.

Validity evidence for the Family Role Overload Scale

Role overload in the family can be understood as a feeling of inability to complete duties that are the individual's responsibility, and this hardship occurs due to the accumulation of tasks in the family, which can cause discomfort. The aim of this study was to obtain valid evidence of Family Role Overload in Brazilian samples. Six hundred and forty Brazilian workers of both genders took part in the study. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the Brazilian version remained single-factor and had six items. The multi-group analyses showed configural, metric, and scalar invariance between the groups divided in terms of gender and the existence or absence of children. The scale showed positive correlations with perceived family demands and family-work conflict and a negative correlation with perceived social support in the family. It was therefore concluded that the instrument had psychometric properties that recommend its use in future research.

A sobrecarga de papeis na família pode ser compreendida como sentimento de incapacidade em concluir obrigações que são de responsabilidade do indivíduo, e essa dificuldade acontece devido ao acúmulo de tarefas na família, que podem trazer desconforto. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo obter evidências de validade da Sobrecarga de Papéis na Família em amostras brasileiras. Participaram do estudo 640 trabalhadores brasileiros, de ambos os gêneros. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias evidenciaram que a versão brasileira se manteve unifatorial e com seis itens. As análises multigrupo atestaram a invariância configural, métrica e escalar entre os grupos divididos em termos de gênero e sobre a presença ou ausência de filhos. A escala apresentou correlações positivas com demandas percebidas da família e conflito família-trabalho e correlação negativa com suporte social percebido na família. Concluiu-se, assim, que o instrumento apresentou propriedades psicométricas que recomendam seu uso em investigações futuras.

La sobrecarga de rol en la familia puede ser entendida como un sentimiento de incapacidad para completar las obligaciones que son responsabilidad del individuo, y esta dificultad ocurre debido a la acumulación de tareas en la familia, lo que puede causar malestar. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener evidencias de la validez de la Escala de Sobrecarga del Rol Familiar en muestras brasileñas. Participaron en el estudio 640 trabajadores brasileños de ambos sexos. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron que la versión brasileña se mantuvo monofactorial y con seis ítems. Los análisis multigrupo mostraron invariancia configuracional, métrica y escalar entre los grupos divididos en función del género y de la presencia o ausencia de hijos. La escala mostró correlaciones positivas con las demandas familiares percibidas y el conflicto familia-trabajo y una correlación negativa con el apoyo social percibido en la familia. Por lo tanto, se concluyó que el instrumento posee propiedades psicométricas que recomiendan su uso en futuras investigaciones.

Armed Conflict and IHL from the Colombian Caribbean: A methodological proposal for its understanding and implementation / Conflicto armado y dih desde el caribe colombiano: una propuesta metodológica para su compresión

RESUMEN Tomando como punto de referencia, en términos de la temporalidad, el desarrollo de la última década del siglo actual, este estudio aborda la imperiosa tarea de comprender y promover una implementación efectiva del DIH en el contexto del conflicto armado en la región Caribe colombiana. Ahora bien, en virtud de este análisis, se identifica la necesidad de un enfoque armónico fundamentado en premisas participativas, tomando en cuenta a los residentes locales como a los actores directamente involucrados en el conflicto. Cabe resaltar que este análisis destaca como ejemplo el caso del Clan del Golfo. Con una metodología primordialmente cualitativa, consecuente con su naturaleza, este estudio busca ofrecer una perspectiva renovada y contextual que pueda orientar futuras investigaciones y políticas públicas en los ámbitos del DIH. En consonancia con sus objetivos, se enfatiza la importancia de afinar las metodologías ante la naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos en la región.

ABSTRACT Using the development of the last decade of the current century as a temporal reference point, this study tackles the urgent task of understanding and promoting an effective implementation of IHL (International Humanitarian Law) within the context of the armed conflict in the Colombian Caribbean region. Based on this analysis, there's an identified need for a harmonious approach grounded in participatory premises, considering both local residents and actors directly involved in the conflict. It's worth noting that this analysis particularly highlights the case of the Gulf Clan as an example. Employing a primarily qualitative methodology, in line with its nature, this study aims to provide a refreshed and contextual perspective that can guide future research and public policies in the realms of IHL. Consistent with its objectives, the importance of refining methodologies given the ever-changing nature of conflicts in the region is emphasized.

Pedagogical research for conflict resolution from early childhood education, as a contribution to territorial peace / Investigación pedagógica para solución de conflictos desde la educación de la primera infancia como aporte a la paz territorial

RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como propósito establecer la forma en que la inteligencia emocional y los valores pueden ser aprovechados en la solución de conflictos y la construcción de escenarios de paz de niños y docentes del área rural, para lo cual se abordó el caso del municipio colombiano de Chitagá (Norte de Santander), en el que se presenta escaza atención institucional infantil y baja solución de conflictos en el ámbito escolar. Para ello se utilizó enfoque cualitativo basado en un diseño etnográfico, con un muestreo aleatorio de participantes para la aplicación de instrumentos. El procesamiento y análisis de la información se realizó con ayuda de una matriz de antecedentes y otra matriz de categorización axial. Como resultado se obtuvo el diseño de una propuesta pedagógica dirigida a la educación de la primera infancia en actitudes y valores para la construcción de paz en entidades educativas y de salud.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the study was to establish how emotional intelligence and values can be used in conflict resolution and the construction of peace scenarios for children and teachers in rural áreas, for which the caseof the Colombian municipality of Chitagá (Norte de Santande)r, in which there is little institutional care for children and low resolution of conflicts in the school setting, was addressed. To this end, a qualitative approach based on an ethnographic design was used, with a random sampling of participants for the application of instruments. The information was processed and analysed using a background matrix and an axial categorization matrix. As a result, the design of a pedagogical proposal aimed at the education of early childhood in attitudes and values for peace-building in educational and health entities was obtained.

About humanitarianism and the political subject in Montes De María / Sobre el humanitarismo y el sujeto político en los montes de maría

RESUMEN A partir de la descripción etnográfica, el análisis del contexto y la lectura de la evolución del conflicto, examinamos el caso del corregimiento de San José del Peñón, en el municipio de San Juan Nepomuceno, y a partir de este caso concreto abordamos críticamente el modo como se ha venido atendiendo las situaciones de emergencia de los procesos de desplazamiento interno y evidenciamos, no solo los vacíos, sino problemas profundos en la intervención que tanto el Estado como las ONG vienen realizando en la zona de los Montes de María. Estas entidades parten de una concepción de víctima que es coherente con sus procesos, y por ello su intervención humanitaria, en lugar de generar unos procesos de empoderamiento social y sub-jetivación política, terminan favoreciendo unas relaciones de poder, conflicto y sumisión que afecta negativamente la convivencia de estas comunidades en sus territorios. Un abordaje fenomenológico de la realidad nos permite un acercamiento descriptivo de las prácticas y las reacciones de las comunidades a los procesos de intervención de los agentes externos. Proponemos la necesidad de repensar la función de la atención humanitaria en aras de reconocer y fortalecer las organizaciones comunitarias, su trayectoria, su autonomía y sus agendas territoriales como ruta de acompañamiento que les permita reconocerse de manera autónoma como sujetos políticos, individuales y colectivos y, especialmente, como protagonistas de su historia y de su futuro.

ABSTRACT Based on ethnographic description, context analysis and a review of the evolution of the conflict, we examine the case of the township of San José del Peñón in the municipality of San Juan Nepomuceno, and show how humanitarian interventions have weakened community organization by generating political and economic dependence that accentuates the breakdown of territorial, political and social cohesion in the midst of systematic violence against the population. These entities start from a conception of victim that is consistent with their processes and therefore their humanitarian intervention, instead of generating processes of social empowerment and political subjectivation, end up favoring relations of power, conflict and submission that negatively affect the coexistence of these communities in their territories. A phenomenological approach to reality allows us a descriptive approach to the practices and reactions of communities to the intervention processes of external agents. In the conclusions we propose the need to rethink the role of humanitarian assistance in order to recognize and strengthen community organizations, their trajectory, their territorial agendas and their autonomy as an accompaniment route that allows them to recognize themselves autonomously as political, individual and collective subjects and, especially, as protagonists of their history and their future.

Plomo y mercurio en personas víctimas del conflicto armado en Bojayá, Chocó: estudio descriptivo / Lead and mercury in victims of the armed conflict in Bojayá, Chocó: a descriptive study / Chumbo e mercúrio em vítimas do conflito armado em Bojayá, Chocó: um estudo descritivo

Introducción: En los contextos del conflicto armado convergen actividades que potencialmente pueden producir toxicidad por metales pesados; inclusive, muchas víctimas de artefactos explosivos improvisados portan esquirlas residuales interiorizadas, de composición y potencial toxicidad desconocidas. Ello ha sido poco estudiado. Objetivo: Describir los niveles biológicos de plomo y mercurio en civiles supervivientes de la masacre de Bojayá, su eventual exposición actual, así como signos y síntomas compatibles con toxicidad crónica. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo, tipo serie con 13 casos. Resultados: El 38.46 % de los casos tuvo niveles de plomo en sangre superiores o cercanos al valor límite superior, sin fuentes específicas identificadas. Un 46.15 % tuvo niveles mercuriales superiores o cercanos al límite de referencia, y se los considera exposición ambiental por minería aurífera regional. La valoración clínica toxicológica mostró síntomas y signos clínicos potencialmente asociados con toxicidad crónica por metales. Conclusión: Hubo presencia de residuos de artefactos explosivos en personas con hallazgos sugestivos de toxicidad por plomo o mercurio, sin que pueda afirmarse una relación directa y específica entre los dos aspectos; algunos casos sugieren exposición ambiental para mercurio, y exposición a proyectiles para el plomo, relacionadas con dinámicas del conflicto armado. Son necesarios estudios adicionales para afirmar la existencia de asociaciones causales.

Introduction: In the contexts of armed conflict, activities converge that can potentially produce heavy metal toxicity; including many victims of improvised explosive devices carry internalised residual shrapnel, of unknown composition and potential toxicity. This has been little studied. Objective: To describe the biological levels of lead and mercury in civilian survivors of the Bojayá massacre, their possible current exposure, as well as signs and symptoms compatible with chronic toxicity. Methodology: Descriptive observational study, serial type with 13 cases. Results: 38.46 % of the cases had blood lead levels above or close to the upper limit value, with no specific sources identified. 46.15 % had mercury levels above or close to the reference limit, and were considered environmental exposure from regional gold mining. Clinical toxicological assessment showed clinical signs and symptoms potentially associated with chronic metal toxicity. Conclusion: There was a presence of explosive ordnance residues in individuals with findings suggestive of lead or mercury toxicity, without a direct and specific relationship between the two; some cases suggest environmental exposure for mercury, and projectile exposure for lead, related to the dynamics of the armed conflict. Further studies are needed to affirm the existence of causal associations.

Introdução: Nos contextos de conflito armado, convergem atividades que podem potencialmente produzir toxicidade por metais pesados; Na verdade, muitas vítimas de dispositivos explosivos improvisados carregam lascas residuais internalizadas de composição desconhecida e potencial toxicidade. Isto tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: Descrever os níveis biológicos de chumbo e mercúrio em civis sobreviventes do massacre de Bojayá, sua eventual exposição atual, bem como sinais e sintomas compatíveis com toxicidade crônica. Metodologia: Estudo observacional descritivo, tipo série com 13 casos. Resultados: 38.46 % dos casos apresentaram níveis de chumbo no sangue superiores ou próximos ao valor limite superior, sem fontes específicas identificadas. 46.15 % apresentaram níveis de mercúrio superiores ou próximos ao limite de referência e são considerados exposição ambiental devido à mineração regional de ouro. A avaliação clínica toxicológica mostrou sintomas e sinais clínicos potencialmente associados à toxicidade crônica por metais. Conclusão: Houve presença de resíduos de artefatos explosivos em pessoas com achados sugestivos de toxicidade por chumbo ou mercúrio, sem que se pudesse afirmar uma relação direta e específica entre os dois aspectos; Alguns casos sugerem exposição ambiental ao mercúrio e exposição a projéteis de chumbo, relacionadas com a dinâmica do conflito armado. Estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar a existência de associações causais.

Mediación y conciliación escolar en Caldas (Colombia): un escenario esperanzador para la paz / School mediation and conciliation in Caldas, Colombia: a hopeful scenario for peace / Mediação e Conciliação Escolar em Caldas-Colômbia: Um cenário esperançoso para a paz

Resumen (analítico) En este artículo describimos y analizamos de qué manera la intervención de agentes conciliadores y mediadores escolares incide en la disminución de la violencia, aportando a la transformación de la gestión de los conflictos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes. Para ello, realizamos un análisis de caso en cuatro instituciones educativas de las localidades de Villamaría, Palestina, Neira y Chinchiná, en el Departamento de Caldas, Colombia, y presentamos una aproximación conceptual de las categorías de resolución de conflictos, convivencia escolar y cultura de paz. Concluimos que las prácticas pedagógicas de la conciliación y la mediación para la solución de controversias en el aula otorgan a los actores educativos herramientas que contrapesan los modelos represivos de sanción, fomentando el respeto y la tolerancia entre estudiantes.

Abstract (analytical) This paper describes and analyzes how interventions by school conciliation agents and mediators reduces violence and contributes to the transformation of conflict management among children and adolescents. A case study was carried out in four schools in the municipalities of Villamaría, Palestina, Neira, and Chinchiná in department of Caldas, Colombia. This research drew on a conceptual approach to the categories of conflict resolution, peaceful coexistence in schools and a culture of peace. The authors conclude that the pedagogical practices of conciliation and mediation for conflict resolution in classroom settings provide educational actors with tools that counterbalance traditional punishment models while fostering respect and tolerance among students.

Resumo (analítico) O artigo descreve e analisa de que maneira a intervenção de conciliadores e mediadores escolares incide na diminuição da violência, contribuindo com a transformação da gestão dos conflitos de crianças e adolescentes. Para isso, realiza-se um estudo de caso em quatro instituições educativas dos municípios de Villamaría, Palestina, Neira e Chinchiná no departamento de Caldas, Colômbia e se apresenta uma aproximação conceitual das categorias de resolução de conflitos, convivência escolar e cultura e paz. Conclui-se que as práticas pedagógicas da conciliação e da mediação para solução de controvérsias em sala de aula, outorgam aos agentes educativos ferramentas que contrapesem os modelos repressivos de sanção, fomentando o respeito e a tolerância entre os estudantes.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine： 2.Establishment of Guideline Working Group and Management of Conflict of Interests / 中医杂志

This paper summarized the key points and methods in terms of the establishment of the guideline working group and the management of conflict of interests， trying to provide reference for the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine （CPM）. The establishment of the working group is the first important step for developing CPM guidelines. Considering the characteristics of the clinical practice guidelines for CPM， this study suggests that the three key elements of ‘multidisciplinarity’， ‘clinical relevance’ and ‘geographical representativeness’ should be put focus on when forming the working group. The guideline advisory committee， clinical expert group， evidence systematic evaluation group， secretary group and the external review group should be established. All group members should clarify the conflict of interest， and the process and management method of the conflict of interest should be clearly reported.

The mediating effect of work motivation on the relationship between work-family conflict and invisible absence among clinical nurses / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the mediating effect of work motivation of clinical nurses between work-family conflict and invisible absence, so as to provide a basis for reducing nurses′ invisible absence.Methods:From September to December 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate the mediating effect of work motivation between the work-family conflict and invisible absence by using the general information questionnaire, Work-Family Conflict Scale, Work Motivation Scale and Stanford Invisible Absence Scale among 522 nurses by convenience sampling.Results:The valid questionnaires were 511 samples. There were 15 male nurses and 496 female nurses among the 511 nurses. The work-family conflict of clinical nurses had a positive effect on invisible absence ( r=0.319, P<0.05), and work motivation had a partial mediating effect between work-family conflict and invisible absence (the effect value was 0.082), the mediating effect accounted for 35.00% of the total effect. Conclusions:Nursing managers and nurses themselves should take a variety of ways to reduce the work-family conflict, promote the work-family balance of nurses, and improve their work motivation, so as to reduce their invisible absence and promote the healthy development of clinical nurses.

The dilemma，conflict，and solution of patients’ right of self-determination in medical decision-making / 中国医学伦理学

Currently，there are still obstacles for patients’ right of self-determination in medical decision-making. By sorting out its historical origins，this paper found that the reasons for the current situation mainly include the influence of familial culture and medical paternalism，as well as the constraints of the behavioral capacity system and the guardianship systems. In this context，this paper criticized the view that “the key to enjoying decision-making power is rationality”，and called for a return to the concept of patient autonomy，so as to achieve a balance between agency decision-making power of others and the special intervention rights of doctors. The legal system for resolving conflicts can be constructed by replacing behavioral capacity with medical decision-making ability，requiring the evaluation of medical decision-making ability based on actual conditions，establishing a pre-medical instruction system，and clarifying the boundaries of medical special intervention rights.

Reflection on Assisted Reproductive Technology Cases based on WAS Syndrome Gene Mutation / 中国医学伦理学

With the development of assisted reproductive technology, there will be more and more complex conflicts of interest issues and challenges. This paper used clinical medicine, legal and ethical analysis of WAS syndrome gene mutation assisted reproductive technology cases, emphasized that the law is the bottom line of morality, strengthen the consulting duty of the ethics committee of reproductive medicine, and pointed out that medical staff must fully perform the obligation of notification, respect their autonomy and provide patients with best medical assistance.

Analysis of Moral Emotion from the Perspective of Moral Injury Research / 中国医学伦理学

Moral emotion is a kind of psychological activity that generated when dealing with realistic moral relationship or analyzing human behaviors, expressed as emotional emotions of love and hatred. From the perspective of moral injury research, on the one hand, moral emotion expresses as emotional collapse, which reflects the huge gap between reality and moral cognition, and deviates from values; on the other hand, it shows the typical symptoms of moral injury, such as shame, guilt, anger, apathy and so on. Based on this, the therapy of moral injury should start from solving the ethical conflict of moral injury, and carry out the healing process of "ethical and moral cognitive education, enlightening the thinking of core value issues, encouraging and guiding independent moral practice" in stages according to the different levels of individual moral emotion. As a result, moral emotion can be rational enough to promote healing moral injury.

Research progress in psychopharmacology based on approach-avoidance conflict behavior / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Approach-avoidance conflict(AAC)refers to the internal conflict that individuals experi-ence when faced with conflicting approach or avoidance thoughts.It reveals some characteristics of mental disorders,such as anxiety,depression,and addiction represented by excessive tendencies of approach or avoidance.The function of the cortico-limbic-striatal system influences behavioral choices at the neural level during the onset of AAC,and the development of related behavioral paradigms that can better represent AAC behaviors is critical to evaluating the efficacy of drugs and guiding the development of new drugs.This paper summarizes the neural mechanisms,behavioral paradigms,and applications in behavioral pharmacology related to AAC behaviors from the perspective of psychopharmacology with a view to providing new perspectives and methods for the diagnosis and treatment of related neuro-psychiatric disorders.

Research status and inspiration on decision-making dilemmas on family members of intensive care unit patients / 中国医学伦理学

Due to the particularity of the Intensive Care Unit(ICU)environment,the visiting time of family members is strictly limited,resulting in family members being unable to communicate with patients in time to understand their wishes and preferences.Moreover,the sudden onset of the diseases and clinical uncertainty can easily lead to ambivalence among family members in decision-making,leading to decision-making dilemmas.This paper reviewed the concepts,assessment tools,causes,effects,and coping strategies of decision-making dilemmas for family members of ICU patients,with a view to providing a theoretical basis for future intervention in decision-making dilemmas for family members of ICU patients,improving their quality of agency decision-making,shortening patient hospitalization time,improving the health outcomes of patients,and ultimately increasing the satisfaction of medical and nursing.

Ethical considerations of enterostomal therapists in dealing with the problems of patients with chronic wounds:taking a chronic wound patient with postpartum fat liquefaction combined with thread-knot reaction as an example / 中国医学伦理学

Specialist nurses play an increasingly important role in clinical,and at the same time,they(especially enterostomal therapists/wound stoma specialist nurses)are often troubled by ethical problems when facing patients independently.Based on the"structured analysis form of clinical nursing ethics"constructed in the early stage,this paper used a case study method,took a chronic wound patient with postpartum fat liquefaction combined with thread-knot reaction as an example,conducted an in-depth analysis and reflection on the ethical problems of enterostomal therapists choosing treatment plans in clinical work,as well as proposed clinical recommendations.Base on this,this paper suggests that specialist nurses should fully consider the wishes and background characteristics of patients when nursing and treating patients,and use the four-box model of ethical analysis to analyze and solve ethical conflicts.

Health ramifications and recovery avenues for Sudan's April 2023 armed conflict: A review

Background: Sudan's history is marred by ongoing sociopolitical challenges, with deep cultural divisions fueling numerous wars. A new conflict erupted on April 15, 2023, pushing the country closer to a full-scale civil war. This war has severely crippled Sudan's already fragile healthcare system, rendering 70% of hospitals in combat zones nonoperational, causing 12,000 deaths, thousands of injuries, and leaving 11 million in dire need of healthcare. More than seven million people are displaced, half of which are children, and are facing severe health challenges, especially vulnerable groups. Heath situation is threatening with unchecked spread of outbreaks of communicable diseases that were previously controlled and marked failure in meeting the health demands of patients with noncommunicable diseases, reproductive and child health issues, and people with serious conditions that require adequate follow-up. Moreover, the projections threaten with more catastrophic consequences including famine, environmental destruction, and further displacement of people. This review article highlights the urgency of the situation and explores potential solutions to enrich global understanding of crisis management. Methods: To comprehensively assess the impact of the crisis and propose a way forward, we drew data by exploring search engines and databases such as Google, Humanitarian Agencies Websites, Google Scholer, and PubMed along with some relevant reports. The search terms included are "Sudan's war", "impact of war on healthcare systems", and "Sudan's armed conflicts". Results: More than 19 publications on the impact of the war on health in addition to periodic reports from international organizations and governmental authorities were reviewed. Conclusion: Although all publications point to the gravity of the situation and the need for prompt response, this crisis offers a unique opportunity to rebuild Sudan's struggling healthcare system with the principles of social accountability. Through domestic and international collaboration, this sector can become a model for similar nations, meeting the needs of its people and promoting sustainable development.

Physician's perceptions regarding the pharmaceutical industry: a Brazilian national study

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the newly graduated physicians' attitudes and perceptions regarding the medical relationship with the pharmaceutical industry and identify the sociodemographic patterns related to such thinking. METHODS: A structured questionnaire was administered to 4,601 participants selected from a pool of 16,323 physicians who were registered with one of the 27 Regional Medical Councils of Brazil in 2015. Answers were analyzed using two stratification variables: type of medical school (public vs. private) and the sex of the respondents. RESULTS: Out of the participants, 61.8% believed that industry funding could support medical conferences and education, and 48.4% felt that small gifts and conference travel funding were acceptable. Conversely, 64.7% disagreed with industry-sponsored social events. Views on whether pharmaceutical representatives' visits influenced prescriptions were divided. Statistically significant differences were observed between genders and medical school types, with men and private school graduates being more accepting of certain industry interactions. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the nuanced attitudes of new doctors toward industry relationships, indicating the need for clearer ethical guidelines and education in medical schools to align practice with evolving societal values.

Del vínculo a la praxis: Reflexiones sobre la posibilidad de una comunidad profesional prural / From kinship to praxis: Reflections on the possibilities of a plural professional community / Do vínculo à práxis: reflexões sobre as possibilidades de uma comunidade profissional plural

Este editorial destaca quince resultados de la iniciativa de foto-voz "ImpacTO comunitario". A través de este medio, terapeutas ocupacionales de Colombia compartieron la experiencia de su ejercicio profesional en la comunidad, en el marco de la celebración del Día Mundial de la Terapia Ocupacional de 2023, que tuvo por lema: "Unidad a través de la comunidad". Se reflexiona sobre el contexto histórico en el que se desarrolló la iniciativa, dado el recrudecimiento del conflicto israelí-palestino, alrededor del cual se generaron discusiones sobre el concepto de comunidad para el colectvo de terapeutas ocupacionales. Se explora la idea de comunidad profesional desde los vínculos, las afinidades y los haceres compartidos, así como su significado en medio de la guerra. Se destaca la necesidad de reconocer la coexistencia y la pluralidad en la profesión, subrayando la interdependencia entre individuos y contextos sociales. Se invita, finalmente, a reflexionar sobre la posibilidad de crear una comunidad profesional desde la pluralidad.

This editorial highlights fifteen results of the photo-voice initiative "ImpacTO comunitario" (Community Impact). Through this medium, occupational therapists from Colombia shared the impact of their professional exercise in the community as part of the celebration of World Occupational Therapy Day 2023, which had the theme: "Unity through the community." It reflects on the historical context in which the initiative was developed, given the escalation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, generating discussions on the concept of community for the occupational therapists' collective. What community means amid war is questioned, and the idea of the professional community is explored from the kinships, affinities, and shared doings. The need to recognize coexistence and pluralism in the profession is highlighted, stressing the interdependence between individuals and social contexts. Finally, the readers are invited to reflect on the possibility of creating a professional community from pluralism.

Este editorial destaca quinze resultados da iniciativa de foto-voz "ImpacTO comunitário". Através deste meio, terapeutas ocupacionais da Colômbia compartilharam a incidência de seu exercício profissional na comunidade, no âmbito da celebração do Dia Mundial da Terapia Ocupacional de 2023, que teve por lema: "Unidade através da comunidade". Reflexiona-se sobre o contexto histórico em que se desenvolveu a iniciativa, dado o recrudescimento do conflito israelense-palestino, ao redor do qual se geraram discussões sobre o conceito de comunidade para o coletivo de terapeutas ocupacionais. É questionado o que significa comunidade no meio da guerra e a ideia de comunidade profissional é explorada a partir de vínculos, afinidades e fazeres compartilhados. Destaca-se a necessidade de reconhecer a coexistência e a pluralidade na profissão, sublinhando a interdependência entre indivíduos e contextos sociais. Convida-se, finalmente, a refletir sobre a possibilidade de criar uma comunidade profissional a partir da pluralidade.

Relação entre o autoconceito de pré-adolescentes e resolução de conflitos interpessoais / The relationship between pre-adolescent children's self-concept and interpersonal conflict resolution / Relations entre le concept de soi des preadolescents et la résolution des conflicts / Relación entre el autoconcepto en preadolescentes y la resolución de conflictos interpersonales

Resumo: Pesquisas têm evidenciado relações entre estratégias de resolução de conflitos e variáveis como idade, sexo, nível socioeconômico e cultura. Porém, a relação das estratégias com aspectos do funcionamento psicológico como o autoconceito tem sido pouco investigada, especialmente na pré-adolescência. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar a existência de relações entre as estratégias de resolução de conflitos de pré-adolescentes e o seu autoconceito. Estas foram analisadas por meio das respostas dos participantes sobre o que fariam em situações de conflito descritas no Children's Action Tendency Scale (CATS). O questionário contém dez situações de conflito, ao final dos quais se pede que seja descrita a reação a cada uma. O autoconceito foi avaliado por meio das respostas dos participantes às vinte afirmações da Escala Multidimensional de Autoconceito para pré-adolescentes (AF5) sobre autoconceito e relações interpessoais. Os dados obtidos passaram por testes de correlação, verificando-se a associação entre estratégias como a assertiva e dimensões do autoconceito.

Abstract: Studies have shown relationships between conflict resolution strategies and variables including age, socioeconomic status, sex, and culture. However, the relationship between these strategies and aspects of psychological functioning such as self-concept has been little investigated, especially in pre-adolescence. This research aimed to verify the existence of relationships between the conflict resolution strategies reported by pre-adolescent children and their self-concept. The strategies were analyzed by the participants' answers about what they would do in ten conflict situations described in a questionnaire. These answers were categorized according to the type of reaction informed. Self-concept was assessed using the participants' responses to the 20 statements from the AF5 Self-Concept Questionnaire on self-concept and interpersonal relationships. The data obtained were tested for correlation, verifying the association between reported strategies such as assertiveness and self-concept dimensions.

Résumé : La recherche a montré des relations entre stratégies de résolution des conflits et des variables telles qu'âge, sexe, et culture. Cependant, la relation entre les stratégies et des aspectes du fonctionnement psychologique tels que concept de soi a été peut étudié, notamment à la préadolescence. Cette recherche visait à vérifier l'existence de relations entre les stratégies de résolution de conflits rapportées par les préadolescents et leur concept de soi. Les stratégies ont été vérifiées à travers les réponses des participants sur ce qu'ils feraient dans des situations conflictuelles décrites dans le Children's Action Tendency Scale, Le questionnaire contient dix situations conflictuelles et on leur a demandé de décrire leur réaction à chacune d'elles. Le concept de soi a été mesuré à travers de réponses des participants à l'Échelle multidimensionnelle du concept de soi pour des préadolescents sur leur autoreprésentation et leur relations interpersonnelles. Les données obtenues ont été soumis à des tests de corrélation, vérifiant la relation entre les stratégies rapportées comme la afirmation et la dimension du concept de soi.

Resumen: Estudios han demostrado las relaciones entre las estrategias de resolución de conflictos y las variables como edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico y cultura. Sin embargo, la relación de estas estrategias con aspectos del funcionamiento psicológico como el autoconcepto ha sido poco investigada, sobre todo en cuanto a la adolescencia. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo comprobar la existencia de relaciones entre las estrategias de resolución de conflictos de preadolescentes y su autoconcepto. Las estrategias se analizaron desde las respuestas de los participantes sobre qué harían en situaciones de conflictos descritas en Children's Action Tendency Scale . El cuestionario contiene diez situaciones de conflicto, y el participante describía su reacción ante la situación. El autoconcepto se evaluó mediante las respuestas de los participantes a veinte afirmaciones de la Escala Multidimensional de Autoconcepto para preadolescentes respecto al autoconcepto y relaciones interpersonales. Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a pruebas de correlación para comprobar si existe relación entre algunas estrategias, como la asertividad y las dimensiones del autoconcepto.

Intergenerational Transmission of Relational Models and Conflict Resolution Tactics / Transmissão Intergeracional de Modelos Relacionais e Táticas de Resolução de Conflitos

Abstract This study aimed to characterize concepts of continuities and discontinuities in the intergenerational transmission of relational models, as well as marital and parental conflict resolution tactics. This was a qualitative study, in which 12 couples attended a semi-structured interview. Through thematic content analysis, the data was divided into two main themes: Intergenerational Continuities and Intergenerational Discontinuities. The continuities indicated both the repetition of positive and constructive aspects of family models, as well as the prevalence of destructive tactics, such as avoidance between spouses and the use of corporal punishment with the child. The discontinuities revealed a break from negative or destructive patterns and the adoption of positive parenting, in contrast to that of the family of origin.

Resumo A pesquisa objetivou caracterizar as concepções sobre continuidades e descontinuidades na transmissão intergeracional de modelos relacionais e de táticas de resolução de conflitos conjugais e parentais. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo do qual participaram 12 casais, que responderam a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Por meio de análise de conteúdo categorial temática, os dados foram divididos nos eixos temáticos Continuidades Intergeracionais e Descontinuidades Intergeracionais. As continuidades indicaram tanto a repetição de aspectos positivos e construtivos dos modelos familiares quanto o predomínio de táticas destrutivas, tais como a evitação entre os cônjuges e o uso de punição corporal com a criança. As descontinuidades evidenciaram a ruptura com padrões negativos ou destrutivos e a incorporação de uma parentalidade positiva e diferenciada da família de origem.