ABSTRACT
Introducción. El divertículo de Zenker es una patología poco frecuente, caracterizada por la presencia de disfagia, halitosis, tos y pérdida de peso, que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes. El tratamiento es quirúrgico y las técnicas han evolucionado de forma permanente. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la mejoría de la disfagia en pacientes a quienes se les realizó la técnica de miotomía endoscópica peroral (Z-POEM). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de una serie de 23 pacientes con divertículo de Zenker diagnosticado por endoscopia y esofagograma, tratados entre mayo de 2018 y noviembre de 2021 en diferentes instituciones de la ciudad de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, mediante una miotomía endoscópica del cricofaríngeo con la técnica de Z-POEM. Resultados. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron adultos mayores, de sexo masculino. Los síntomas más frecuentes correspondieron a disfagia y regurgitación. El tamaño promedio del divertículo fue de tres centímetros. La estancia hospitalaria fue de un día. Un paciente presentó disfagia postoperatoria en relación con los clips y otro presentó un absceso mediastinal, el cual fue resuelto de manera endoscópica. Actualmente, todos los pacientes se encuentran asintomáticos y no han presentado recurrencia. Conclusiones. El tratamiento endoscópico mínimamente invasivo mediante la miotomía endoscópica peroral (Z-POEM) en el paciente con divertículo de Zenker es una alternativa segura y eficaz, con buenos resultados y poca morbilidad
Introduction. Zenker's diverticulum is a rare pathology characterized by the presence of dysphagia, halitosis, cough, and weight loss, which affect the patients' quality of life. The treatment is surgical and the techniques have evolved permanently. The objective of this study was to evaluate the improvement of dysphagia in patients who underwent peroral endoscopic myotomy technique (Z-POEM). Methods. Descriptive study of a series of 23 patients with Zenker's diverticulum diagnosed by endoscopy and esophagram, treated between May 2018 and November 2021 at different institutions in Bogotá, Colombia, by means of an endoscopic cricopharyngeal myotomy with the Z-POEM technique. Results. Most of patients were older males. The most frequent symptoms corresponded to dysphagia and regurgitation. The average size of the diverticulum was three centimeters. The hospital stay was one day. One patient presented postoperative dysphagia related to the clips and another presented a mediastinal abscess which was resolved endoscopically. Currently, all patients are asymptomatic and have not presented recurrence. Conclusions. Minimally invasive endoscopic treatment by peroral endoscopic myotomy (Z-POEM) in patients with Zenker's diverticulum is a safe and effective alternative, with good results and low morbidity
Subject(s)
Humans , Zenker Diverticulum , Diverticulum, Esophageal , Deglutition Disorders , Esophageal Sphincter, Upper , Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery , MyotomyABSTRACT
Los divertículos se pueden localizar en todo el tubo digestivo (TD): esófago, estómago, duodeno, yeyuno, íleon, apéndice, colon. Son infrecuentes, salvo en colon. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas, con difícil diagnóstico y mayor riesgo de complicaciones. Se presenta una serie de divertículos digestivos atípicos, mostrando las características imagenológicas multimodalidad y describir los hallazgos claves. Es una revisión retrospectiva en el archivo computacional de nuestra institución. Selección de casos de divertículos de presentación inhabitual por sus características, localización u origen. En esófago los divertículos de Zenker y Killian-Jamieson. En estómago los divertículos gástricos infrecuentes. Los divertículos en intestino delgado tienen baja prevalencia, el más frecuente en duodeno. Los divertículos colónicos pueden tener una localización o presentación atípica. Los divertículos apendiculares y Meckel presentan baja prevalencia. Los divertículos digestivos son infrecuentes, excepto los colónicos. El radiólogo debe estar familiarizado con las diferentes ubicaciones de ellos, para reconocerlos y poder diagnosticarlos.
Diverticula may occur in any segment of the digestive tract: esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, and colon. Its clinical manifestations are nonspecifi which may turn diffiult an early diagnosis, leading to a higher risk of complications. We present a cases serie of atypical digestive diverticula and to describe the fidings on the different imaging techniques. We performed a retrospective review on the imaging computer archives of our institution. The atypical diverticula were selected. Zenker and Killian-Jamieson's diverticulums in esophagus. In stomach ocasionally gastric diverticula. Diverticula in small intestine have a low prevalence, the most common location is duodenum. Colonic diverticula may present a atypical location or presentation. The appendicular and Meckel diverticuli are uncommon. The digestive diverticula are uncommon, except the colonic ones. The radiologist must be familiar with it's different locations in order to be able to recognize it and diagnose it properly.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diverticular Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Diverticulum, Stomach/diagnostic imaging , Diverticulosis, Esophageal/diagnostic imaging , Diverticulum, Colon/diagnostic imaging , Meckel Diverticulum/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
Introdução:Divertículos esofagianos são alterações esofá-gicas raras e podem ser classificados em proximais, médios ou distais, de acordo com a localização. Podem ser de pulsão ou tração e verdadeiro ou falso. Na dependência do tamanho do divertículo e da concomitância de doença associada, po-dem causar disfagia, regurgitação, mau hálito, rouquidão ou pneumopatias, podendo ter indicação de ressecção cirúrgica. O diagnóstico é suspeitado pela história clínica e confirmado pelo exame radiológico contrastado e pela endoscopia diges-tiva alta. Objetivo: Relatar o caso raro de uma paciente com divertículo de esôfago médio. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão do prontuário, registro fotográfico dos métodos diagnósticos e revisão da literatura. Resultados: Paciente feminina, 61 anos, encaminhada ao ambulatório do hospital de base de São José do Rio Preto, com queixa de disfagia progressiva para alimentos sólidos aproximadamente há cinco anos, associado à odinofagia, eructação intensa e perda ponderal nesse período de 10 quilos. A endoscopia digestiva alta, mostrou divertículo no terço médio do esôfago, 25 cm da arcada dentária supe-rior, com óstio de 3-4 cm de diâmetro e 3 cm de profundidade. A tomografia computadorizada de tórax confirmou a presen-ça do divertículo de esôfago em terço médio do esôfago, sem outros achados que justificassem sua presença. A paciente foi submetida à videotoracoscopia com ressecção do divertículo sem intercorrências. Atualmente, a paciente apresenta-se as-sintomática no acompanhamento clínico. Conclusão: Embora seja considerada uma alteração esofágica rara, os divertículos esofagianos, devem sempre ser considerados como diagnósti-co diferencial. Especialmente em casos de disfagia, halitose e enfermidades respiratórias por broncoaspiração. Em casos de pacientes sintomáticos e com dificuldade no tratamento clinico, a melhor opção terapêutica é a cirurgia com a excisão local do divertículo via toracotomia ou toracoscopia.
Introduction:Esophageal diverticula are rare conditions of the esophagus and can be classified according to their location in proximal, middle, or distal. Further categorization relates to presumed etiology, namely traction vs pulsion, true or false. Depending on the size of the diverticulum and the concomitance of associated disease, it can cause dysphagia, regurgitation, bad breath, hoarseness or pneumopathies. Thus, symptomatic patients are eligible surgical resection. The diagnosis is suspected by clinical history and confirmed by contrast radiological examination and upper digestive endoscopy. Objective: Present the case of a patient with middle esophageal diverticulum. Materials and Methods: We carried out a review of medical records, photographic record of diagnostic methods, and review from the literature. Results: A 61-year-old female patient was referred to the outpatient clinic at a teaching hospital (Hospital de Base), located in the city the São José do Rio Preto, inland of São Paulo State due to progressive complaints of dysphagia for solid foods for about 5 years, associated with odynophagia and severe eructation. She had a 10 kg weight loss in this period. Upper digestive endoscopy showed a diverticulum in the middle third of the esophagus, 25 cm from the dental arcade, with an ostium diameter of 3-4 cm and depth of 3 cm. A chest computed tomography confirmed the presence of an esophageal diverticulum in the middle third of the esophagus, in addition to other findings that justify its presence. She underwent video-assisted thoracoscopy with diverticulum resection without further complications. Currently, she is asymptomatic in clinical follow-up. Conclusion: Although it is considered a rare outgrowth, esophageal diverticula should always be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially in cases of dysphagia, halitosis, and respiratory diseases due to bronchoaspiration. In cases of symptomatic patients with difficulty to undergo clinical treatment, the best therapeutic option is a surgery with local excision of the diverticulum via thoracotomy or thoracoscopy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Deglutition Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Diverticulosis, Esophageal/diagnostic imaging , Esophageal Diseases/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Epiphrenic diverticulum is a rare disease associated with esophageal motor disorders that is usually asymptomatic and has a well-established surgical indication. We report a case of giant epiphrenic diverticulum in a 59-year-old symptomatic woman who was diagnosed after underwent complementary exams. Because of her symptoms, the surgical treatment was chosen, and esophageal diverticulectomy was performed along with laparoscopic cardiomyotomy and anterior partial fundoplication.
RESUMO O divertículo epifrênico é uma patologia rara associada a distúrbios motores esofágicos e, frequentemente, assintomática, tendo indicações cirúrgicas bem estabelecidas. Relatamos um caso de divertículo epifrênico gigante em paciente de 59 anos, sexo feminino, sintomática, diagnosticada por exames complementares. Devido à sintomatologia, optou-se por tratamento cirúrgico, sendo realizada a diverticulectomia esofágica com cardiomiotomia e fundoplicatura parcial anterior laparoscópica.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Postoperative Complications/etiology , Diverticulum, Esophageal/surgery , Laparoscopy/methods , Fundoplication/methodsABSTRACT
El divertículo de Zenker es un saco que protruye a través de los músculos constrictor inferior de la faringe y cricofaríngeo (triángulo de Killian); es una alteración que ocasiona disfagia como síntoma principal y se puede manejar con el endoscopio flexible con buenos resultados. Objetivo. Describir la experiencia preliminar en el manejo endoscópico del divertículo de Zenker en el Hospital de San José. Métodos. Se trata de una serie de casos llevada a cabo desde diciembre de 2014 hasta abril de 2016 en el Hospital de San José, en la cual se utilizó el endoscopio flexible para la diverticulotomía en pacientes ambulatorios. Resultados. Se intervinieron seis pacientes, en los cuales se llevaron a cabo nueve procedimientos. El diagnóstico se hizo mediante esofagogastroduodenoscopia y esofagograma. La edad promedio fue de 65 años y cuatro pacientes eran hombres. En todos se practicó el procedimiento bajo anestesia general, usando endoscopio flexible, sonda orogástrica y capuchón. No se usaron antibióticos profilácticos y todos los pacientes se atendieron en forma ambulatora. Conclusión. La diverticulotomía endoscópica con equipo de endoscopia flexible es una técnica que ha sido adoptada por los gastroenterólogos intervencionistas debido a su seguridad y buenos resultados. Por lo anterior, esta técnica se debe tener en cuenta en los pacientes con esta enfermedad
Zenker's diverticulum is a sac that protrudes through the inferior constrictor muscles of the pharynx and cricopharyngeus (Killian triangle), a condition that causes dysphagia as the main symptom and can be managed by flexible endoscopy with good results. Objective: To describe the preliminary experience in the endoscopic management of Zenker's diverticulum at Hospital San José, Bogotá, Colombia. Methods: This is a case series conducted from December 2014 to April 2016 utilizing the flexible endoscope for divericulectomy as an outpatient procedure. Results: Nine procedures were performed in six patients. Diagnosis was made by esophagogastroduodenoscopy and barium swallow. Average age was 65 years, and four patients were men. All the procedure were carried out under general anesthesia using flexible endoscope, orogastric tube and cap. We do not use prophylactic antibiotics and all were outpatients. Conclusion: Endoscopic equipment diverticulectomy with flexible endoscopy is a technique that has been adopted by the interventional gastroenterologists because of its safety and good results. Therefore, this technique should be considered in patients with this pathology
Subject(s)
Humans , Zenker Diverticulum , Diverticulum, Esophageal , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Endoscopy, GastrointestinalABSTRACT
El divertículo de Zenker, también llamado divertículo faringoesofágico, es un tipo de divertículo de la mucosa de la faringe, que se ubica en la parte superior del músculo cricofaríngeo, es decir, por encima del esfínter esofágico superior. Es un falso divertículo en el sentido que no compromete todas las capas de la pared faríngea. Los mecanismos de formación aunque controversiales son por pulsión y tracción. Los divertículos de Zenker pueden causar halitosis, regurgitación de alimento no digerido, disfagia orofaríngea e incluso una obstrucción completa por compresión. Como complicaciones puede provocar broncoaspiración, formación de fístulas entre el divertículo y la tráquea, hemorragia intradiverticular y más raro, carcinoma epidermoide dentro del divertículo. Una serie esofágica con trago de bario normalmente detecta el divertículo. El tratamiento establecido del divertículo de Zenker consiste en la miotomía quirúrgica del músculo cricofaríngeo asociada a diverticulectomía o diverticulopexia y, como alternativa, la diverticulostomía o miomectomía endoscópica. El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar un caso clínico, describir el procedimiento endoscópico usando cápsula distal acrílica dentada y disección de capas posterior a esclerosis de solución de adrenalina. Se presentan fotos de este procedimiento que ofrece más firmeza en el corte porque evita el desplazamiento de la punta del endoscopio, ningún sangrado, mejor exposición de las capas musculares y mejor visibilidad para el corte. Debe ser validada con una serie de casos
Zenker's diverticulum, also called pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, is a type of diverticulum of the mucosa of the pharynx, which is located at the top of the cricopharyngeal muscle, ie above the upper esophageal sphincter. It is a false diverticulum in the sense that it undertakes all layers of the pharyngeal wall. The formation mechanisms are controversial even drive and traction. Zenker diverticula can cause halitosis, regurgitation of undigested food, oropharyngeal dysphagia and even complete obstruction by compression. As complications may cause aspiration, fistula formation between the diverticulum and trachea, hemorrhage and rarest intradiverticular, epidermoid carcinoma in the diverticulum. A number esophageal barium swallow normally detects the diverticulum. The established treatment of Zenker's diverticulum is surgical myotomy of the cricopharyngeal muscle associated with diverticulectomy or diverticulopexy and, alternatively, the diverticulostomía or The objective of this study is to present a case, describe the endoscopic procedure using acrylic capsule toothed distal dissection layers sclerosis after epinephrine solution. We present photo of this procedure provides more firmly in the court because it prevents the displacement of the endoscope puna, no bleeding, better exposure of the muscle layers, and better visibility for cutting. Validity must be a number of cases
Subject(s)
Female , Middle Aged , Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery/methods , Diverticulitis/pathology , Zenker Diverticulum/surgery , Zenker Diverticulum/diagnosis , Myotonia/surgery , Esophageal Neoplasms/surgery , Esophageal Neoplasms/diagnosis , Esophageal Neoplasms , GastroenterologyABSTRACT
O divertículo de Zenker é um pseudodivertículo que se origina de um defeito muscular na parede posterior da faringe, na área de transição entre o músculo constritor inferior da faringe e o músculo cricofaringeo. Apesar do avanço das técnicas endoscópicas, o tratamento cirúrgico persiste como o tratamento padrão. Duas técnicas são possíveis: diverticulectomia (ressecção do divertículo) e a diverticulopexia. As vantagens da diverticulopexia estão ligadas à ausência de anastomose esofágica e suas possíveis complicações: fistulas cervicais, mediastinite, estenose esofágica e infecção de ferida. Em ambas as técnicas a secção das fibras musculares do músculo cricofaringeo (ou, esfíncter superior do esôfago) é fundamental. O objetivo do presente artigo é descrever em detalhes a técnica de diverticulopexia junto ao ligamento pré-vertebral associada à miotomia do músculo cricofaríngeo.
Zenker´s diverticulum is a pseudodiverticulum through a muscular defect in the posterior pharyngeal wall at the area between the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles of the pharynx and the cricopharyngeus muscle. Although endoscopic techniques have made significant progress, the surgical treatment remains the gold standard. There are two main techniques: diverticulectomy (resection of the diverticulum) and diverticulopexy. The main advantages of diverticulopexy are mostly linked to the absence of an esophageal anatomosis and its possible complications: cervical fistulae, mediastinitis, esophageal stenosis and wound infection, which allows a rapid recover with satisfactory oral intake. The purpose of this article is to describe in details the technique for diverticulopexy to the prevertebral ligament in association with a miotomy of the cricopharyngeus muscle.
Subject(s)
Humans , Zenker Diverticulum/surgery , Digestive System Surgical Procedures/methodsABSTRACT
El divertículo epifrénico es infrecuente, la mayoría surge por un mecanismo de pulsión debido a un trastorno motor esofágico que determina un efecto de barrera y ocasiona la herniación de la mucosa y la submucosa a través de un punto débil de la capa muscular. Se asocia a menudo con acalasia, trastornos concomitantes de la motilidad esofágica, y una alta presión de reposo del esfínter esofágico inferior. Los principales síntomas experimentados por los pacientes son disfagia, regurgitación y broncoaspiración. El tratamiento quirúrgico sólo se recomienda en pacientes sintomáticos. Se han utilizado técnicas mínimamente invasivas, con éxito en la mayoría de los casos. El abordaje laparoscópico es el tratamiento quirúrgico de elección. Una miotomía larga y un procedimiento antirreflujo deben asociarse para evitar las fístulas del esófago en la línea de reparación del reflujo gastroesofágico. El objetivo de esta revisión es revisar la literatura científica de esta infrecuente enfermedad; presentamos un caso tratado por abordaje laparoscópico.
The epiphrenic diverticulum is a rare pathological entity that generally results from a barrier motility disorder that causes herniation of the mucosa and submucosa through a weak spot in the muscularis. It frequently appears associated with achalasia, concomitant esophageal motility disorders, and a high resting pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter. Main symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation, and bronchial aspiration. Surgical treatment is recommended only for symptomatic cases. Minimally invasive techniques have been successfully utilized in most cases. The laparoscopic approach is the surgical technique of choice. A long myotomy and an antireflux procedure should be added in order to prevent the development of fistulae at the site of repair of the antireflux procedure. The aim of this article is to review the literature of this infrequent entity. We also present a case of laparoscopic repair of an epiphrenic diverticulum by laparoscopic approach.
Subject(s)
Diverticulum, Esophageal , Esophageal Motility Disorders , Esophageal Achalasia , Video-Assisted SurgeryABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Revisar a evidência da segurança e efetividade dos tratamentos endoscópico e cirúrgico do divertículo de Zenker. MÉTODOS: pesquisa no MEDLINE, LILACS e SciELO por "Zenker's diverticulum or pharyngoesophageal diverticulum", e seleção de estudos para avaliação da qualidade e extração dos dados para uma metanálise. RESULTADOS: a pesquisa não localizou nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado. Encontramos cinco estudos comparativos não randomizados com grupo controle, com um total de 630 pacientes, 339 no braço endoscópico e 291 no cirúrgico. Os valores para segurança foram uma mortalidade de 0,29 por cento e morbidade 7 por cento para o tratamento endoscópico, e mortalidade 0,34 por cento e morbidade 5 por cento para o tratamento cirúrgico. O valor para efetividade foi 84 por cento e 85 por cento, respectivamente. O efeito das abordagens endoscópica e cirúrgica para o tratamento do divertículo de Zenker foi comparável, a odds ratio para morbidade foi 1,24 (0,56-2,74), e a odds ratio para o sucesso foi 0,66 (0,41-1,05). CONCLUSÃO: os estudos sobre o tratamento do divertículo de Zenker têm baixo nível de evidência e não são capazes de definir qual o melhor tratamento em termos de segurança e efetividade.
OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence of safety and effectiveness of endoscopic and surgical treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. METHODS: Searches of MEDLINE, LILACS and SciELO by "Zenker's diverticulum" or "pharyngoesophageal diverticulum," and selection of studies for quality assessment and data extraction to a meta-analysis. RESULTS: The study did not find any randomized clinical trial. We found five comparative, non-randomized studies, with a total of 630 patients, 339 in the endoscopic arms and 291 in the surgical ones. The values for safety were a 0.29 percent mortality and 7 percent morbidity for the endoscopic treatment, and 0.34 percent mortality and 5 percent morbidity for surgical treatment. The values for effectiveness were 84 percent and 85 percent, respectively. The effect of endoscopic and surgical approaches for the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum was comparable, the odds ratio for morbidity was 1.24 (0.56 to 2.74), and the odds ratio for success was 0.66 (0.41 -1.05). CONCLUSION: The studies on the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum have a low level of evidence and are not able to establish the best treatment in terms of safety and effectiveness.
Subject(s)
Humans , Esophagoscopy , Zenker Diverticulum/surgeryABSTRACT
Se presentaron dos casos de divertículos de Zenker o hipofaríngeos, diagnosticados y operados en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital General Docente Martín Chang Puga de Nuevitas, Camagüey, Cuba. Se señala la clasificación de los divertículos, así como los diferentes procedimientos diagnósticos y quirúrgicos. Nuestros casos eran hombres en la tercera década de la vida, cuyos síntomas fundamentales consistieron en disfagia para los sólidos y síntomas respiratorios. La evolución posterior a la intervención quirúrgica fue satisfactoria, con seguimiento clínico por más de dos años.
We present two cases of Zenker's diverticuli (or hypopharyngeal diverticuli), diagnosed and operated on in the Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital General Docente "Martín Chang Puga" de Nuevitas. We classify the diverticuli, as well as the different diagnostic and surgical procedures. Both of the cases are male, in their 30s, with basic symptoms of dysphagia with solid foods and also with respiratory symptoms. Patients were surgically intervened, with a satisfactory postoperative evolution during a 2-year follow-up.