Uso de psicofármacos en personas con discapacidad intelectual en Extremadura, España / Use of Psychotropic Drugs in People with Intellectual Disability in Extremadura, Spain

Resumen El uso de psicofármacos es frecuente en adultos con discapacidad intelectual, a menudo por conductas desafiantes en ausencia de diagnóstico de trastorno mental. Investigaciones previas cuestionan la eficacia de estos tratamientos a falta de una enfermedad psiquiátrica, y destacan sus efectos secundarios. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el uso de psicofármacos en función del diagnóstico de enfermedad mental y conducta desafiante, así como la distribución de la población según el uso de psicofármacos en 569 adultos con discapacidad intelectual que presentan enfermedad mental o conductas desafiantes. Los datos acerca de la elevada prescripción de psicofármacos y, especialmente, de antipsicóticos alertan sobre la necesidad de una profunda revisión de la práctica clínica que permita reducir el uso de esta medicación en el tratamiento de la conducta y los trastornos mentales en esta población, para garantizar una atención de calidad y el respeto de los derechos de estas personas.

Abstract The use of psychotropic drugs in adults with an intellectual disability is frequent, often for defiant conduct due to the lack of a diagnosis of a mental disorder. Previous research has questioned the efficacy of such treatments in the absence of a psychiatric illness, and the stress has been on the side effects. The objective of this research is to analyze the use of psychotropic drugs based on the diagnosis of mental illness and behavioral disorders, as well as the distribution of the sample according to the use of psychotropic drugs in 569 adults with an intellectual disability who also suffer a mental illness and/or defiant conduct. Our data about the high prescription of psychotropic drugs and especially antipsychotics, warns of the need for a profound review of the clinical practice that would allow a reduction in the use of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of mental disorders and behaviour in the said collective, so as to guarantee quality mental health care for these persons and respect for their rights.

Reading and comprehension: Phoniatric assessment in students with reading difficulties

Abstract Introduction: Reading is a highly refined skill that encompasses two main components: decoding graphic symbols and understanding the written message. These aspects generally develop together, but reading comprehension is a much more complex process, sustained not only by the identification of written words and vocabulary but also by language systems, such as syntax and general knowledge. Although there is a well-established technique for performing the Phoniatric assessment, there is no common use of tests that assess reading comprehension or the association of this information with other assessment data. Objective: The objective of this study is, in the context of the Phoniatric consultation, to evaluate the reading and retelling in children with relevant reading difficulties and to correlate the decoding and comprehension problems with the alterations observed in auditory and visual perceptual tests, pointing out the evidence that best contributed to the differential diagnosis of these subjects. Methods: Starting from a population of 301 children enrolled in the 4th and 5th grades of elementary school, 13 children with evident reading and writing difficulties were evaluated regarding the reading and retelling tasks and separated into groups according to the problem of decoding, fluency, and comprehension. Reading performance was correlated with the performance in visual and auditory perceptual tests and based on the similarity analysis, the tests considered to be the most relevant in the diagnosis process of these children were identified. Result: The results suggest that the tasks: naming of figures, repetition of numbers in reverse order, figure copying, syllabic synthesis, phonemic synthesis, rhyme, and phonemic manipulation altogether contribute to diagnosis and multidisciplinary intervention aspects. Conclusion: Some tasks are more relevant to the diagnostic process of children with complaints of learning difficulties in reading.

Clinical features and orbital anomalies in Fraser syndrome and a review of management options

Purpose: Fraser syndrome is a rare congenital disorder comprising cryptophthalmos, syndactyly, and many times, urogenital anomalies. Herein, the authors aimed to study and report the clinical features and orbital anomalies in cases diagnosed with Fraser syndrome. Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated the records of patients with Fraser syndrome who had presented to a tertiary eye care hospital in northern India in the last 2 years (from January 2019 to December 2020). The clinical features were studied, entered in MS Excel, and the data was evaluated. Results: Data of 15 patients with Fraser syndrome were found. Majority of the patients were males and presented in the pediatric age group. Bilateral involvement was more common, and the most common variant of cryptophthalmos was abortive. Complete and medial madarosis of the eyebrows was the most common periocular finding. Complete cryptophthalmos was associated with cystic globes, whereas abortive forms had superior symblepharon. Common systemic features included syndactyly, bifid nose, and urogenital anomaly. Conclusion: Fraser syndrome is an extremely rare developmental disorder; it encompasses a wide range of ocular, periocular, and orbital anomalies, along with multiple pre?existing systemic anomalies. The treating ophthalmologist should always be careful in examining these patients

Tessier cranio-facial clefts presenting to a tertiary eye care center in Northern India: Ophthalmic features and a review of management

Purpose: Tessier classification is used to classify congenital facial cleft disorders utilizing the anatomical location of the cleft and its extension. The orbital and ocular morbidities associated with the birth disorder are numerous. The authors decided to perform a retrospective analysis of the clinical features of the patients who presented to a tertiary care hospital with orbito?cranial clefts. Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated the records of patients with craniofacial clefts who had presented to a tertiary eye care hospital in northern India in the last 2 years (January 2019–December 2020). The clinical features were studied, entered in MS Excel, and the data were evaluated. Results: The data of 40 patients with Tessier cleft were found. The majority of the patients were male and presented in the pediatric age group. Unilateral involvement was more common, with maxillary hypoplasia being the most common facial anomaly associated. Eyelid coloboma and euryblepharon was the most common periocular finding; lateral epibulbar dermoid and corneal opacity were the most common ocular surface anomaly. The majority of patients had presented for cosmetic correction. The syndromic association was with Goldenhar syndrome (n = 13), Fraser (n = 2), and one each of Treacher Collins, blepharocheilodontic, organoid nevus, and oculo?dento?digital syndrome. Combined clefts were also seen. Conclusion: Tessier cleft classification is a useful tool to classify cranio?facial left anomalies. Multitudes of ocular and orbital anomalies can be associated with their different forms. Better knowledge and understanding of the classification will aid immensely in predicting the ocular defects and planning their management

Rehabilitation Treatment of Medulloblastoma in a Patient with Pervasive Developmental Disorder（Autism Spectrum Disorder） / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

We provided inpatient rehabilitation treatment and return-to-school guidance to a junior high school student with medulloblastoma and pervasive developmental disorder (autism spectrum disorder). Here we describe the rehabilitation treatment for patients with physical and developmental disabilities. A 13-year-old boy who was diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder at 4 years of age was able to perform activities of daily living independently and attend junior high school. However, he was admitted to our hospital with new-onset ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cerebellar tumor. After total tumor excision was performed, pathological analysis revealed medulloblastoma, which was treated initially with radiation therapy and then chemotherapy for 1 year. Rehabilitation was initiated 2 days post-surgery. We evaluated his communication abilities. He showed stereotypical behavior owing to the autism spectrum disorder；therefore, we performed low-intensity repetitive exercises. The functional independence measure score at discharge was 67/126 (motor 44/91, cognitive 23/35). We taught his teachers how to properly assist him, and he successfully returned to school post-discharge. Although this was a case in which the child had multiple disabilities, ataxia caused by the medulloblastoma aggravated his developmental disability. Thus, understanding the characteristics of communication and its strengths was vital in determining a treatment plan that enabled his return to school.

Rehabilitation Treatment of Medulloblastoma in a Patient with Pervasive Developmental Disorder（Autism Spectrum Disorder） / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

We provided inpatient rehabilitation treatment and return-to-school guidance to a junior high school student with medulloblastoma and pervasive developmental disorder (autism spectrum disorder). Here we describe the rehabilitation treatment for patients with physical and developmental disabilities. A 13-year-old boy who was diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder at 4 years of age was able to perform activities of daily living independently and attend junior high school. However, he was admitted to our hospital with new-onset ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cerebellar tumor. After total tumor excision was performed, pathological analysis revealed medulloblastoma, which was treated initially with radiation therapy and then chemotherapy for 1 year. Rehabilitation was initiated 2 days post-surgery. We evaluated his communication abilities. He showed stereotypical behavior owing to the autism spectrum disorder；therefore, we performed low-intensity repetitive exercises. The functional independence measure score at discharge was 67/126 (motor 44/91, cognitive 23/35). We taught his teachers how to properly assist him, and he successfully returned to school post-discharge. Although this was a case in which the child had multiple disabilities, ataxia caused by the medulloblastoma aggravated his developmental disability. Thus, understanding the characteristics of communication and its strengths was vital in determining a treatment plan that enabled his return to school.

The characteristics of vocabulary and phrase acquisition in Mandarin-exposed children with autism spectrum disorder in Beijing / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of vocabulary and phrase acquisition in Mandarin-exposed children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual developmental disability (IDD) or general developmental delay (GDD) in rehabilitation training institutions, and to provide a basis for selecting training vocabulary for ASD children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out on 75 cases of 1-6-year-old children with neurodevelopmental disorders of ASD (the ASD group), IDD and GDD [the developmental disability(DD) group] by using a self-designed questionnaire containing nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives and pronouns, 464 words in total.The participants were recruited from Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Beijing Shouer Liqiao Children′s Hospital and Beijing Shunyi District Shouer Yazhi Children′s Rehabilitation Center from March 2019 to February 2020.Effective co-mmunication vocabulary was obtained." Children Neuropsychological and Behavioral Scale, Revision 2016" was used for developmental evaluation.At the same time, 37 children with normal development and equivalent intellectual age [the typical development(TD) group] were recruited from the outpatient department of children′s Health Department of Children′s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics as a control group.The rank sum test or chi- square test was used for data analysis. Results:There were 31 children in the ASD group, with a median chronological age of 36.0 (27.0-59.0) months and median mental age of 20.6 (12.0-35.0) months.There were 44 children in the DD group, with a median chronological age of 37.0 (12.0-77.0) months and median mental age of 24.3 (6.0-56.0) months.There were 37 children in the TD group, with a median chronological age of 20.0 (10.0-61.0) months and median mental age of 21.9 (12.0-55.0) months.No significant difference was found in the mental age among the 3 groups ( χ2=0.718, P=0.698). The total development quotients of the ASD group and the DD group were 56 (36-83) and 68 (17-92), respectively, which were significantly lower than that of the TD group [99 (79-128)] ( χ2=45.234, 48.583; all P<0.001). Developmental assessment subscales: the developmental quotients of gross motor, fine motor, adaptive ability, language and social behavior as well as communication warning behavior indices in the ASD group were 77, 52, 60, 39, 52 and 40, respectively; the above scores in the DD group were 75, 64, 73, 60, 60 and 8, respectively.The developmental levels of the ASD group in all the above 6 aspects, except for the gross motor, were significantly lower than those of the DD group ( χ2=5.763, 5.172, 11.174, 6.108, 41.917; all P<0.05). The effective communication vocabulary was 10 in the ASD group, 174 in the DD group and 146 in the TD group, and the difference was significant ( χ2=12.785, P=0.002). The ratio of children that could speak phrases was 9.7%in the ASD group, 29.5%in the DD group, and 51.4% in the TD group.The difference was significant ( χ2=13.733, P=0.001). Based on the analysis of the effective communication vocabulary, the number of effective communication words was none in the ASD group, only 1 in the DD group and 49 in the TD group if taking that more than 75% of the children could speak the word as the statistical cut-off point.If taking that 50%-<75% of the children could speak the word as the cut-off point, the number of effective communication words was only 6 (Mama, Baibai, Baba, Baobao, Men, and Bu successively) in the ASD group, 187 in the DD group, and 71 in the TD group.If taking that 25%-<50% of the children could speak the word as the cut-off point, the number of effective communication words was 112, 183 and 103 in ASD, DD and TD groups, respectively.There was a statistically significant difference in the number of effective communication words among the three groups ( χ2=456.694, P<0.001). Matching the effective communication vocabulary that more than 25% of the children in the ASD group could speak with that that more than 50% of the children in the TD group could speak, there were 93 overlapping words, accounting for 78.8%(93/118) of the ASD group and 77.5%(93/120) of the TD group.In the overlapping words, nouns accounted for 67.7%(63/93) and verbs accounted for 26.9%(25/93). Conclusions:The vocabulary acquired by children with ASD and DD is similar to that by TD children of the same mental age.However, ASD children have extremely low vocabulary expression and comprehension ability.The effective communication words of ASD and TD children overlap at different percentages.These overlapping words provide a basis for optimizing the selection of training vocabulary.Training vocabulary dominated by nouns and verbs may help to improve the effect of intervention training in ASD children.

Case report of intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities due to FBXO11 gene mutation / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of a case of intellectual developmental disorders with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities admitted in the Department of Neurology and Endocrinology, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University in February 2020.The proband was a 3 years and 6 months old boy, who was hospitalized because of " convulsions for more than 1 year" . Physical examination revealed facial deformities.Gesell developmental schedule showed that adaptive and gross motor behavior development was severely retarded, and fine motor, language and personal-social behavior development was moderately retarded.Brain magnetic resonance imaging suggested schizencephaly.Electroencephalogram results indicated extensive discharges mainly in bilateral anterior head areas, and one myoclonic seizure was detected.Gene detection results disclosed the pathogenic variation of the proband, which was a heterozygote mutation (c.2480_2484del) in FBXO11 gene.High-throughput sequencing technology increases the possibility of identifying potential genetic mutations as the cause of disease.Patients with recurrent seizures, multi-malformation and general developmental delays should undergo gene detection in time to clarify the etiology.This technique can guide prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Case report of intellectual developmental disorder with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities due to FBXO11 gene mutation / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of a case of intellectual developmental disorders with dysmorphic facies and behavioral abnormalities admitted in the Department of Neurology and Endocrinology, Children′s Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University in February 2020.The proband was a 3 years and 6 months old boy, who was hospitalized because of " convulsions for more than 1 year" . Physical examination revealed facial deformities.Gesell developmental schedule showed that adaptive and gross motor behavior development was severely retarded, and fine motor, language and personal-social behavior development was moderately retarded.Brain magnetic resonance imaging suggested schizencephaly.Electroencephalogram results indicated extensive discharges mainly in bilateral anterior head areas, and one myoclonic seizure was detected.Gene detection results disclosed the pathogenic variation of the proband, which was a heterozygote mutation (c.2480_2484del) in FBXO11 gene.High-throughput sequencing technology increases the possibility of identifying potential genetic mutations as the cause of disease.Patients with recurrent seizures, multi-malformation and general developmental delays should undergo gene detection in time to clarify the etiology.This technique can guide prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Quality of life, perceived stress and caregiver burden in mothers of children with childhood psychiatric disorders in Kerala, India

Background: Common childhood psychiatric problems like attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder (ADHD), Pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and learning disability (LD) often co-exists with each other and form a constellation of behavioural manifestations that require extra attention from the caregivers. Having a differentially-abled child is challenging and most parents have to learn to restructure their lives around that of the child. There is a difference in the attitudes of both the parents as far as parenting a disabled child is concerned. Mothers often shoulder the primary caregiving role however the psychological costs borne by women go unrecognized. The study aims to assess the care giver burden (BOC) and perceived stress (PS) and quality of life (QOL) in mothers of children with ADHD, PDD and LD.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with 336 child mother pairs. The mothers were asked to rate their burden and stress symptoms on the perceived stress scale and Burden of care scale. The mothers were also asked to rate their quality of life on the quality of life scale.Results: The mean PS score was highest in the PDD group. The mean BOC was lowest in the LD group. The QOL score was highest in the LD group.  There is statistically significant difference in the PS, BOC and QOL scores among the three groups.Conclusions: There is a hidden lacuna of psychological stress in mothers of children with common psychiatric problems. The study also establishes that these mothers have poorer quality of life. It is necessary to address these psychological issues of the mother at every visit and equip them with coping strategies so that they can look after both themselves and their special needs child.

Analysis of SYNE1 gene variant in an infant featuring epilepsy and developmental disorders / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical features and molecular basis for a child featuring infantile epilepsy and developmental disorders.@*Methods@#Clinical data and peripheral blood samples of the child and his parents were collected. The coding regions of genes associated with nervous system development were subjected to target region capture sequencing.@*Results@#The child developed generalized spasm at 3 months and was diagnosed with epilepsy at 6 months of age. He was treated with Depakin but was diagnosed with mental retardation and developmental retardation at 3 years of age. A novel heterozygous c. 3842T>G variant of the SYNE1 gene was detected. His father was found to carry the same variant and had a history of convulsions in infancy but with no mental or developmental anomalies.@*Conclusion@#A novel variant of SYNE1 gene was identified in this child, and the prognosis may be poor.

Diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders in children: interpretation of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-11 and The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Interpretation of The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems-11 published by World Health Organization(WHO) and The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of Fifth published by American Psychological Association(APA), and reference of literature in recent 10 years.In order to be in agreement with international standards which used to classify the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders in children and to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis.

Oral Complications after Antineoplastic Treatment in Pediatric Patients / 대한소아치과학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine dental complications and to evaluate the effects of initial treatment age, treatment modalities, and treatment duration on the disorder after radiation and chemotherapy in pediatric cancer patients.For 93 children with clinical and radiographic data, the number of teeth, the morphology of teeth, the shape of the roots, and development status of the dentition were evaluated.Dental development disorders were found in 61.3% of the children. The mostly found abnormality was root deformity with the prevalence of 31.2%. In children submitted to the therapy before the age of 6, the number of missing teeth (p = 0.029) and microdontia (p = 0.003) were greater compared to the children who started to receive the treatment after the age of 6. The combination of radiation and chemotherapy showed significantly greater incidences of missing teeth (p = 0.030), microdontia (p = 0.046), and root deformity (p = 0.009) when compared with the sole application of chemotherapy. When the children were submitted to anticancer therapy for 18 months or longer duration, greater number of missing teeth (p = 0.032), microdontia (p = 0.011), root deformity (p = 0.025), and total number of teeth affected (p = 0.036) were observed compared with duration less than 18 months.The number of dental abnormalities increased when the children were treated at earlier ages, with combination of radiation and chemotherapy, and for longer period of time.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 Compared to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the concordance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV and DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 170 subjects (age range: 3–23, 140 boys) with developmental delay or social deficit from January 2011 to July 2016 at the Department of Psychiatry of Asan Medical Center. The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and intelligence tests were performed for each subject. Diagnosis was reviewed and confirmed for each subject with DSM-IV Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and DSM-5 ASD criteria, respectively. RESULTS: Fifty-eight of 145 subjects (34.1%) who were previously diagnosed as having PDD in DSM-IV did not meet DSM-5 ASD criteria. Among them, 28 (48.3%) had Asperger's disorder based on DSM-IV. Most algorithm scores on ADOS and all algorithm scores on ADI-R were highest in subjects who met both DSM-IV PDD criteria and DSM-5 ASD criteria (the Convergent group), followed by subjects with a DSM-IV PDD diagnosis who did not have a DSM-5 ASD diagnosis (the Divergent group), and subjects who did not meet either DSM-IV PDD or DSM-5 ASD criteria (the non-PDD group). Intelligence quotient was lower in the Convergent group than in the Divergent group. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that ASD prevalence estimates could be lower under DSM-5 than DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Further prospective study on the impact of new DSM-5 ASD diagnoses in Koreans with ASD is needed.

Taxonomic classify framework for malformation of cortical development / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Malformation of cortical development (MCD) is an important cause of children's intellectual motor development disorder and refractory epilepsy.The classification of MCD is very complex,whether from the dimensions of embryonic development,genetic regulation abnormality or tissue structure characteristics.This article is mainly based on an updated version of Barkovich's MCD classification.This framework help clinic to understand various types of MCD,search its genetic causes,and select appropriate surgical treatment for some treatable refractory epilepsy with MCD.

Two Cases of Sleep Disorder with Developmental Disorders Successfully Treated with Kampo Medicines / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We report two cases effectively treated with Kampo medicines for comorbid sleep disorder in developmental disorder. Case 1 was a 15-year-old woman diagnosed Asperger's syndrome, and her main complaints were difficulty in rising, difficulty in falling asleep and fatigability. We thought that the symptoms might be caused by in and ketsu deficiency, which lost control of kanki hyperactivity and evoked tension/excitement state easily. The difficulty in rising was improved with yokukansan and kambakutaisoto and she was able to go to school every day. Case 2 was a 17-year-old man diagnosed the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. His symptoms were difficulty in rising, feeling of weariness, fatigability, and frequent tension/excitement state. The previous use of shokenchuto had improved the symptoms slightly. After shigyakusan was added to cure kanki dysregulation, he succeeded in going to school every day. In the oriental medicine, ketsu has important roles in mental stability and sleep, whereas qi and ketsu tend to be insufficient in childhood. Our results suggest that replacement of in and ketsu would be useful in treating comorbidities in developmental disorder.

Internet Addiction and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Traits among Female College Students in Japan

OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have reported that internet addiction (IA) is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently. However, in terms of gender, there are controversial findings. We aimed to investigate the relation between IA and self-acknowledged ADHD traits among female college students in Japan. METHODS: The study questionnaire consisted of questions about demographics, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1 Part A (ADHD screener) and Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). When four or more items are more frequent than the cut-off on ADHD screener, the subject was categorized into students with a positive ADHD screen. We defined students with total IAT score of 70 and higher as IA. RESULTS: A total number of respondents was 369 (mean age: 19.0±0.7 years). Seventy-seven subjects were screened positive on ADHD screener (20.9%). Students with a positive ADHD screen scored significantly higher on the IAT (54.2±14.2 vs. 42.5±11.3). The rates of IA in students with and without a positive ADHD screen were 18.2% and 1.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Results of this study demonstrated the relation between IA and self-evaluated ADHD traits among female college students in Japan. Appropriate education for students on how to use the internet properly will be necessary to prevent IA.

Trastornos del desarrollo en niños y adolescentes de la región de Los Ríos, Valdivia, Chile, 2006-2008 / Developmental disorders in children and adolescents of the Los Ríos region, Valdivia, Chile, 2006-2008

Objetivo: Estudiar los posibles hallazgos de factores asociados antenatales, perinatales o posnatales, tanto de la madre como del niño, que tengan relevancia significativa en la aparición de trastornos del desarrollo. Pacientes y método: Se creó una base de datos de todas las fichas clínicas de los pacientes con patología del desarrollo F80 a F90 CIE10 ingresados a la Unidad de Psiquiatría Infantil del Hospital Regional de Valdivia entre agosto de 2006 y diciembre de 2008. Total: 493 pacientes (48,7% del total de consultantes); grupo control de 32 niños sanos de consultorios de la ciudad. Se aplicó método estadístico odds ratio (95% confianza) para el análisis de algunas variables. Resultados: Destacan como factores de riesgo para desarrollar patología del desarrollo (p < 0,005, 25% de frecuencia en población consultante): la prematurez, ser de sexo masculino, tener una madre con baja escolaridad, hospitalizaciones tempranas y enfermedades médicas antes de los 3 años (todos con odds ratio significativa). Además tener una madre psiquiátrica aumenta el doble el riesgo de desarrollar trastorno del desarrollo. Conclusión: Se requiere un trabajo colaborativo interdisciplinario entre neonatólogos, obstetras, psiquiatras infantiles y la atención primaria para detectar precozmente niños en riesgo.

Objectives: To study possible findings of factors in the antenatal, perinatal or postnatal period, in the mother or the child that may have an influence on the appearance of a developmental disorder. Patients and method: A Data Base of Clinical Histories from every patient with a developmental disorder (F80-F90 ICD10) was created. The patients attended the Child Psychiatric Unit at Hospital Regional of Valdivia, Chile, from August 2006 to December 2008. Total: 493 patientes (48.7% of the total of patients consulting); Control group: 32 healthy patients. Statistical method: odds ratio (95% confidence). Results: The main risk factors for developing a developmental disorder (P < .005, 25% frequency in the consulting population) are: prematurity, male sex, mother with low education, early hospitalizations, and medical illnesses (all with a significant odds ratio). Also, having a mother with psychiatric illness doubles the risk of having a developmental disorder. Conclusion: It requires an interdisciplinary collaborative work between neonatologists, obstetricians, child psychiatrists and the primary care to detect early children at risk.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Lost In Space.

Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) is a developmental neurological disorders. PDD consist of Autism, Asperger syndrome, Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified Rett's disorder and childhood di sintegrative disorder. The incidence of the disease has been increased in past one decade when compared to earlier, which is due to increased awareness of the disease. The diagnosis of the PDD mainly by diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder(DSM) published by American psychiatric association. DSM V the pervasive development disorders were considered into single autism like spectrum of disorders. Autism spectrum disorder is not completely curable and hence requires lifelong management Educational and behavioral interventions are more successful when compared to medications alone. Early interventions have more positive results. The present review articles describes regarding the Pervasive developmental disorders, prevalence of autism worldwide, individual countries ,their characteristic features, diagnosis by DSM IV and DSM V, causative factors involved and management.

Efficacy of a Day-Hospital Treatment Program for Child with Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Mental Retardation : A Retrospective Study

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a day-hospital treatment program designed to help development of children with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and mental retardation (MR). METHODS: Retrospective review of the charts of 32 children (28 with PDD, 4 with MR), who participated in a day-hospital treatment program of Seoul Metropolitan Eunpyeong Hospital, from October 2008 to February 2012, was conducted. Development level of each patient was evaluated according to the Psycho-Educational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Social Maturity Scale (SMS), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Evaluation was done at two points, before participation and after 1 year participation. RESULTS: Children who participated in the day-hospital treatment program showed significant improvement in all categories of PEP-R, SMS, and CARS. CONCLUSION: Day-hospital treatment program is effective for helping development of children with PDD and MR.