La evaluación en el posgrado mediante la educación a distancia durante la COVID-19 / Postgraduate evaluation through distance learning during COVID-19

Fundamento: La implementación de la educación a distancia en el posgrado durante la COVID-19 constituye una alternativa del sistema de educación superior cubana. Objetivo: Describir los resultados de la evaluación en el posgrado, mediante la modalidad de educación a distancia durante el tercer rebrote de la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal entre junio y julio de 2021, en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba. Se consideraron como unidades de análisis: unidades didácticas, estudiantes (residentes), la población estuvo constituida por los 146 residentes que cursaban el 1.er año de la especialidad, se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria (n= 96). Se estudiaron las variables resultados de las evaluaciones de cada unidad didáctica y general del módulo (excelente, bien, regular y mal), grado de dificultad (muy difícil, difícil y sin dificultad) y nivel de satisfacción (satisfecho, medianamente satisfecho e insatisfecho). Como instrumento de medición se empleó el registro de evaluación y de entrevista, respectivamente. Se empleó el porcentaje como medida de resumen. Resultados: Más del 70 % de los residentes evaluados se encontró en la categoría de bien sin dificultad, estando satisfechos con la modalidad de educación a distancia. Conclusiones: Predominaron los resultados de "excelente" solo en la unidad didáctica 1 y de "bien" en la evaluación final del módulo. La unidad didáctica de "mayor dificultad" resultó ser la 2. La mayor cantidad de residentes refirió estar satisfecho con la modalidad de educación a distancia en el posgrado.

Background: The implementation of distance education at the postgraduate level during COVID-19 represents an alternative in the Cuban higher education system. Objective: To describe the results of the evaluation in posgrado, through the educational modality at distance during the third regrowth of the pandemic of COVID-19. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was conducted between June and July 2021 at the Faculty of Stomatology, University of Medical Sciences of Santiago de Cuba. The following units of analysis were considered: teaching units, students (residents), the population consisted of 146 residents in the first year of specialization, a random sample was selected (n= 96). The variables studied were the results of the evaluations of each didactic unit and the general evaluation of the module (excellent, good, fair, and poor), level of difficulty (very difficult, difficult, and no difficulty), and level of satisfaction (satisfied, moderately satisfied, and dissatisfied). The evaluation and interview registers were used as measurement instruments, respectively, and the percentage was used as a summary measure. Results: More than 70% of the residents evaluated were in the good without difficulty category and were satisfied with the distance learning modality. Conclusions: The results "excellent" predominated only in didactic unit 1 and "good" in the final evaluation of the module. The "most difficult" didactic unit was didactic unit 2. Most residents were satisfied with the distance learning modality in the postgraduate program.

Resultados de la evaluación en el posgrado mediante la educación a distancia durante la COVID-19 / Postgraduate evaluation results through distance education during COVID-19

RESUMEN Fundamento: la implementación de la educación a distancia durante el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del posgrado en el contexto de la pandemia COVID-19, constituye una alternativa del sistema de educación superior a nivel mundial. Objetivo: describir los resultados obtenidos en el Módulo 7, Atención al menor de 19 años I, mediante la modalidad de educación a distancia durante el tercer rebrote de la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal entre junio y julio de 2021, en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Santiago de Cuba. Se consideraron como unidades de análisis: unidades didácticas, estudiantes(residentes). Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria (n= 96). Se estudiaron las variables resultados de las evaluaciones de cada unidad didáctica y general del módulo (excelente, bien, regular y mal), grado de dificultad (muy difícil, difícil y sin dificultad) y nivel de satisfacción (satisfecho, medianamente satisfecho e insatisfecho). Como instrumento de medición se empleó el registro de evaluación y entrevista. Se empleó el porcentaje como medida de resumen. Resultados: más del 50 % de los residentes evaluados se encontró en la categoría de bien sin ninguna dificultad, estando satisfechos con la modalidad de educación a distancia empleada. Conclusiones la implementación de la educación a distancia durante la situación sanitaria de pandemia, en la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral es una oportunidad para desarrollar el proceso docente educativo en el posgrado.

ABSTRACT Foundation: The implementation of the education at distance during the process of teaching learning of the posgrado in the current context of the pandemic COVID-19, constitutes an alternative from the system of superior education to world level. Objective: to describe the results obtained in the Module 7 Attention to the smaller than 19 years I, by means of the education modality at distance during the third rebrote of the Pandemic of COVID -19. Methodology: he/she was carried out a descriptive traverse observational study between June and July of 2021, in the Ability of Estomatología of the University of Medical Sciences of Santiago from Cuba. They were considered as analysis units: didactic units, students (residents), a random sample was selected (n = 96). The variables results of the evaluations of each didactic and general unit of the module (excellent, well, regular and bad), grade of difficulty (very difficult, difficult and without difficulty) and level of satisfaction (satisfied, fairly satisfied and unsatisfied) were studied. As mensuration instrument evaluation registration was used and of interview, respectively. It was used the percentage like summary measure. Results: more than 50% of the evaluated residents it was in the category of well without any difficulty, being satisfied with the education modality at distance employee. Conclusions the implementation of the education at distance during the sanitary current situation in the specialty of EGI is an opportunity to develop the educational process in the posgrado.

Factores limitantes del rendimiento académico en residentes de la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral

RESUMEN Fundamento Los resultados académicos tienen gran relevancia en la etapa de postgrado del profesional de la salud, al ser determinantes en su ubicación laboral y excelencia en el desempeño profesional. Por ello, resulta provechoso el estudio de los factores que pudieran limitar el rendimiento académico en dicho contexto. Objetivo caracterizar los factores limitantes del desempeño académico de los residentes de Estomatología General Integral durante los exámenes de promoción. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con la participación de residentes (n=29) de la especialidad de Estomatología General Integral, en el periodo de examen de promoción en los meses de junio (para segundo año) y julio (para primer año) de 2020, en el municipio de Campechuela, provincia de Granma. Se aplicaron cuestionario y entrevista a residentes y profesores del tribunal examinador, respectivamente. Se incluyeron como variables del estudio elementos intrísecos y extrínsecos, la situación socio-éconómica y las manifestaciones de estrés. Resultados el 82,76 % identificó a la falta de sistematicidad en el estudio como elemento responsable de los resultados negativos; y el 100 % refirió haber sentido ansiedad, cansancio o agotamiento; en este aspecto, el tribunal constató ansiedad en el 100 % de los residentes, y cansancio o agotamiento en el 79,31 %. Conclusión cuestiones como el nivel económico bajo, y la convivencia con personas enfermas resultaron de las más frecuentes entre las percibidas como factores limitantes del rendimiento académico; sin embargo, otros elementos de carácter subjetivo y mejorables a través del esfuerzo individual, se mostraron en mayor medida aún.

ABSTRACT Background The academic results have great relevance in the postgraduate stage of the health professional, as they are determinant in their work location and excellence in professional performance. Therefore, it is useful to study the factors that could limit academic performance in this context. Objective to characterize the limiting factors of the Comprehensive General Stomatology residents academic performance during the promotion test. Methods a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, with the participation of residents (n=29) of the Comprehensive General Stomatology specialty, during the promotion examination in June (for the second year) and July (for the first year) of 2020, in the Campechuela municipality, Granma province. Questionnaire and interview were applied to residents and professors of the examining board, respectively. Intrinsic and extrinsic elements, socioeconomic status, and stress manifestations were included as study variables. Results 82.76% identified the lack of systematicity in the study as the element responsible for the negative results; and 100 % reported having felt anxiety, tiredness or exhaustion; in this regard, the court found anxiety in 100 % of the residents, and tiredness or exhaustion in 79.31 %. Conclusion issues such as low economic level, and living with sick people were the most frequent among those perceived as limiting factors of academic performance; however, other subjective elements that could be improved through individual effort were shown to an even greater extent.

Educación a distancia de la maestría Atención Estomatológica Comunitaria durante el periodo de COVID-19 / E-learning of the Community Dental Care master's degree during COVID-19

RESUMEN Fundamento: Mantener las formas organizativas de la formación académica con métodos alternativos es una necesidad en los momentos actuales debido a la difícil situación que ha impuesto la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo: Describir las modalidades de educación a distancia utilizadas en la maestría Atención Estomatológica Comunitaria en tiempos de la pandemia COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Sancti Spíritus entre marzo y junio de 2020 con la aplicación de métodos del nivel teórico (analítico-sintético; inductivo-deductivo) y empírico (análisis de documentos). Resultados: El correo electrónico, el intercambio de medios electrónicos de almacenamiento, la vía telefónica, el grupo de WhatsApp y la autopreparación fueron las principales modalidades implementadas en las condiciones de restricción de movilidad y distanciamiento social que impuso la situación epidemiológica actual. Conclusiones: Las modalidades de educación a distancia utilizadas permitieron contextualizar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la maestría a los tiempos de pandemia.

ABSTRACT Background: At present to maintain the structural forms of academic training with alternative methods is essential due to the difficult situation imposed by COVID-19. Objective: To describe the e-learning modalities used in the Community Dental Care master's degree in times of COVID-19. Methodology: A descriptive research was conducted at the Sancti Spíritus University of Medical Sciences between March and June 2020 with the application of theoretical (analytical-synthetic; inductive-deductive) and empirical (document analysis) methods. Results: E-mail, the exchange of electronic storage media, the telephone, the WhatsApp group and self-preparation were the main modalities implemented in the conditions of mobility restriction and social distance imposed by the current epidemiological situation. Conclusions: The e-learning modalities used allowed contextualizing the teaching-learning process of the master's degree to the times of pandemic.

El estrés académico, estresores, síntomas y estrategias de afrontamiento en residentes de Estomatología General Integral / Academic stress, stressors, symptoms and coping strategies in residents of Comprehensive General Dentistry

RESUMEN Fundamento: los residentes de Estomatología enfrentan situaciones que provocan tensiones emocionales generadoras de estrés académico, con consecuencias negativas para el proceso de aprendizaje en el posgrado. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de estrés académico y el comportamiento de sus tres componentes en residentes de primero y segundo años de Estomatología General Integral. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal entre enero-marzo de 2020. Se utilizaron métodos teóricos: análisis- síntesis, inducción-deducción e histórico-lógico; empíricos: inventario SISCO de estrés académico. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la estadística descriptiva y fueron presentados en tablas usando como medida de tendencia central la media aritmética. Resultados: las cifras de la media general de estrés académico para los residentes de ambos años correspondió a un nivel severo. Los principales estresores identificados por ellos fueron: "Participación en clase" y "La evaluación de los profesores"; los síntomas más frecuentes referidos: "Trastornos en el sueño" y "Desgano para realizar las labores estudiantiles" y la estrategia de afrontamiento más utilizada resultó: "Ventilación o confidencias (verbalización de la situación que me preocupa)". Conclusiones: se determinó un nivel severo de estrés académico en residentes de Estomatología General Integral, lo que induce a la búsqueda de soluciones que incrementen la satisfacción con la especialidad ya que puede afectar su futuro desempeño profesional durante la atención integral al individuo, la familia y la comunidad.

ABSTRACT Background: dentistry residents face situations that cause emotional tensions that generate academic stress, with negative consequences for the postgraduate learning process. Objective: to determine the level of academic stress and the behavior of its three components in residents of first and second years of Comprehensive General Dentistry. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from January to March 2020. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, induction-deduction and historical-logical; empirical ones: SISCO inventory of academic stress. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and were presented in tables using the arithmetic mean as a measure of central tendency. Results: the figures of the general mean of academic stress for the residents of both years corresponded to a severe level. The main stressors identified by them were: "Class participation" and "The teachers' evaluation"; the most frequent symptoms referred to: "Sleeping disorders" and "Reluctance to carry out student work" and the most used coping strategy was: "Ventilation or confidences (verbalization of concerning situations)". Conclusions: a severe level of academic stress was determined in residents of Comprehensive General Dentistry, which induces the search for solutions that increase satisfaction with the specialty since it can affect their future professional performance during comprehensive care to the individual, the family and the community.

Challenges and Dilemmas for Dental Undergraduate Teaching with the Advent of COVID-19

ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, the development of neoliberalism has been observed in Brazil, which has led to the progressive weakening of public policies (including those of education) and the population's impoverishment. In the field of education, there was an increase in the privatization of higher education, inadequate to the requirements of national development, characterizing it more as a commodity than as a right. This article aims to discuss some challenges, risks, and possible strategies to face the impact of the COVID19 pandemic in undergraduate dental education. This pandemic had an immediate and dramatic impact on dental education in more than 130 countries, prompting teachers and students to adopt remote teaching activities. In Brazil, theoretical classes were offered remotely, mainly in private institutions where there was an intensification of academic work for both teachers and students. This process requires support in technological and pedagogical aspects, including tools, resources, and training courses. In the resumption of clinical education, changes in biosafety actions are being proposed to preserve the health of the actors involved. The application of these measures will imply a great mobilization of students, teachers, and technicians and extra attention so that the constitutive dimensions of the teaching-learning process in health are not minimized or forgotten.

Perception of Indian Dental Students to Pursue Higher Education Abroad during COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate Indian dental students' perception of seeking international dental higher education during COVID-19. Material and Methods: We conducted an online survey among the dental students. A self-administered questionnaire was prepared, which had information on country choice, reasons for the decision to study abroad, measures to be taken by the foreign universities because of COVID-19, the application's status, current plan, and opinions on exploring other possibilities. Results: Four hundred students constituted the final sample, out of which the majority were females (69.3%). Most of the students were not sure about their status in the application process (63%). The current plan to study abroad remained uncertain for almost half of the students (50.2%). Concerning the status of the application process, a significantly higher number of female students were "not sure" and are still "searching colleges" (p<0.001). Similarly, a higher number of females were "uncertain" or "postponed" or "canceled" when compared to the males concerning the current plan to study abroad (p=0.001). Also, a significantly higher proportion of female students cited the study budget as the main deterrent for pursuing a career abroad and opined that "flexible study options" will help them get admissions post-COVID-19 (p=0.001 and 0.035). Conclusion: A substantial impact was perceived by Indian dental students concerning higher education abroad, more among females.

COVID-19-Related Challenges in Dental Education: Experiences From Brazil, the USA, and Australia

Abstract Objective: To describe and compare how three dental schools from different countries (Australia, Brazil, and the USA) have managed experiences in dental education during the COVID-19 crisis. Material and Methods: It is a descriptive study reporting the experience that three distinct dental schools faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. They represent countries that adopted different measures to tackle the pandemic and were undergoing different stages of the disease. Results: After the WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal University of Paraíba suspended all on-site teaching, research, and service activities. For the return to teaching activities, the use of information and communications technology resources for distance learning was recommended. At the School of Dental Medicine (University of Pittsburgh), all research activities were suspended or, otherwise, could not be interrupted because of the employment of unique materials or supplies. When the pandemic started, Australia was one of the first countries to introduce strong regulations related to social distancing, travel restrictions, testing and tracking of infected patients. As such, the universities started to be closed from mid-March, cancelling all clinical and pre-clinical activities, maintaining online theoretical activities, such as seminars, lectures, and journal clubs. Conclusion: Numerous and critical difficulties have arisen as a result of the pandemic for individuals, communities and institutions that will have long-lasting effects. Our students face disruption to their education and career; our professional colleagues will be challenged rebuilding their practices, while staff at all Dental Schools are experiencing various hardships.

Experiencias compartidas sobre la Maestría en Odontoestomatología Infanto Juvenil en Villa Clara / Shared experiences on the Master's Degree in Dentistry for children and adolescents in Villa Clara

RESUMEN La salud bucal influye en la salud general, particularmente en los niños y jóvenes aún en crecimiento y desarrollo. El Programa Nacional de Atención Estomatológica Integral a la Población los considera grupos priorizados; se ha demostrado que el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de una sociedad está relacionado con los niveles de salud que se alcanzan en la población infantil. Estos motivos sustentan el diseño de la Maestría en Odontoestomatología Infanto Juvenil que se imparte en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Es objetivo de los autores socializar sus buenos resultados, obtenidos con la influencia de un colectivo pedagógico con altas categorías académicas y científicas, quienes han conducido a los maestrantes hacia el logro de una producción científica reconocida; lo cual ha tributado a la certificación de esta forma de superación profesional, la primera de las ciencias médicas villaclareña en alcanzar esta condición.

ABSTRACT Oral health particularly influences general health in children and young people, even in growth and development. The National Program of Comprehensive dentistry Attention to the Population considers them prioritized groups; it has been shown that the improvement of society life quality is related to the levels of health that are reached in the child population. These reasons support the design of the Master ´s course in Children and Adolescent s Dentistry that is taught at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences. The objective of the authors is to socialize their good results, obtained with the influence of a pedagogical group with high academic and scientific ranks, who have led the pupils towards the achievement of a recognized scientific production; which has contributed to the certification of this form of professional improvement, the first of the medical sciences in Villa Clara to achieve this condition.

El seminario integrador "Atención integral al paciente politraumatizado" en la especialidad Cirugía Maxilofacial / The integrative seminar "Comprehensive care for polytraumatized patients" in the specialty of Maxillofacial Surgery

Fundamento: la especialización como variante de formación de posgrado proporciona profundización en los conocimientos y modos de actuación adecuados en áreas particulares de profesiones. Objetivo: valorar la autopreparación de los residentes y su satisfacción con el seminario integrador "Atención integral al paciente politraumatizado" en la especialidad de Cirugía Maxilofacial. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, en el mes de octubre de 2017, durante el desarrollo del seminario integrador "Atención integral al paciente politraumatizado". Se utilizaron como métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis e inducción-deducción; empírico: la encuesta en forma de cuestionario a los 11 residentes de la especialidad, y matemático el análisis porcentual. Resultados: referente a la autopreparación de los residentes predominó el uso de libros y presentaciones digitales, fueron consultados artículos nacionales e internacionales. La mayoría usó medios actualizados, y una minoría, textos en inglés. Todos declararon estar Muy satisfechos con la preparación de la profesora. El ítem Preparación para enfrentar el tema obtuvo los mayores porcientos en bastante satisfecho y satisfecho, y solo una minoría expresó estar Muy satisfecho con sus conocimientos al respecto. Conclusiones: en general, la preparación de los residentes para afrontar el seminario integrador resultó adecuada, ellos se sintieron satisfechos con la organización y los conocimientos adquiridos con su impartición; constituyó también una experiencia eficaz para los docentes involucrados.

Background: the specialization as a variant of postgraduate training provides in-depth knowledge and adequate modes of action in particular areas of professions. Objective: to assess the self-preparation of residents and their satisfaction with the integrative seminar "Comprehensive care for the polytraumatized patient" in the specialty of Maxillofacial Surgery. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at Havana University of Medical Sciences, in October 2017, during the development of the integrative seminar "Comprehensive care to the polytraumatized patient". As theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis and induction-deduction; empirical ones: the survey in the form of a questionnaire to the 11 residents of the specialty, and the mathematical one for percentage analysis. Results: regarding the self-preparation of the residents, the use of books and digital presentations predominated, national and international articles were consulted. The majority used updated media, and a minority, texts in English. All declared to be very satisfied with the preparation of the teacher. The preparation item to face the issue obtained the highest percentage in quite satisfied and satisfied, and only a minority expressed being very satisfied with their knowledge about it. Conclusions: in general, the preparation of the residents to face the integrating seminar was adequate, they were satisfied with the organization and the knowledge acquired with its teaching; it was also an effective experience for the teachers involved.

A glance at the American training mode of the clinical postgraduate students of periodontology through postdoctoral program in periodontics of University of Washington School of Dentistry / 中华口腔医学杂志

To provide references and recommendations about periodontal professionals training for our country by introducing American training mode of clinical postgraduate students of periodontology. Based on ground visits and surveys of University of Washington School of Dentistry's postdoctoral program in periodontics, the professional training mode and its characteristics which adapt to the development trend of American periodontology were summarized and concluded. The discussion is in the following three parts: the overall status of postgraduate education of periodontology in the United States, the training mode of the clinical postgraduate students of periodontology at University of Washington School of Dentistry, and the observation of the American Academy of Periodontology's annual conferences. This kind of training mode supervised by the American Dental Association, giving priority to clinical practice and emphasizing cultivating the multidisciplinary comprehensive ability are worth learning. Meanwhile, the development trend of periodontology in the United States which pay increasing attention to carry out implant therapy with periodontal features and the adaptive training mode of clinical postgraduate students of periodontology also deserves our deep reflection and can be used for reference.

Initial results of a doctorate in medical sciences program at a regional university / Resultados iniciales de un programa de doctorado en ciencias médicas de una universidad

The number of doctoral programs in the biomedical field has risen in recent decades, but with a concentration in Santiago and little expansion into the provinces. The aim of this article is to describe the initial results obtained by the Doctorate in Medical Sciences program of the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. Observational study, conducted in the Department of Surgery at the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. All cohorts in the program from 2008 to 2015 were included. The outcome variables were: Graduation rate and scientific productivity of the graduates (WoS and SciELO publications). Other variables of interest were: academic faculty productivity (WoS and SciELO publications), and characteristics of students who entered the program (age, sex, origin, profession, previous graduate training and number of years of formal university education). Descriptive statistics were applied. During the evaluation period, of a total of 17 qualified, 8 doctorates have been granted (1.6 per year), a graduation rate of 47.1 %. The research productivity for 2010-2015 was 14.1 publications per graduate (8.4 WoS and 5.7 SciELO) and 43.8 publications per academic (41.2 WoS and 2.6 SciELO). In the period, 55 professionals applied and 27 were accepted (49.1 % rate acceptance). Initial results of the Doctorate in Medical Sciences program of the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile are presented.

El número de programas de doctorado en el área biomédica ha crecido en las últimas décadas, aunque la mayoría se concentra en Santiago, con un escaso desarrollo en regiones. El objetivo de este artículo es describir los resultados iniciales obtenidos por el programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de La Frontera. Estudio observacional, descriptivo; realizado en el Departamento de Cirugía de la Universidad de La Frontera. Se incluyeron la totalidad de las cohortes que han ingresado al programa, desde 2008 a 2015. Las variables de los resultados fueron: Tasa de graduación y productividad de los graduados (publicaciones WoS y SciELO). Otras variables de interés fueron: productividad del Claustro (publicaciones WoS y SciELO); y características de los alumnos que ingresaron al programa (edad, sexo, origen, profesión, formación de postgrado previa y número de años de formación universitaria formal). Se aplicó estadística descriptiva. Durante el período evaluado, de un total de 17 habilitados, se graduaron 8 doctores (1,6 por año), tasa de graduación de 47,1 %. La productividad para el período 2010-2015 fue de 14,1 publicaciones por graduado (8,4 WoS y 5,7 SciELO); y 43,8 publicaciones por miembro del Claustro (41,2 WoS y 2,6 SciELO). En el período analizado postularon 55 profesionales, siendo aceptados un total de 27 (49,1 % de aceptación). Se presentan los resultados iniciales del programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de La Frontera.

Los planes de estudio y programas de las especialidades médicas

Las especialidades médicas y estomatológicas constituyen una parte importante del sistema de educación posgraduado, que está organizado y dirigido por el Área de Docencia del MINSAP y asesorado por la Dirección de Posgrado del MES. Estas especialidades se han desarrollado a lo largo de estos años y han perfeccionado sus formas de organización y planificación. Este trabajo explica los fundamentos metodológicos que dan origen a los planes de estudios de las 56 especialidades que se realizan actualmente en el país.

Medicine and dental specialties are an important part of the graduate education system that is organized and managed by the Teaching Division of MINSAP with the advise of the Graduate Education Division of the Ministry of Higher Education. These specialties have developed throughout the years and their organization and planning have improved. This paper explains the methodological foundations that give rise to the curricula of the 56 specialties in the country.