Cost analysis study of price variation among the various brands of proton pump inhibitors available in Benghazi-Libya

Background: A large proportion of patients in developing countries have to pay out of pocket for their medications. The prices of different brands of the same medications vary considerably and may vary from one community pharmacy to another. This study was undertaken to evaluate the variation in costs of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine H2-receptor antagonists available in Libya. Methods: Prices of various brands of PPI and various formulations were collected from four community pharmacies in the city of Benghazi. Both cost ratio and percentage variation were calculated and compared for various brands of the same strength and number of tablets, capsules, injections, or syrups. Results: The highest cost ratio and percentage price variation were found with omeprazole 20 mg, followed by omeprazole 40 mg. Other significant cost variations (>100%) were seen with pantoprazole 40 mg, Downoprazol (omeprazole + sodium bicarbonate) 40 mg, and esomeprazole 40 mg. Ampoules of omeprazole, cimetidine, and ranitidine had cost ratios of 1:1.7, 1:1.7, and 1:1.8, and cost variation ratios of 71.4, 66.7, and 75, respectively. Variations in prices of PPI and histamine H2 antagonists from the same manufacturer between different community pharmacies were common. The highest percentage cost variation (100) was seen with omeprazole 20 mg. Conclusions: Due to political instability, the prices of all drugs are controlled by importing private companies and the owners of community pharmacies instead of governmental authorities, that leads to cost variations. Therefore, the health authorities exert strict control on pricing of medications.

Custo-Efetividade da Oxigenação por Membrana Extracorpórea Venoarterial no Choque Cardiogênico Refratário: Um Estudo na Perspectiva Brasileira / Cost-Utility of Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Refractory Cardiogenic Shock: A Brazilian Perspective Study

Resumo Fundamento O choque cardiogênico (CC) refratário está associado com altas taxas de mortalidade, e o uso de oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea venoarterial (VA-ECMO, do inglês venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) como uma opção terapêutica tem gerado discussões. Nesse sentido, sua custo-efetividade, principalmente em países de baixa e média renda como o Brasil, continua incerto.Objetivos: Conduzir uma análise de custo-efetividade na perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para avaliar a custo-efetividade de VA-ECMO combinado com o tratamento padrão em comparação ao tratamento padrão isolado em pacientes adultos com CC refratário. Métodos Acompanhamos uma coorte de pacientes com CC refratário tratados com VA-ECMO em centros de assistência terciária do sul brasileiro. Coletamos dados de desfechos e custos hospitalares. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática para complementar nossos dados e usamos o modelo de Markov para estimar a razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) por ano de vida ajustado pela qualidade (QALY) e por ano de vida ganho. Resultados Na análise do caso-base, a VA-ECMO gerou uma RCEI de Int$ 37 491 por QALY. Análises de sensibilidade identificaram o custo de internação, o risco relativo de sobrevida, e a sobrevida do grupo submetido à VA-ECMO como principais variáveis influenciando os resultados. A análise de sensibilidade probabilística mostrou um benefício do uso de VA-ECMO, com uma probabilidade de 78% de custo-efetividade no limiar recomendado de disposição a pagar. Conclusões Nosso estudo sugere que, dentro do SUS, VA-ECMO pode ser uma terapia custo-efetiva para o CC refratário. Contudo, a escassez de dados sobre a eficácia e de ensaios clínicos recentes que abordem seus benefícios em subgrupos específicos de pacientes destaca a necessidade de mais pesquisas. Ensaios clínicos rigorosos, incluindo perfis diversos de pacientes, são essenciais para confirmar a custo-efetividade com uso de VA-ECMO e assegurar acesso igualitário a intervenções médicas avançadas dentro dos sistemas de saúde, especialmente em países com desigualdades socioeconômicas como o Brasil.

Abstract Background Refractory cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with high mortality rates, and the use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) as a therapeutic option has generated discussions. Therefore, its cost-effectiveness, especially in low- and middle-income countries like Brazil, remains uncertain.Objectives: To conduct a cost-utility analysis from the Brazilian Unified Health System perspective to assess the cost-effectiveness of VA-ECMO combined with standard care compared to standard care alone in adult refractory CS patients. Methods We followed a cohort of refractory CS patients treated with VA-ECMO in tertiary care centers located in Southern Brazilian. We collected data on hospital outcomes and costs. We conducted a systematic review to supplement our data and utilized a Markov model to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and per life-year gained. Results In the base-case analysis, VA-ECMO yielded an ICER of Int$ 37,491 per QALY. Sensitivity analyses identified hospitalization cost, relative risk of survival, and VA-ECMO group survival as key drivers of results. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis favored VA-ECMO, with a 78% probability of cost-effectiveness at the recommended willingness-to-pay threshold. Conclusions Our study suggests that, within the Brazilian Health System framework, VA-ECMO may be a cost-effective therapy for refractory CS. However, limited efficacy data and recent trials questioning its benefit in specific patient subsets highlight the need for further research. Rigorous clinical trials, encompassing diverse patient profiles, are essential to confirm cost-effectiveness and ensure equitable access to advanced medical interventions within healthcare systems, particularly in socio-economically diverse countries like Brazil.

Impact of stoma site marking on healthcare costs in patient care / Impacto da demarcação da estomia de eliminação nos custos assistenciais do cuidado ao paciente / Impacto de la demarcación de laostomía de eliminación en los costos de atención al paciente

Objetivo: Analisar o impacto da demarcação da estomia de eliminação nos custos assistenciais do cuidado aos pacientes demarcados e não demarcados e seus desdobramentos. Método: Pesquisa de avaliação econômica em saúde baseada em dados primários retrospectivos. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontuários de pacientes do Serviço de Atenção à Saúde da Pessoa Ostomizada, em Belo Horizonte (MG), atendidos entre 2015 e 2021. A amostra foi composta de 40 pacientes, sendo 20 demarcado e 20 não demarcado. Foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes e analisado o tamanho do efeito, que foi corrigido com o uso do teste g de Hedge, considerando o risco de baixo poder amostral. Resultados: Identificou-se o custo médio de R$ 5.201.47 para o grupo dos pacientes não demarcados, que foi 23,88% maior que o custo de R$ 3.959,27 para o grupo dos demarcados. A maioria dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 60,7 anos, casados e pardos. O câncer colorretal foi a causa mais comum em estomias, enquanto a dermatite foi a complicação mais frequente. Observou-se que as complicações implicaram o aumento dos custos. Conclusão: A demarcação impacta os custos dos cuidados de saúde das pessoas com estomia de eliminação. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la demarcación de la ostomía de eliminación en los costos asistenciales del cuidado a los pacientes demarcados y no demarcados y sus desdoblamientos. Método: Investigación de evaluación económica en salud basada en datos primarios retrospectivos. Los datos fueron obtenidos de los prontuarios de pacientes del Servicio de Atención a la Salud de Personas Ostomizadas, en Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais ­ MG), Brasil, atendidos entre 2015 y 2021. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 40 pacientes, 20 demarcados y 20 no demarcados. Se realizó la prueba de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes y el análisis del tamaño del efecto corregido se realizó mediante la prueba de Hedge g considerando el riesgo de bajo poder muestral. Resultados: Se identificó un costo promedio de R$ 5.201,47 para el grupo de pacientes no demarcados, que fue un 23,88% superior al costo de R$ 3.959,27 en el grupo de pacientes demarcados. La mayoría de los pacientes eran mujeres, con una edad media de 60,7 años, casadas y de raza mixta. El cáncer colorrectal fue la causa más común de estomías, mientras que la dermatitis fue la complicación más frecuente. Se observó que las complicaciones resultaron en un aumento de los costos. Conclusión: La demarcación tiene un impacto en los costos de atención de la salud de las personas con estomía de eliminación. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the impact of stoma site marking on healthcare costs for patients who underwent marking and those who did not, as well as the subsequent outcomes. Method: We conducted an economic evaluation in healthcare based on retrospective primary data. We obtained the data from the medical records of patients treated at the Health Care Service for Ostomy Patients in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 2015 and 2021. The sample consisted of 40 patients, with 20 who underwent stoma site marking and 20 who did not. We applied the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples and analyzed the effect size, which was adjusted using Hedge's g test, considering the risk of low sample power. Results: The study identified an average cost of R$5,201.47 (US$938.19) for the group of patients who did not undergo stoma site marking, which was 23.88% higher than the cost of R$3,959.27 (US$938.19) for the group who did. Most patients were female, with an average age of 60.7 years, married, and of mixed race. Colorectal cancer was the most common cause of stoma creation, while dermatitis was the most frequent complication. We observed that complications led to increased costs. Conclusion: Stoma site marking significantly affects the healthcare costs for individuals with elimination stomas. (AU)

A COST VARIATION COMPARISON AMONG ORAL ANTI-MIGRAINE DRUGS AVAILABLE IN THE INDIAN MARKET

Objective: Our study aimed to evaluate the cost percent variation and cost ratio of different brands of oral anti-migraine drugs available in Indian market.Methods: The cost of various commonly used oral anti-migraine drugs were taken from the latest issue of Current Index of Medical Specialities January 2022, Drug Today January-April 2022 and 1 mg online site. Cost percent variation and Cost ratio were calculated.Results: A total of 7 single anti-migraine drugs and 9 Fixed-Dose Combinations (FDCs) showed a wide range of cost variation. The highest cost percent variation of 433% was seen in Sumatriptan 50 mg with a cost ratio of 5.33, whereas Amitriptyline 10 mg showed the lowest cost percent variation of 47.9% with a cost ratio of 1.47. Among FDCs Naproxen 500 mg+Sumatriptan 85 mg showed the highest cost per cent variation of 400% with a cost ratio of 5.25 and Propranolol 40 mg+Flunarizine 10 mg showed the lowest cost per cent variation of 46.56% with a cost ratio of 1.46.Conclusion: Our study showed a wide variation in the cost of oral anti-migraine drugs available in the Indian market, which provides insight to the healthcare professional and gives Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) authorities to minimize the financial burden and improve patient compliance.

Tratamento hemodinâmico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio: fatores / Preditores da elevação do custo hemodynamic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction: predictors of cost increase / Tratamiento hemodinámico em pacientes com infarto agudo de miocardio: predictores de aumento do costos

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores preditores para a elevação do custo direto do tratamento hemodinâmico em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com análise documental de 124 prontuários de pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio submetidos a procedimentos hemodinâmicos subsidiados pelo SUS, no período de 2016 a 2017. Foram consideradas como variáveis as características sociais e clínicas, a completitude do prontuário e o custo do tratamento. Resultados: O custo médio do tratamento hemodinâmico é de R$ 6.141,94 reais; sendo que a maioria dos pacientes teve custo de tratamento entre R$ 3 a 5 mil reais. Evidenciou-se que os fatores preditores para o custo são: nível de escolaridade; tempo de internação; e completitude do prontuário. O tipo de procedimento e o diagnóstico do paciente são condições clínicas que não interferem no custo do tratamento. Conclusão: O financiamento do sistema público de saúde é deficitário, pois corresponde a metade do menor nível de custo de tratamento hemodinâmico evidenciado. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the predictive factors for the increase in the direct cost of hemodynamic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Methods: Cross-sectional study, with documental analysis of 124 medical records of patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing hemodynamic procedures subsidized by the SUS, in the period from 2016 to 2017. Social and clinical characteristics, completeness of the medical record and cost were considered as variables of the treatment. Results: The average cost of hemodynamic treatment is R$ 6,141.94 reais; and most patients had a treatment cost between R$ 3 to 5 thousand reais. It was evident that the predictive factors for the cost are: level of education; length of stay; and completeness of the medical record. The type of procedure and the patient's diagnosis are clinical conditions that do not affect the cost of treatment. Conclusion: The financing of the public health system is deficient, as it corresponds to half of the lowest level of hemodynamic treatment cost evidenced. (AU)

Objetivo: Analizar los factores predictivos del incremento del coste directo del tratamiento hemodinámico en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con análisis documental de 124 historias clínicas de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sometidos a procedimientos hemodinámicos subvencionados por el SUS, en el período de 2016 a 2017. Se consideraron características sociales y clínicas, integridad de la historia clínica y costo. como variables del tratamiento. Resultados: El costo promedio del tratamiento hemodinámico es de R$ 6.141,94 reales; y la mayoría de los pacientes tuvo un costo de tratamiento entre R$ 3 a 5 mil reales. Se evidenció que los factores predictivos del costo son: nivel de educación; duración de la estancia; e integridad del expediente médico. El tipo de procedimiento y el diagnóstico del paciente son condiciones clínicas que no afectan el costo del tratamiento. Conclusión: El financiamiento del sistema público de salud es deficiente, ya que corresponde a la mitad del nivel más bajo de costo de tratamiento hemodinámico evidenciado. (AU)

A study of centralized blood testing in Sichuan province based on cost analysis / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 With the development of blood transfusion technology, the blood testing model is relatively decentralized, inefficient and costly in blood stations in China. Blood centralized detection not only effectively improves the quality of blood testing, but is also more cost-effective in labor and equipment.The purpose of this paper is to create a minimum cost model for blood testing that integrates the transportation cost, testing cost and center operating cost. 【Methods】 A mixed-integer planning model was developed with the annual cost of blood testing as the objective function, and sample processing capacity, sample allocation, logistic relationship between transportation and center construction, and consistency of transportation decisions with transportation volume as constraints.The empirical analysis takes Sichuan province as an example, collects data through expert interviews and research, does linear processing and adjustments to the segmented data to meet the modeling needs, and carries out modeling operations and verifies the optimal solution through python coding. 【Results】 A mixed integer programming model suitable for the number and location of centralized testing laboratories in China was developed.In the empirical analysis of Sichuan, the data required for the model was collected and the segmented data was linearized. A detailed cost analysis was conducted, revealing that the most cost-effective option was to establish centralized testing laboratories in Chengdu and Suining.The least cost-effective option identified in this study involved independent testing at 21 blood stations. Compared to this baseline, the most cost-effective strategy(establishing centralized testing laboratories in Chengdu and Suining) can reduce expenses by 29.433%. To ensure the reliability of these results, multiple rounds of validation were performed. Further analysis revealed that the strategy of establishing testing centers in Chengdu and Bazhong was a suboptimal choice, which can achieve a cost reduction of 29.431%. 【Conclusion】 This paper constructs a mixed-integer planning model for the number and location of centralized testing laboratories, which for the first time provides a decision-making basis for the location of regional centralized blood testing in China from the perspective of cost, and carries out an empirical analysis of Sichuan to develop the most cost-effective option.

Study on the effect of prolonging the use time of non-corng needles in totally implantable venous access ports in patients with breast cancer / 中国现代医生

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of prolonging the use time of non-corng needles in totally implantable venous access ports for patients with breast cancer.Methods A total of 100 breast cancer patients implanted in the chest wall totally implantable venous access ports of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital in June to December 2022 were randomly divided equally into 7-day group and 8-day group by means of random number table according to the time of removing the non-destructive needle.Catheter function evaluation,catheter-related complications,comfort evaluation and cost calculation were used for investigation and analysis.Results In both groups,blood was returned from the infusion port catheter and the catheter flushed smoothly.There were 1 case of local skin allergy in 7-day group and 2 cases in 8-day group.In the comfort evaluation,comfort accounted for 86%in 7d group and 90%in 8d group,and the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).The maintenance cost of the infusion port per capita in the 7d group was higher than that in the 8d group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion Under certain circumstances,after evaluation by nurses,the use time of non-corng needles in totally implantable venous access ports of breast cancer patients can be appropriately prolonged,which can improve work efficiency and reduce costs.

Síndrome pós-COVID-19: sintomas persistentes, impacto funcional, qualidade de vida, retorno laboral e custos indiretos - estudo prospectivo de casos 12 meses após a infecção / Síndrome post-COVID-19: síntomas persistentes, impacto funcional, calidad de vida, retorno al trabajo y costos indirectos - estudio prospectivo de casos 12 meses tras la infección / Post-COVID-19 syndrome: persistent symptoms, functional impact, quality of life, return to work, and indirect costs - a prospective case study 12 months after COVID-19 infection

Os sintomas persistentes da síndrome pós-COVID-19 acarretam impactos negativos na saúde, qualidade de vida e produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os sintomas persistentes da síndrome pós-COVID-19, principalmente neurológicos, e as repercussões cognitivas, emocionais, motoras, de qualidade de vida e de custos indiretos, 12 meses após a infecção. Pacientes com primeiros sintomas entre janeiro e junho de 2021 evoluíram com síndrome pós-COVID-19 e procuraram atendimento na unidade da Rede SARAH de Hospitais de Reabilitação em Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. As informações foram obtidas no início do acompanhamento e por entrevista telefônica após 12 meses da infecção. Participaram do estudo 58 pessoas, com idade média de 52,8 anos (±10,5) e 60% permaneceram em UTI. Os sintomas mais frequentes na admissão foram: fadiga (64%), artralgia (51%) e dispneia (47%); e após 12 meses: fadiga (46%) e alteração de memória (39%). Foram identificadas alterações nas escalas/testes funcionais: PCFS, MoCA, HAD, FSS, SF-36, TLS5x, Timed up and go, caminhada de 6 minutos e preensão manual. Os custos indiretos totais foram de USD 227.821,00, com 11.653 dias de absenteísmo; 32% dos pacientes não voltaram a trabalhar. Melhores resultados de TLS5x e SF-36, nas dimensões capacidade funcional, aspecto físico, vitalidade e dor, demonstraram associação com retorno laboral (p ≤ 0,05). Os sintomas persistentes mais frequentes foram: fadiga, artralgia, dispneia, ansiedade e depressão, com repercussões negativas na funcionalidade cognitiva, emocional, motora e qualidade de vida. Esses sintomas perduraram por mais de um ano, principalmente fadiga e alteração de memória, sendo esta última mais relatada tardiamente. Houve dificuldade importante de retorno laboral e custos indiretos de USD 4.847,25 por pessoa/ano.

Síntomas persistentes del síndrome post-COVID-19 provocan impactos negativos en la salud, calidad de vida y productividad. El objetivo fue describir los síntomas persistentes del síndrome post-COVID-19, sobre todo neurológicos, y las repercusiones cognitivas, emocionales, motoras, de calidad de vida y los costos indirectos, 12 meses tras la infección. Pacientes que tuvieron los primeros síntomas entre enero y junio de 2021, desarrollaron síndrome post-COVID-19 y buscaron atención en la unidad de la Red SARAH de Hospitales de Rehabilitación en Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil. Las informaciones se obtuvieron al inicio del seguimiento y por entrevista telefónica 12 meses tras la infección. Participaron 58 personas, con edad de 52,8±10,5 años y el 60% permaneció en la UTI. Los síntomas más frecuentes al ingreso fueron: fatiga (64%), artralgia (51%) y disnea (47%); tras 12 meses fueron: fatiga (46%) y alteración de memoria (39%). Se identificaron alteraciones en las escalas/testes funcionales: PCFS, MoCA, HAD, FSS, SF-36, TLS5x, timed up and go, caminar por 6 minutos y prensión manual. Los costos indirectos totales fueron USD 227.821,00, con 11.653 días de absentismo. El 32% de los pacientes no volvió a trabajar. Mejor TLS5x y SF-36 en las dimensiones capacidad funcional, aspecto físico, vitalidad y dolor demostraron una asociación con el retorno al trabajo (p ≤ 0,05). Los síntomas persistentes más frecuentes fueron fatiga, artralgia, disnea, ansiedad y depresión, con repercusiones negativas en la funcionalidad cognitiva, emocional, motora y calidad de vida. Estos síntomas continuaron por más de un año, sobre todo la fatiga y la alteración de la memoria, siendo esta última reportada con más frecuencia tardíamente. Hubo una dificultad importante en el retorno al trabajo y costos indirectos de USD 4.847,25 persona/año.

The persistent symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome negatively impact health, quality of life, and productivity. This study aimed to describe the persistent symptoms of post-COVID-19 syndrome (especially neurological ones) and their 12-month post-infection cognitive, emotional, motor, quality of life, and indirect cost repercussions. Patients showing the first symptoms of COVID-19 from January to June 2021 who developed post-COVID-19 syndrome and sought care at the Fortaleza Unit (Ceará, Brazil) of the SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospitals were included in this study. Information was obtained at the baseline follow-up and by telephone interview 12 months post-infection. In total, 58 people participated in this study with an average age of 52.8±10.5 years, of which 60% required an ICU. The most frequent symptoms on admission included fatigue (64%), arthralgia (51%), and dyspnea (47%), whereas, after 12 months, fatigue (46%) and memory impairment (39%). The following scales/functional tests showed alterations: PCFS, MoCA, HAD, FSS, SF-36, TLS5x, timed up and go, 6-minute walk, and handgrip. Indirect costs totaled USD 227,821.00, with 11,653 days of absenteeism. Moreover, 32% of patients were unable to return to work. Better TLS5x and higher SF-36 scores in the functional capacity, physical functioning, vitality, and pain dimensions were associated with return to work (p ≤ 0.05). The most frequent persistent symptoms referred to fatigue, arthralgia, dyspnea, anxiety, and depression, which negatively affected cognitive, emotional, and motor function and quality of life. These symptoms lasted for over a year, especially fatigue and memory alteration, the latter of which being the most reported after COVID-19 infections. Results also show a significant difficulty returning to work and indirect costs of USD 4,847.25 per person/year.

Analysis of the costs of teleconsultation for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in the SUS / Análise dos custos da teleconsulta para tratamento de diabetes mellitus no SUS

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To present the results of a cost analysis of remote consultations (teleconsultations) compared to in-person consultations for patients with type 2 diabetes, in the Brazilian public healthcare system (SUS) in the city of Joinville, Santa Catarina (SC). In addition to the costs from the local manager's perspective, the article also presents estimates from the patient's perspective, based on the transportation costs associated with each type of consultation. METHOD Data were collected from 246 consultations, both remote and in-person, between 2021 and 2023, in the context of a randomized clinical trial on the impact of teleconsultation carried out in the city of Joinville, SC. Teleconsultations were carried out at Primary Health Units (PHU) and in-person consultations at the Specialized Health Center. The consultation costs were calculate by the method time and activity-based costing (TDABC), and for the estimate of transportation costs data was collected directly from the research participants . The mean costs and time required to carry out each type of consultation in different scenarios and perspectives were analyzed and compared descriptively. RESULTS Considering only the local SUS manager's perspective, the costs for carrying out a teleconsultation were 4.5% higher than for an in-person consultation. However, when considering the transportation costs associated with each patient, the estimated value of the in-person consultation becomes 7.7% higher and, in the case of consultations in other municipalities, 15% higher than the teleconsultation. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that the incorporation of teleconsultation within the SUS can bring economic advantages depending on the perspective and scenario considered, in addition to being a strategy with the potential to increase access to specialized care in the public network.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Apresentar os resultados da análise de custos para a modalidade de consulta remota (teleconsulta) em comparação à consulta presencial, em pacientes com diabetes do tipo 2, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) brasileiro, na cidade Joinville, Santa Catarina. Para além dos custos, sob a perspectiva do gestor local, o artigo também apresenta estimativas sob perspectiva do paciente, a partir dos custos de transporte associados a cada modalidade de consulta. MÉTODO Foram coletados dados de 246 consultas, remotas e presenciais, entre 2021 e 2023, no contexto de um ensaio clínico randomizado sobre o impacto da teleconsulta realizado na cidade de Joinville, SC. As teleconsultas foram realizadas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e as consultas presenciais no Centro de Saúde Especializada. Para o cálculo dos custos, foi utilizado o método de custos baseado em tempo e atividade (TDABC) e, para o cálculo dos custos relativos aos transportes dos pacientes, foram coletados dados diretamente com os participantes da pesquisa. Foram analisados e comparados descritivamente os custos médios e o tempo de realização de cada modalidade de consulta em diferentes cenários e perspectivas. RESULTADOS Considerando apenas a perspectiva do gestor local do SUS, os custos para a realização da teleconsulta se mostraram 4,5% maiores do que para uma consulta presencial. Contudo, quando considerados os custos de transporte associados a cada paciente, o valor estimado da consulta presencial passa a ser 7,7% maior e, no caso de consultas em outros municípios, 15% maior do que a teleconsulta. CONCLUSÃO Os resultados demonstram que a incorporação da teleconsulta dentro do SUS pode trazer vantagens econômicas, a depender da perspectiva e do cenário considerado, além de ser uma estratégia com potencial para aumentar o acesso à atenção especializada na rede pública.

Custos da capacitação em inserção, revisão e retirada de dispositivos intrauterinos por enfermeiros / Costs of training nurses in the insertion, revision, and removal of intrauterine devices / Costes de la formación del personal de enfermería en la inserción, revisión y extracción de dispositivos intrauterinos

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar custos da capacitação do planejamento reprodutivo, com práticas de inserção, revisão e retirada de dispositivos intrauterinos por Enfermeiros. Método: estudo de caso, com dados coletados entre maio e dezembro de 2022, em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Realizada a avaliação de micro custeio, por meio do custeio por absorção. Resultados: foram analisados dados de cinco turmas em 2022, totalizando 70 enfermeiros, e identificadas as despesas, os custos diretos e indiretos com a oferta do curso. Obteve-se o custeio por turma de R$17.846,89/U$3.307,79), com média de R$1.820,38 ou U$337,39/aluno/edição. Em comparação a outros cursos semelhantes, considera-se um curso de custo baixo, com resultados promissores para a qualidade da assistência em saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Conclusão: investir na capacitação de enfermeiros para o planejamento reprodutivo contribui para redução de indicadores de morbidade e mortalidade materno-infantil, associados com gestações não planejadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the costs of training in reproductive planning, with nurses' insertion, revision, and removal of intrauterine devices. Method: Case study, with data collected between May and December 2022, in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The micro-costing evaluation was carried out using absorption costing. Results: Data from five classes in 2022 were analyzed, totaling 70 nurses, and the expenses and direct and indirect costs of offering the course were identified. The cost per class was R$17,846.89/U$3,307.79), with an average of R$1,820.38 or U$337.39/student/edition. Compared to other similar courses, it is considered a low-cost course with promising results for the quality of sexual and reproductive health care. Conclusion: Investing in training nurses in reproductive planning helps to reduce the indicators of maternal and child morbidity and mortality associated with unplanned pregnancies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los costes de la formación en planificación reproductiva, con la inserción, revisión y retirada de dispositivos intrauterinos por parte del personal de enfermería. Método: estudio de caso, con datos recogidos entre mayo y diciembre de 2022, en Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. La evaluación de los microcostes se llevó a cabo utilizando el cálculo de costes por absorción. Resultados: Se analizaron los datos de cinco clases en 2022, con un total de 70 enfermeros, y se identificaron los gastos y los costes directos e indirectos de ofrecer el curso. El coste por clase fue de R$17.846,89/U$3.307,79), con una media de R$1.820,38 o U$337,39/alumno/edición. En comparación con otros cursos similares, se considera un curso de bajo coste con resultados prometedores para la calidad de la atención sanitaria sexual y reproductiva. Conclusión: Invertir en la formación de enfermeros en planificación reproductiva ayuda a reducir los indicadores de morbilidad y mortalidad materna e infantil asociados a los embarazos no planificados.

Patient Blood Management Program Implementation: Comprehensive Recommendations and Practical Strategies

ABSTRACT Introduction: Blood transfusion is one of the most common medical practices worldwide. However, current scientific literature has shown that the immunomodulatory effects of blood transfusion are associated with an increased likelihood of infection, prolonged hospitalization, and morbimortality. Also, it means high costs for healthcare systems. Methods: In this context, acknowledging that blood transfusions are essentially heterologous cell transplantations, the use of therapeutic options has gained strength and is collectively known as the patient blood management (PBM) program. PBM is an approach based on three main pillars: (1) treating anemias and coagulopathies in an optimized manner, especially in the preoperative period; (2) optimizing perioperative hemostasis and the use of blood recovery systems to avoid the loss of the patient's blood; (3) anemia tolerance, with improved oxygen delivery and reduced oxygen demand, particularly in the postoperative period. Results: Current scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of PBM by reducing the need for blood transfusions, decreasing associated complications, and promoting more efficient and safer blood management. Thus, PBM not only improves clinical outcomes for patients but also contributes to the economic sustainability of healthcare systems. Conclusion: The aim of this review was to summarize PBM strategies in a comprehensive, evidence-based approach through a systematic and structured model for PBM implementation in tertiary hospitals. The recommendations proposed herein are from researchers and experts of a high-complexity university hospital in the network of the Sistema Único de Saúde, presenting itself as a strategy that can be followed as a guideline for PBM implementation in other settings.

Cost and time of hospitalization for elderly people with bone fractures in a reference hospital

ABSTRACT Objective To describe and analyze the aspects regarding the cost and length of stay for elderly patients with bone fractures in a tertiary reference hospital. Methods A cross-sectional retrospective study using data obtained from medical records between January and December 2020. For statistical analysis, exploratory analyses, Shapiro-Wilk test, χ2 test, and Spearman correlation were used. Results During the study period, 156 elderly patients (62.2% women) with bone fractures were treated. The main trauma mechanism was a fall from a standing height (76.9%). The most common type of fracture in this sample was a transtrochanteric fracture of the femur, accounting for 40.4% of cases. The mean length of stay was 5.25 days. The total cost varied between R$2,006.53 and R$106,912.74 (average of R$15,695.76) (updated values). The mean daily cost of hospitalization was R$4,478.64. A positive correlation was found between the length of stay and total cost. No significant difference in cost was observed between the two main types of treated fractures. Conclusion Fractures in the elderly are frequent, resulting in significant costs. The longer the hospital stay for treatment, the higher the total cost. No correlation was found between total cost and number of comorbidities, number of medications used, and the comparison between the treatment of transtrochanteric and femoral neck fractures.

Transplant management in Brazil: a temporal analysis of financial investments and procedures / Gestión de trasplantes en Brasil: análisis temporal de inversiones financieras y procedimientos / Gestão de transplantes no Brasil: análise temporal dos investimentos financeiros e procedimentos

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze public management actions regarding organ, cell, and tissue transplant procedures and their financial investments in Brazil. Method: Mixed (time and place) ecological study, carried out based on data from the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) Information Technology Department and the National Transplant System, from 2001 to 2023. Temporal trend analyses, descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Results: Organ, cell, and tissue transplants are concentrated in the Southeast region of the country, with increased costs there. The Northeast and South regions of Brazil have the longest waiting list, with an increasing trend (R2 = 0.96), associated with a decreasing trend in the number of transplants (R2 = 0.97). Conclusion: The difference in the total number of transplants and procedures performed among the Brazilian regions represents the need for organization and investments with strategies aimed at training professionals and raising awareness among the population.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar acciones de gestión pública en materia de inversiones financieras y procedimientos de trasplante de órganos, células y tejidos en Brasil. Método: Estudio ecológico mixto (tiempo y lugar), realizado con datos del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Público Brasileño de Salud (SUS), del Departamento de Informática del SUS y del Sistema Nacional de Trasplantes, de 2001 a 2023. Se realizaron análisis de tendencias temporales, estadística descriptiva e inferencial. Resultados: Los trasplantes de órganos, células y tejidos se concentran en la región Sudeste del país, donde los costos aumentan. Las regiones Nordeste y Sur de Brasil tienen la lista de espera más larga, con tendencia creciente (R2 = 0,96), asociada a una tendencia decreciente en el número de trasplantes (R2 = 0,97). Conclusión: La diferencia en el número total de trasplantes y procedimientos realizados entre regiones de Brasil representa la necesidad de organización e inversiones con estrategias orientadas a la formación de profesionales y la sensibilización de la población.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as ações gerenciais públicas dos investimentos financeiros e procedimentos de transplantes de órgãos, células e tecidos no Brasil. Método: Estudo ecológico misto (tempo e local), realizado com base em dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde do Departamento de Informática do SUS e do Sistema Nacional de Transplante, de 2001 a 2023. Foram realizadas análises de tendência temporal, estatística descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Os transplantes de órgãos, células e tecidos encontram-se concentrados na região Sudeste do país, com aumento dos custos no local. As regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil apresentam a maior fila de espera, com uma tendência crescente (R2 = 0,96), associada a tendência decrescente do número de transplantes (R2 = 0,97). Conclusão: A diferença do total de transplantes e procedimentos realizados entre as regiões do Brasil representa a necessidade de organização e investimentos com estratégias voltadas para a capacitação de profissionais e conscientização da população.

Taxa e custos médicos diretos de cesáreas em beneficiárias da saúde suplementar no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: 2015 a 2021 / Rate and direct medical costs of cesarean sections among supplementary health plan holders living in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: 2015-2021

Resumo O Brasil tem a segunda maior taxa de cesárea do mundo. Há diferença dessas taxas nos setores públicos e privados. Foram utilizados dados de internação de beneficiárias residentes no estado de São Paulo, internadas entre 2015 e 2021, com idades entre 10 e 49 anos, para verificar as taxas e custos das cesáreas no setor privado. Foi realizado estudo parcial de avaliação econômica em saúde na perspectiva da saúde suplementar considerando custos médicos diretos de internação. Foram analisadas 757.307 internações, com gasto total de R$ 7,701 bilhões. As taxas de cesáreas foram de 80% no período. São menores nas gestantes mais novas (69%) e maiores nas mais velhas (86%), e sempre superiores a 67%. Essa população tem taxas 71% maiores do que aquelas do SUS. Há maior proporção de internações com uso de unidade de terapia intensiva nas cesáreas. O custo mediano da cesárea é 15% maior do que o parto normal e são duas vezes maiores nas seguradoras do que nas cooperativas médicas. Há oportunidade de aplicação de políticas públicas de saúde amplamente utilizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde visando a redução das taxas, dos custos diretos da internação e dos planos de saúde.

Abstract Brazil has the second largest cesarean section rate in the world. Differences in rates exist between the public and private health sectors. This study used data on admissions of supplementary health plan holders aged between 10 and 49 years living in the state of São Paulo admitted between 2015 and 2021 to determine cesarean section rates and costs in the private health sector. We conducted a partial economic analysis in health from a supplementary health perspective focusing on the direct medical costs of admissions. A total of 757,307 admissions were analyzed with total costs amounting to R$7.701 billion. The cesarean section rate over the period was 80%. Rates were lowest in young women (69%) and highest in the oldest age group (86%), exceeding 67% across all groups. The rate was 71% higher than in public services. The proportion of admissions with use of the intensive care unit was higher among cesarian deliveries. The median cost of a cesarean was 15% higher than that of a normal delivery and twice as high in insurance companies than healthcare cooperatives. There is an opportunity to apply policies that are widely used in public services to the private sector with the aim of reducing cesarean rates in private services, direct costs of admission, and the cost of supplementary health plans.

Judicialization of Zolgensma in the Ministry of Health: costs and clinical profile of patients / Judicialização do Zolgensma no Ministério da Saúde: custos e perfil clínico dos pacientes

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To investigate the costs and profile of patients who have filed a lawsuit against the Ministry of Health for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) with the onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma®). METHODS This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a census design, based on records of lawsuits filed against the Ministry of Health between January 2019 and September 2022. Data was requested from the Ministry of Health via the Access to Information Act. Information was extracted on the epidemiological profile of the beneficiaries of the lawsuits, as well as the expenses spent by the Ministry of Health in cases where the requests were granted. RESULTS 136 lawsuits were identified, of which 113 (83%) were favorable to patients at a cost of R$ 944.8 million in the period analyzed. Demographic (gender and age), clinical (SMA subtypes, use of ventilatory or nutritional support), and lawsuit (type of legal service) characteristics were not associated with the granting of lawsuits. Prior use of medication (nusinersena or ridisplam) was associated with the dismissal of lawsuits. Of the 113 lawsuits granted in favor of patients, only six (5.3%) would meet the criteria currently established by the National Committee for Health Technology Incorporation - Conitec (children up to six months without ventilatory and nutritional support). R$ 146 million was spent on supplying Zolgensma to children over the age of two, which is outside the recommendation contained in the drug's package leaflet. CONCLUSIONS The Ministry of Health incurs a high cost with the judicialization of Zolgensma for SMA, representing 2.45% of total spending on medicines in the Unified Health System, including spending by the three administrative spheres. Some of the lawsuits have been granted in disagreement with the criteria established by health technology assessment agencies and the drug manufacturer's recommendations.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Investigar os custos e o perfil dos pacientes que demandaram judicialmente o onasemnogene abeparvoveque (Zolgensma®) para o tratamento da atrofia muscular espinhal (AME) no Ministério da Saúde. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, de natureza descritiva e desenho censitário, com base em registros de ações judiciais movidas contra o Ministério da Saúde no período de janeiro de 2019 a setembro de 2022. Os dados foram solicitados ao Ministério da Saúde, via Lei de Acesso à Informação. Foram extraídas informações sobre o perfil epidemiológico dos beneficiários das ações judiciais, bem como os gastos dispendidos pelo Ministério da Saúde nos casos de deferimento das solicitações. RESULTADOS Foram identificados 136 processos judiciais, dos quais 113 (83%) foram favoráveis aos pacientes ao custo de R$ 944,8 milhões no período analisado. Características demográficas (sexo e idade), clínicas (subtipos da AME, uso de suporte ventilatório ou nutricional) e do processo judicial (tipo de serviço advocatício) não foram associadas com o deferimento das ações judiciais. O uso prévio de medicamento (nusinersena ou ridisplam) foi associado com o indeferimento dos processos judiciais. Das 113 ações judiciais concedidas em favor dos pacientes, apenas seis (5,3%) atenderiam aos critérios estabelecidos atualmente pela Comissão Nacional de Incorporação de Tecnologias - Conitec (crianças com até seis meses sem suporte ventilatório e nutricional). Houve dispêndio de R$ 146 milhões com o fornecimento do Zolgensma para crianças com idade superior a dois anos, que está fora da recomendação contida na bula do medicamento. CONCLUSÕES O Ministério da Saúde incorre em um alto custo com a judicialização do Zolgensma para AME, representando 2,45% do gasto total com medicamentos no Sistema Único de Saúde, incluindo gastos das três esferas administrativas. Parte das demandas judiciais tem sido deferida em divergência com os critérios estabelecidos por agências de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde e recomendações do fabricante do medicamento.

Estimated annual costs of Chikungunya fever in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Estimativa dos custos anuais da febre chikungunya no município do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the cost of illness of Chikungunya in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2019. Methods: The study is a partial economic evaluation carried out with secondary data with free and unrestricted access. Direct outpatient and indirect costs of the acute, post-acute, and chronic phases of Chikungunya fever were estimated, in addition to hospital costs. The estimate of direct costs was performed using the notified cases and the standard treatment flowchart in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The indirect ones consist of loss of productivity and disability, using the burden of disease indicator (Disability-adjusted life year - DALY). Results: The total number of reported cases was 38,830. Total costs were calculated at BRL 279,807,318, with 97% related to indirect costs. Conclusion: The chronic phase and indirect costs were the most expensive. The inability and permanence of Chikungunya differentiate the disease and increase the costs of its treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar o custo-doença da chikungunya no município do Rio de Janeiro no ano de 2019. Métodos: O estudo é uma avaliação econômica parcial realizada com dados secundários de acesso livre e irrestrito. Foram estimados os custos diretos ambulatoriais e indiretos das fases aguda, pós-aguda e crônica da febre chikungunya, além dos custos hospitalares. A estimativa dos custos diretos foi realizada através dos casos notificados e do fluxograma padrão de tratamento do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os indiretos consistem na perda de produtividade e da incapacidade, utilizando o indicador de carga de doença (DALY). Resultados: O número total de casos notificados foi de 38.830. Os custos totais foram calculados em R$ 279.807.318, sendo 97% relacionados aos custos indiretos. Conclusão: A fase crônica e os custos indiretos foram os mais onerosos. A incapacidade e a permanência da chikungunya diferenciam a doença e aumentam os custos de seu tratamento.

Where do we invest money to implement active learning on caries detection? An economic evaluation

Abstract This trial-based economic evaluation aimed to estimate the incremental cost of implementing an active learning strategy (theoretical-practical workshop) to substitute the didactic lecture as the sole method for students training in caries detection. We also provided a budget impact analysis and explored the composition of costs related to the activity. Data from the coordinating centre of a multicentre randomized and controlled study (IuSTC01) was analyzed as the first part of our main economic analysis plan. The perspective of the educational provider (the institution implementing the activity) was considered, and an immediate time horizon was adopted. All used resources were valued in Brazilian Real by adopting a microcosting strategy. Costs for each strategy were estimated and converted into international dollars. The incremental Cost per student and the total cost of implementing the complete teaching strategy for 80 students were calculated. Monte Carlo simulations were used to estimate the uncertainties. The incremental Cost estimated for the workshop implementation would be $7.93 per student (interquartile range (IQR): $7.8-8.1), and the total cost of the teaching activity would be $684 (IQR:672-696). The laboratory training comprised more than 50% of the total amount spent, and a higher percentage of this value was related to human resources costs (72%). Saving 40% of the costs could be expected for the next rounds of activities in the institution, assuming no need for additional preparation of didactic materials and tutor training. A modest incremental cost per student and an acceptable organizational budget impact should be expected for the institution when including active learning training in caries detection for undergraduate students, mainly related to the human resources involved.

Metodologias para calcular os custos de um curso de graduação em Medicina: uma revisão de escopo / Scoping review of methods used to calculate the costs of an undergraduate medical course

RESUMO Introdução: Em julho de 2021, o Brasil tinha 373 cursos de Medicina autorizados pelo MEC, dos quais 229 de instituições privadas, com um valor médio de mensalidade de R$ 8.242,70. O grande volume de recursos envolvidos em mensalidades, bolsas e fomentos (Prouni, Fies etc.) justifica o esforço envolvido neste trabalho. Objetivo: A revisão visou identificar as metodologias de análise de custo de formação de médicos, classificando-as segundo categorias de nível de ensino e abrangência do custo. Método: A metodologia escolhida foi a revisão de escopo, dado que a produção na área de foco é irregular e com lacunas metodológicas. Resultado: As buscas em português e inglês resultaram na seleção de 24 textos, que foram agrupados em nove grupos, elaboradas a partir do foco de seus conteúdos combinados com os interesses da pesquisa. Conclusão: A inexistência de consenso metodológico e a busca por otimizar recursos e avaliar a eficácia do ensino reforçam a necessidade do desenvolvimento de metodologias de apuração de custos da graduação em Medicina.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Brazil had 373 medical courses authorized by the Ministry of Education in July 2021, with 229 being in private institutions and an average monthly tuition rate of R$8,242.70. The vast number of resources involved in tuition, scholarships, and grants (PROUNI, FIES, and so forth) justifies the effort required for this activity. Objective: The review sought to find approaches for analyzing the cost of training doctors, categorizing them according to the level of education and cost scope. Method: Given the irregularity and methodological inadequacies around interest, the chosen methodology was a scoping review. Result: The literature search in Portuguese and English yielded 24 articles, which were divided into nine categories depending on their content focus and the study interests. Conclusion: The lack of methodological agreement, as well as the pressure to optimize resources and evaluate educational efficacy, highlight the need for the development of methods to determine the costs of undergraduate medical education.

Costo del control de Aedes aegypti en la Amazonía peruana / Cost of controlling the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in the Peruvian amazon

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar los costos incurridos en el control del Aedes aegypti en la región Loreto, en los años 2017 y 2018. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una evaluación económica retrospectiva parcial de los costos del control del Aedes aegypti de la Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto, durante la ejecución del Plan Regional de Vigilancia y Control de Aedes aegypti. Se revisó documentación como planes, informes de intervenciones y planillas de pago y se realizaron entrevistas al personal profesional implicado en el control vectorial, sobre los costos de las intervenciones de control. Resultados. Se halló, que los costos incurridos en el control del vector del dengue en la Región Loreto en los dos años estudiados ascienden a: 3,807,858 PEN y 4,066,380 PEN durante el 2017 y 2018, respectivamente (1´175,264 USD y 1´1210,232 USD al tipo de cambio del 2017 y 2018). Sin embargo, el efecto de las actividades de control es de corta duración. Conclusiones. El alto costo que implica el control vectorial con los métodos usados actualmente y la corta duración de su efecto lo hace insostenible. Se deben realizar estudios para hallar otros métodos más eficientes para el control del dengue.

ABSTRACT Objective. To estimate the costs incurred in the control of Aedes aegypti in the Loreto region, during the years 2017 and 2018. Materials and methods. We conducted a partial retrospective economic evaluation of the costs of Aedes aegypti control of the Regional Health Directorate Loreto, during the implementation of the Regional Plan for Surveillance and Control of Aedes aegypti. Documentation such as plans, intervention reports and payment slips were reviewed, and interviews were conducted with professional personnel involved in vector control, on the costs of control interventions. Results. We found that the costs incurred in dengue vector control in the Loreto Region in the two years were: PEN 3,807,858 and PEN 4,066,380 during 2017 and 2018, respectively (USD 1,175,264 and USD 1,1210,232 at the 2017 and 2018 exchange rate). However, the effect of control activities is short-lived. Conclusions. The high cost involved in vector control with the methods currently used and the short duration of its effect make it unsustainable. Studies should be conducted in order to find other more efficient methods for dengue control.

Gestão de custos: microcusteio por absorção em um pronto-socorro durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Cost management: microcosting by absorption in an emergency room during the COVID-19 pandemic / Gestión de costos: microcosteo por absorción en un servicio de urgencias durante la pandemia de COVID-19

Objetivo: analisar os custos operacionais de um pronto-socorro relacionados ao atendimento de pacientes COVID-19 em 2020 e 2021. Método: estudo transversal, descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. A mensuração dos custos utilizou-se da perspectiva do gestor hospitalar, por meio de microcusteio por absorção. Custos diretos, indiretos e variáveis, foram avaliados de cima para baixo (top-down). Resultados: o perfil predominante foi de homens, com idades entre 61 e 70 anos, casados, brancos e moradores de Londrina (Paraná, Brasil). O tempo médio de internação para pacientes graves foi 12,20 dias e, para os demais, 8,38 dias. O desfecho principal foi a alta hospitalar. Os custos operacionais em 2020 foram de R$28.461.152,87, já em 2021 os valores encontrados foram R$43.749.324,61. O custo médio do paciente-dia foi de R$2.614,45 em 2020 para R$3.351,93 em 2021. Conclusão: verificou-se aumento dos custos no período estudado. Conhecer os custos operacionais do pronto-socorro, possibilita o planejamento financeiro institucional contribuindo para qualificar a tomada de decisões gerenciais(AU)

Objective: to analyze the operating costs of an emergency room related to the care of COVID-19 patients in 2020 and 2021. Method: cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The measurement of costs was used from the perspective of the hospital manager, through absorption micro-costing. Direct, indirect and variable costs were evaluated from top to bottom (top-down). Results: the predominant profile was men, aged between 61 and 70 years, married, white and living in Londrina (Paraná, Brazil). The mean length of stay for critically ill patients was 12.20 days and for the others, 8.38 days. The main outcome was hospital discharge. Operating costs in 2020 were BRL 28,461,152.87, while in 2021 the values found were BRL 43,749,324.61. The average patient-day cost went from R$2,614.45 in 2020 to R$3,351.93 in 2021. Conclusion: costs increased in the study period. Be aware of the operational costs of emergency room, enablement or institutional financial planning, contributing to qualify management decision-making(AU)

Objetivo: analizar los costos operativos de un servicio de urgencias relacionado con la atención de pacientes con COVID-19 en los años 2020 y 2021. Método: estudio descriptivo transversal con enfoque cuantitativo. Se utilizó la medición de costos desde la perspectiva del gestor del hospital, a través del microcosteo por absorción. Los costos directos, indirectos y variables se evaluaron de arriba hacia abajo (top-down). Resultados: el perfil predominante fue el de hombres, con edad entre 61 y 70 años, casados, blancos y residentes en Londrina (Paraná, Brasil). La estancia media de internación de los pacientes críticos fue de 12,20 días y, de los demás, de 8,38 días. El resultado principal fue el alta hospitalaria. Los costos operacionales en 2020 fueron de R$ 28.461.152,87, mientras que en 2021 los valores encontrados fueron de R$ 43.749.324,61. Los costos medios del paciente/día aumentaron de R$2.614,45 en 2020 a R$3.351,93 en 2021. Conclusión: se observó un aumento de los costos en el periodo estudiado. Conocer los costos operativos de un servicio de urgencias posibilita la planificación financiera institucional, contribuyendo a calificar la toma de decisiones gerenciales(AU)