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Introducción: Las personas diabéticas tienen entre dos y tres veces más riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular que aquellas que no padecen la enfermedad. Objetivo: Estimar el riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos en un Área de Salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y trasversal de 103 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico de la Familia No. 23 del policlínico Carlos J Finlay, municipio Songo-La Maya en la provincia Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2023. Se estudiaron variables cualitativas y cuantitativas (edad, año de diagnóstico y duración de la enfermedad); se estimó el riesgo cardiovascular según el modelo para la predicción del riesgo en personas con diabetes tipo 2. Resultados: Se observó predominio del sexo femenino (58,3 %). La mayoría de los pacientes tenían hipertensión arterial (76 %) y microalbuminuria (31,2 %). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 65,5 años y como promedio tenían un tiempo de evolución de la diabetes de 8,6 años. La evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular ubicó a 43,3 % de la población en un nivel moderado y 25,7 % con alto riesgo. Conclusiones: Los pacientes diabéticos estudiados mostraron un riesgo de moderado a alto de presentar eventos cardiovasculares. Se hace necesario realizar intervenciones educativas en estos pacientes y sus familiares para lograr cambios favorables en los estilos de vida y mejorar el control de la enfermedad, previniendo así complicaciones y la ocurrencia de eventos fatales en los próximos años.
Introduction: Diabetic people have between two and three times more risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than those who do not suffer from the disease. Objective: To estimate cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated in a Health Area. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 103 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, belonging to the Family Medical Office No. 23 of the Carlos J. Finlay polyclinic, Songo-La Maya municipality, Santiago de Cuba province, from January to December 2023. Qualitative variables and quantitative (age, year of diagnosis and duration of the disease) were studied; Cardiovascular risk was estimated according to the model for predicting cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Results: A predominance of the female sex was observed (58.3%). Most patients had arterial hypertension (76.0%) and microalbuminuria (31.2%). The average age of the patients was 65.5 years and on average they had a duration of diabetes of 8.6 years. The cardiovascular risk evaluation placed 43.3% of the population at a moderate level and 25.7% at high risk. Conclusions: The diabetic patients studied showed a moderate to high risk of presenting cardiovascular events. It is necessary to carry out educational interventions in these patients and their families to achieve favorable changes in lifestyles and improve disease control, thus preventing complications and the occurrence of fatal events in the coming years.
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Background Researches showed that elevatory blood glucose level results in long-term damage of cells and tissue,or metabolic memory phenomenon,and manipulation of hyperglycemic memory is a good approach in the prevention of diabetic complications.However,its mechanism is not clear.It is speculated that the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in diabetic patients may be associated to related mechanisms.Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) can decrease the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS),which may be related to DR.Objective This study was to explore the association between DR and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of UCP genes in Chinese Han population with type 2 diabetes.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed.This study was approved by Ethic Committee of Affiliated First Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University and complied with Declaration of Helsinki,and written informed consent was obtained from each subject prior to any medical examination.One thousand eight hundreds and seventy-five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were enrolled in Xinjing district of Shanghai city by cluster sampling from November 2014 to January 2015.The demographic and medical baseline characteristics,ocular examination and laboratory tests were obtained and periphery blood of 2 ml was collected for extraction of DNA.Eight tag SNPs of UCP1,three tag SNPs of UCP2,and seven tag SNPs of UCP3 were selected as marker locus for the detection of genotype by Sequenom Mass ARRAY.Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry platform were used for genotyping.Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analysis,allele and genotype frequencies,haplotype analysis,and association tests for DR and SNPs were performed by SAS and SHEsis software.Results A total of 530 DR patients were checked out from 1 875 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus,with the detection rate of 28.27％.rs660339 locn of UCP2 gene and rs1626521,rs668514 locus of UCP3 gene appeared to have low detectable rates,and the secondary allele base frequency of rs632862 in UCP2 gene was ＜0.01 and rs15763 of UCP3 gene was unmatched with HWE,therefore,these locus analysis was not included.In 13 SNPs locus included in the analysis,only 2 SNPs of UCP1 gene were related to DR.Compared with the non-diabetic retinopathy (NDR) patients,the G allele frequency of rs10011540 was increased (P =0.03,OR =1.31,95 ％ confidence interval[CI] =1.03-1.67,and T allele frequency of rs3811787 was decreased (P=0.04,OR=0.86,95％ CI=0.75-0.99) in DR patients.Genotyping detection showed that the C/C and A/A frequencies of rs3811790 in UCP1 gene were significantly more and C/A frequency was less in DR patients than those in NDR patients (all at P＜0.01).The logistic regression analysis indicated an association of SNPs of rs10011540 and rs3811787 with DR independent from glucose and disease duration.Conclusions The SNPs of rs10011540 and rs3811787 locus in UCP1 gene are associated with DR in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods A total of 792 patients of T2DM were enrolled in the study.There were 448 males and 344 females,with an average age of (54.13 ± 13.06)years.The average duration of diabetes was (8.03 4±6.70) years.The patients were grouped according to the degree of DR and thyroid function.Among them,483 patients (61.0％) were no DR,240 patients (30.3％) were mild DR,69 patients (8.7％) were severe DR.725 patients (91.5％) were normal thyroid function,67 patients (8.5％) were SCH.The prevalence of SCH among no DR group,mild DR group and severe DR group was compared.And the prevalence of DR between normal thyroid function group and SCH group was compared.Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between SCH and DR.Results No significant differences among the three groups (no DR group,mild DR group,severe DR group) were found in the prevalence of SCH (x2=1.823,P=0.402).There were no significant differences in the incidences of DR between normal thyroid function group and SCH group (x2=1.618,P=0.239).Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that SCH was not significant associated with DR [mild DR:odds ratio (OR)=1.361,95％ confidence interval (CI)=0.773-2.399,P=0.286;severe DR:OR=1.326,95％CI=0.520-3.384,P=0.555;DR:OR=1.353,95％ CI=0.798-2.294,P=0.261).Conclusion SCH is not significant associated with DR in patients with T2DM.
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Objective To evaluate the effects of sitagliptin on blood glucose,blood pressure,blood lip and carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) in metabolic syndrome patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods The clinical data were collected for 64 cases of inpatient and outpatient patients with metabolic syndrome with type 2 diabetes.Those patients included anti-diabetes native patients and patients only used the stable metformin dose.After signed off the informed consent form,those patients were randomized to the sitagliptin treatment group or original treatment group,and the metabolic index and carotid artery intima-media thickness were evaluated after 24 weeks treatment.Results The body mass index (BMI),waist circumference (WC),fasting plasma glucose (FPG),triglycerides (TG),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),systolic blood pressure (SBP),diastolic blood pressure (DBP),glycated hemoglobin a1c (HbA1c),and carotid artery IMT in two groups were comparable at baseline.After 12 weeks treatment,the FPG,TG,DBP,and HbA1c in the sitagliptin group were significantly better than original treatment group and the baseline,while there was no different between two groups in other index.After 24 weeks treatment,the FPG,TG,HDL-C,DBP,HbA1c,and carotid artery IMT in the sitagliptin group were significantly better than original treatment group and the baseline.Conclusions Sitagliptin presents the functions of lowering blood pressure,adjusting blood lipid,and protecting vascular endothelial in addition to lowering blood glucose.
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Objective To investigate metabolic characteristics and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes pa-tients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease .Methods Two hundred patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus including 140 with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (NAFLD group) and 60 without NAFLD (non-NAFLD group) were recruited. Metabolic characteristic were measured and recorded .homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance ( HOMA-IR) index and HOMA-C were used to assess insulin resistance .Results were compared between two groups .Results Compared with non-NAFLD group, body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG),alanine aminotransferase (ALT),gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid ( UA) , triglyceride ( TG) , low density lipoprotein cholesterol ( LDL-C) ,fasting insulin ( FINS) , fasting C peptide ( FCP) , gly-cated hemoglobin a1c (HbA1c), HOMA-IR, and HOMA-C were significantly higher in the NAFLD group ( P <0.05).Logistics re-gression analysis showed that BMI , TG, GGT, and UA were risk factots for NAFLD ( P <0.05, OR =1.82, 1.53, 1.37, and 1.09 ) .Conclusions Compared patients without NAFLD , newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients with NAFLD present more meta-bolic disturbance, and severely insulin resistance.Obesity and the increased level of postprandial UA , triglyceridemia, and GGT might increase the risk of NAFLD in the patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus .
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Objective To investigate whether the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD) can independently increase the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes .Methods The cardiovascular endpoints were observed after 5 years follow up for fat liver group (46 cases, patient with fat liver and with diabetes more than 10 years), non-fatty liver group (50 cases, patients without fatty liver disease and with diabetes more than 10 years), and normal glucose group (46cases, patient with NAFLD and with normal glucose) in the same demographic characteristics.Results ⑴ Patient status before enrollment: The body mass index (BMI), and blood glucose levels in fat liver group and non-fatty liver group were higher than normal glucose group , while the high-density lipopro-tein cholesterol ( HDL-C) was lower than normal glucose group ( P 0.05 ) .⑵After 5 years observation:The BMI , blood glucose , and TG levels in fat-ty liver disease group were significant higher than other two groups , while the HDL-C was lower than other two groups .The glucose control level of fat liver group was higher than normal glucose group ( P 0.05 ) .Conclusions NAFLD can independent-ly increase the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes.
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Objective To investigate the expression of visfatin mRNA in abdominal omental adipose tissue and its relationship with blood lipid in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods 161 type 2 diabetic patients were divided into two groups according to triglyceride ( TG ),high triglyceride group ( TG ≥ 1.7mmol/L) and normal triglyceride group(TG ＜ 1.7 mmol/L).The expression of visfatin mRNA in abdominal omental adipose tissue was measured with Northern Blot.Visfatin plasma concentration,fasting plasma glucose (FPG),blood lipid profiles and other biochemical indicators were also measured.Results Comparing with normal triglyceride group,the diabetic patients in high triglyceride group had significantly increased levels of visfatin plasma concentration [ ( 129.07 ± 21.35)ng/mL vs ( 101.65 ± 15.23 ) ng/mL,t =2.295,P ＜0.05]and mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue( P ＜0.05).Visfatin plasma concentration was positively correlated with TG( β =0.592,P ＜0.05 ) and FPG( β =0.763,P ＜0.01 ).Visfatin mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue had no correlation with FPG,TG and other biochemical indicators.Conclusions The plasma visfatin level in T2DM patients may be associated with triglyceride metabolism.
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Objective To explore the possible risk factors that influence bone mineral density (BMD) in the elderly man with type-2 diabetes.Methods Sixty elderly man with type-2 diabetes were subjected to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to evaluate the BMD at lumbar spine ( LS),and femoral neck (FN).Fasting blood and urine samples were taken to check the biochemical levels about bone metablism and blood sugar.The correlations between BMD and other factors were analyzed.Results In this group of patients,the percentage of osteoporosis and osteoponia was 20％ and 53.3％ in LS or FN site,respectively.Age,Weight,and HbA1c were correlated with BMD.Weight of them had the best correlation with BMD at LS( r =0.254,P ＜0.01 ),whereas,HbA1c had the best correlation with BMD at FN( r =-0.224,P ＜0.01 ).Conclusions Age,Weight,and HbAlc c were correlated with BMD of elderly man with type-2 diabetes.
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Objective To explore the related risk factors for diabetic retinopathy(DR)in type 2diabetes.Methods The clinical data of 412 type 2 diabetes patients,diagnosed between 2003 and 2010,were analyzed retrospectively.The diagnosis of DR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR)was confirmed by ophthalmoloseopy and fundus fluorescein angiography.Glycated hemoglobin Alc,glucose,insulin,and C-peptide of fasting plasma,and 1,2 and 3 hours postprandial plasma were measured.According to the above-mentioned data,get the fluctuation of glucose,insulin and C-peptide of 1,2 and 3hour postprandial plasma.Results The morbidity of DR and PDR increased following the longer disease duration.Age,diabetic duration,body mass index(BMI),hypertension grade,HbAlC,fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide,2 and 3 hours postprandial plasma glucose,1 and 2 hours postprandial plasma insulin,1,2 and 3 hour postprandial plasma C-peptide,1,2 and 3 hours postprandial plasma glucose,insulin and C-peptide fluctuation are different statistically among non-DR group,non-PDR group and PDR group(P＜0.05).3 hours postprandial plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin were risk factors of DR (P＜0.05).Conclusions Postprandial plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin were risk factors of DR.Nevertheless,postprandial insulin,fasting and postprandial C-peptide,postprandial plasma glucose,insulin and C-peptide fluctuation were useful for DR diagnosis.
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Objective To investigate the amounts of endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs)in peripheral blood of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy(PDR).Methods Forty patients with PDR(PDR group),thirty patmnts with type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM)without DR(DM group),and twenty agematched normal subjects(control group)were enrolled in this study.Blood samples were treated bv repeated centrifugation and stained with monoclonal antibodies.At least 2 × 105 cells were analyzed bv flow cytometry.EPCs were identified by CD34 and CD133 antibody.The correlation between EPCs numbers and DR duration,glycosylated hemoglobin,serum lipids was analyzed.Results The number of EPCs in PDR,DM and control group were(49±12)、(35±11)、(90±25)cells/ml respectively,the difference was statistically significant(F=56.260,P=0.000).There was a positive correlation between EPCs numbers and DR duration(r=0.564,P＜0.05).However there was no correlation between EPCs numbers and glycosylated hemoglobin(r=-0.170,P>0.05)or triglyceride levels(r=0.261,P>0.05).Conclusions The number of EPCs in peripheral blood of PDR patients was decreased. EPCs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of PDR.