ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: To characterize the perceptions and feelings of parents diagnosed with cancer in relation to communication with their children between 3 and 12 years old. Method: A cross-sectional, multicenter, with data triangulation, through structured and semi-structured interviews, with a question with a Semantic Differential Scale, carried out with the father or mother with cancer undergoing outpatient treatment in two hospital institutions in the city of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, content analysis, using the ATLAS.ti 8.0R software and the Social Representation Theory. Results: Forty-three respondents participated, 37 (86.0%) were female, 23 (53.5%) aged between 31 and 50 years old, 29 (67.5%) with only children between 7 and 12 years old. The experience was considered painful (73.1%), stressful (53.6%), clear (53.7%) and safe (51.2%). The feelings experienced generated two categories: Trial by fire; and Grateful rewards. Children's reactions from parents' perspective generated the categories: Sadness and suffering; Trust and support; Change of behavior; and Denial or insensitivity. Conclusion: Communication was assessed as negative and conflicting, positive and welcoming, and causing changes in children's behaviors.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Caracterizar las percepciones y sentimientos de padres diagnosticados con cáncer en relación a la comunicación con sus hijos entre 3 y 12 años. Método: Transversal, multicéntrico, con triangulación de datos, mediante entrevistas estructuradas y semiestructuradas, con una pregunta con Escala Diferencial Semántica, realizadas con el padre o la madre con cáncer en tratamiento ambulatorio en dos instituciones hospitalarias de la ciudad de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, análisis de contenido, utilizando el software ATLAS.ti 8.0R y la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. Resultados: Participaron 43 encuestados, 37 (86,0%) eran del sexo femenino, 23 (53,5%) con edades entre 31 y 50 años, 29 (67,5%) con hijos únicos entre 7 y 12 años. La experiencia fue considerada dolorosa (73,1%), estresante (53,6%), clara (53,7%) y segura (51,2%). Los sentimientos vividos generaron dos categorías: Prueba de fuego; y recompensa agradecida. Las reacciones de los niños, desde la perspectiva de los padres, generaron las categorías: Tristeza y sufrimiento; Confianza y apoyo; Cambio de comportamiento; y Negación o insensibilidad. Conclusión: La comunicación fue evaluada como negativa y conflictiva, positiva y acogedora, y provoca cambios en las conductas de los niños.
RESUMO Objetivo: Caracterizar as percepções e os sentimentos dos pais diagnosticados pelo câncer em relação à comunicação com seus filhos entre 3 e 12 anos. Método: Transversal, multicêntrico, com triangulação de dados, por meio de entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas, com uma pergunta com Escala de Diferencial Semântico, realizadas com o pai ou a mãe com câncer em tratamento ambulatorial em duas instituições hospitalares da cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, análise de conteúdo, utilizando o software ATLAS.ti 8.0R e a Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Participaram 43 respondentes, sendo 37 (86,0%) do sexo feminino, 23 (53,5%) com idades entre 31 e 50 anos, 29 (67,5%) com filho único entre 7 e 12 anos. A experiência foi considerada dolorosa (73,1%), estressante (53,6%), clara (53,7%) e segura (51,2%). Os sentimentos vivenciados geraram duas categorias: Prova de fogo; e Grata recompensa. As reações dos filhos, na perspectiva dos pais, geraram as categorias: Tristeza e sofrimento; Confiança e apoio; Mudança de comportamento; e Negação ou insensibilidade. Conclusão: A comunicação foi avaliada como negativa e conflituosa, positiva e acolhedora, e causadora de mudanças nos comportamentos dos filhos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Health Education , Communication , Medical Oncology , Parent-Child Relations , Expressed EmotionABSTRACT
Introducción: El Trabajo Emocional deteriora la salud mental de los colaboradores, quienes, en interacción con usuarios, regulan sus emociones para expresar las prescritas en la organización. Objetivo: Mapear sistemáticamente los hallazgos principales sobre el Trabajo Emocional en grupos ocupacionales de Latinoamérica a partir de la revisión de artículos científicos publicados entre 2009 y 2020, mediante una revisión de alcance. Materiales y métodos: A partir de la metodología PRISMA-ScR, se realizó la búsqueda en las bases de datos LILACS, Redalyc, Dialnet, DOAJ, BVS, Gale One File: Psychology y EBSCOhost; con las palabras clave "trabajo emocional" (español), "emotional labor"/"emotional work" (inglés) y "trabalho emocional" (portugués); y una matriz de registro documental como formulario de gráfico de datos. Resultados: De 186 artículos, se seleccionó 17, con las siguientes características: la mayoría fueron de Brasil; grupos de trabajadores en salud y docentes; con definición de trabajo emocional en 6 categorías; y se utilizaron 11 instrumentos de medición. Conclusiones: Existe amplia concepción sobre el trabajo emocional, sin embargo, la evidencia en Latinoamérica aún es limitada, por ello es necesario continuar investigación de su incidencia en diferentes escenarios laborales, para obtener una comprensión global del constructo.
Introduction: Emotional work deteriorates the mental health of employees who interact with the public and therefore must regulate their emotions in order to express those established by the organization. Objective: To systematically map the main findings of Emotional Work in occupational groups of Latin America based on the revision of scientific articles published between 2009 and 2020 through a scoping review. Materials and methods: A PRISMA-ScR methodology with the keywords "trabajo emocional" (Spanish), "emotional labor"/"emotional work" (English) and "trabalho emocional" (Portuguese) was used to search the following databases: LILACS, Redalyc, Dialnet, DOAJ, BVS, Gale One File: Psychology and EBSCOhost. A document record matrix was used as format for data graphic. Results: From 186 articles, 17 were selected with the following characteristics: majority were from Brazil; included health employees and professors; defined emotional work using 6 categories; used 11 measurement instruments. Conclusions: There is a wide understanding of the topic of emotional work, however the evidence in Latin America is limited, which is why it is necessary to continue investigating its incidence in different work environments in order to obtain a global understanding of the construct.
Subject(s)
Humans , Workplace , Emotions , Occupational Health , Expressed Emotion , Emotional Regulation , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
Resumen En Educación Física, el alumnado con baja competencia motriz puede verse humillado. La humillación suele quedar silenciada dentro de las personas que la sufren. Este artículo pretende sacar a la luz y reflexionar sobre los sentimientos de humillación de una alumna de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte (CCAFD). Para ello, la alumna ofrece un relato autoetnográfico que representa sus experiencias de manera semificcional. Dentro del espectro autoetnográfico, se adopta una posición moderada. Tras justificar dicha posición, el artículo presenta algunas reflexiones acerca de cómo el campo de la educación físico-deportiva, y en particular los estudios de CCAFD, generan prácticas y sentimientos de humillación. Se destaca el rol de dos ideologías presentes en Educación Física: la ideología del rendimiento y el sexismo. El artículo concluye resaltando la necesidad de incentivar una sensibilidad ideológica que permita considerar aspectos didácticos, organizativos y evaluativos de las prácticas físico-educativas desde el prisma de la humillación.
Resumo Em Educação Física, os estudantes com baixas capacidades motoras podem ser humilhados. A humilhação é frequentemente silenciada por aqueles que a sofrem. Este artigo traz à luz e reflete sobre os sentimentos de humilhação de uma estudante de Actividade Física e Ciências do Desporto (CCAFD). Para tal, a estudante oferece uma história autoetnográfica que representa as suas experiências de uma forma semificcional. Dentro do espectro autoetnográfico, é adotada uma posição moderada. Depois de justificar esta posição, o artigo apresenta algumas reflexões sobre como o campo da Educação Física e esportes, e em particular os estudos do CCAFD, geram práticas e sentimentos de humilhação. O papel de duas ideologias presentes na Educação Física é destacado: a ideologia do desempenho e o sexismo. O artigo conclui salientando a necessidade de encorajar uma sensibilidade ideológica que permita a consideração de aspectos didácticos, organizacionais e avaliativos das práticas físico-educacionais sob a perspectiva da humilhação.
Abstract Students with poor motor skills may feel humiliated in PE classes, but they often supress it. This paper aims to reveal and reflect on the supressed feelings of humiliation of a Physical Education and Sport Tertiary Education (PESTE) student. In order to do so, the student offers an autoethnographic story that represents her experiences in a semi-fictional way. Within the autoethnographic spectrum, a moderate position is justified and adopted. This paper presents some reflections on how the ideologies of performance and sexism in the field of Physical Education and sport, and in the PESTE degree in particular, create practices and feelings of humiliation. The conclusions drawn from this study emphasize the need to encourage ideological sensitivity that allows considering educational, organizational, and evaluative aspects of Physical Education practices through those who may feel humiliated.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Physical Education and Training , Exercise , Education , Emotions , Empathy , SexismABSTRACT
Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of FBT in comparison with usual care in people with schizophrenia treated at an outpatient psychiatric department of a public hospital in Chile. Method Quantitative study, with a randomized, controlled clinical trial design (CTCT) and pre-post measurements, with two arms. Fifty-four people with schizophrenia and their primary caregivers, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, were studied. The main outcome variable was social functioning. As secondary outcomes, clinical symptoms and treatment adherence in people with schizophrenia were evaluated. Expressed emotion was evaluated in the primary caregiver. Results FBT was effective in improving the social functioning of people with schizophrenia and decreasing expressed emotion in the primary caregiver, with a large effect size (d > 0.80). Conclusions The implementation of FBT as a protocolized intervention, complementing usual care, helps to improve psychosocial outcomes in people with schizophrenia and their caregivers.
Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la efectividad de la TFC, respecto de los cuidados usuales, en personas con esquizofrenia atendidas en un servicio de psiquiatría ambulatorio de un hospital público de Chile. Método Estudio cuantitativo, longitudinal, con diseño de ensayo clínico controlado aleatorizado (ECCA) y mediciones pre-post, a dos brazos. Se estudiaron 54 personas con esquizofrenia y sus cuidadores principales, asignados aleatoriamente a grupo control y experimental. La variable de resultado primaria fue el funcionamiento social; como resultados secundarios se evaluaron la sintomatología clínica y la adherencia a tratamiento del paciente y la emoción expresada en el cuidador principal. Resultados La TFC fue efectiva en el mejoramiento del funcionamiento social de la persona con esquizofrenia y en la disminución de la emocionalidad expresada en el cuidador principal, con un tamaño de efecto grande (d > 0.80). Conclusiones La implementación de la TFC, como intervención protocolizada y complementaria a los cuidados usuales, contribuye a mejorar resultados psicosociales en personas con esquizofrenia y en sus cuidadores.
ABSTRACT
A voz é uma ferramenta de trabalho do professor, refletindo suas condições de saúde e emoções. Este estudo objetiva compreender a percepção de professoras sobre o entrelaçamento de voz e emoções. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado a partir de grupos focais com 26 professoras do ensino fundamental. Utilizou-se a fenomenologia da percepção de Merleau-Ponty para análise dos dados, conduzindo- se pela noção de corpo e de entrelaçamento homem e mundo. As categorias identificadas foram: "desdobramentos do trabalho na voz, no corpo e nas emoções" e "emoções no corpo expressos pela voz". As discussões mostram a não separabilidade corpo e mente e a percepção da voz como um modo de vivenciar o corpo e as emoções. A noção de corpo próprio, complexo e sistémico extrapola o entendimento de corpo orgânico-biológico e contribui com a ampliação dos debates sobre a saúde vocal do professor.(AU)
La voz es una herramienta de trabajo del profesor, reflejando sus condiciones de salud y emociones. El objetivo de este estudio es comprender la percepción de las profesoras sobre el entrelazado de la voz y las emociones. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado a partir de grupos focales con 26 profesoras de la Enseñanza Fundamental. Se utilizó la fenomenología de la percepción de Merleau-Ponty para análisis de los datos, conduciéndose por la noción de cuerpo y de entrelazado hombre y mundo. Las categorías identificadas fueron: "desdoblamientos del trabajo en la voz, en el cuerpo y en las emociones" y "emociones en el cuerpo expresadas por la voz". Las discusiones muestran la inseparabilidad cuerpo y mente y la percepción de la voz como un modo de vivir el cuerpo y las emociones. La noción de cuerpo propio, complejo, sistémico, extrapola el entendimiento del cuerpo orgánico-biológico y contribuye a la ampliación de los debates sobre la salud vocal del profesor.(AU)
Voice is an essential tool of the work of teachers, reflecting their health and emotional conditions. The aim of this study was to understand the perception of teachers about how voice and emotion are interwoven. This was a qualitative study using focus groups with 26 elementary school teachers. Data analysis was based on the phenomenology of perception proposed by Merleau-Ponty, guided by his notion of the body and the interweaving of man and world. The resulting categories were: "consequences of the job on the voice, the body and emotions" and "emotions in the body expressed through the voice". Discussions showed the indissociability of the mind and body and the perception of the voice as a way of experiencing the body and emotions. The notion of the "own body", which is complex and systemic, surpasses the organic-biological understanding of the body and helps expand debate about the vocal health of teachers.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Voice , Expressed Emotion , Education, Primary and Secondary , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Resumen (analítico): Las elevadas tasas de evitación/infrautilización de los servicios desalud mental adolescente señalan la preferencia de este colectivo por autoatender sus malestares. Integrar los saberes juveniles mediante un enfoque hermenéutico y de interpretación de narrativas permite esclarecer las razones de dicha preferencia pues da a conocer, a partir del análisis de nosologías legas, los modos en los que la juventud percibe, siente y vivencia el malestar. Se empleó metodología cualitativa, realizándose entrevistas semi-estructuradas a una muestra representativa de 105 informantes catalanes y catalanas. Los resultados muestran un continuum nosológico lego que incluye términos coloquiales y biomédicos articulándolos en distintos gradientes de malestar. Normalización y patologización, así como durabilidad y severidad del malestar, devienen conceptos clave en la conformación del continuum. Observándose diferencias por subgrupos de estudio y género.
Abstract (analytical): Avoiding mental health services indicate that adolescents prefer to engage in self-care to treat their emotional distress. In order to clarify the reasons for this preference the author analyzes the lay nosology that adolescents use to name their emotional distress using a hermeneutic and interpretative approach. The study uses a qualitative methodology through 105 semi-structured interviews with a sample of adolescents and young people from Catalonia (Spain). Results show the existence of a lay nosology continuum, articulating the gradient of emotional distress that forms their vital worlds; temporality, normalization and severity are key concepts that shape this suffering. Differences between subgroups and genders were observed. Recognition of these lay nosologies allows better access to the ways in which emotional distress is perceived, felt and lived. This could lead to improvements in the communication between adolescents and professionals.
Resumo (analítico): A evasão dos serviços de saúde mental indica a preferência dos jovens pelo autoatenção de seus desconfortos. Para esclarecer as razões para esta preferência se analisam as nosologias leigas que os jovens usam para nomear aos seus mal-estares a partir de uma aproximação hermenêutica e interpretativa; foram desenvolvidas entrevistas semiestruturadas a uma amostra de adolescentes e jovens na Catalunha (Espanha). Os resultados desvelam a existência de um continuo nosológico que articula os gradientes de mal-estar emocional dos mundos vitais adolescentes sobre aspectos como temporalidade, normalização e severidade. Foram observados diferentes subgrupos de estudo e de gênero. O conhecimento das nosologias leigas permite um acesso aos modos em que o sofrimento é percebido, sentido e vivido e, como consequência, pode implicar numa melhor comunicação entres jovens e profissionais da saúde.
Subject(s)
Mental Health , AdolescentABSTRACT
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre recaídas psiquiátricas de pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, níveis de emoção expressa de seus familiares e fatores relacionados. Método: Estudo prospectivo, realizado em um serviço ambulatorial de saúde mental e em dois Centros de Atenção Psicossocial, com pacientes e familiares que responderam ao Family Questionnaire − Versão Português do Brasil, um formulário contendo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e um roteiro estruturado para avaliação de recaídas. Para a análise, utilizou-se do modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 89 díades. Dos pacientes investigados, 31% apresentaram recaídas, e 68% dos familiares, elevada emoção expressa. A relação entre a emoção expressa e as recaídas não foi significativa. A análise de regressão logística mostrou que quanto maior o número de internação nos 2 anos precedentes ao estudo, a chance de o paciente apresentar recaídas no período de 24 meses é de 1,34. Conclusão: A emoção expressa foi insuficiente para predizer recaídas. Assim, as recaídas devem ser compreendidas como um fenômeno multifatorial. Esses resultados fornecem subsídios para intervenções e investigações sobre os múltiplos fatores envolvidos na evolução do paciente com esquizofrenia, acompanhado em serviços de saúde mental de base comunitária.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre recaídas psiquiátricas de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, niveles de emoción expresada de sus familiares y factores relacionados. Método: Estudio prospectivo, llevado a cabo en un servicio de ambulatorio de salud mental y en dos Centros de Atención Psicosocial, con pacientes y familiares que respondieron al Family Questionnaire − Versión Portugués de Brasil, un formulario conteniendo las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y un guión estructurado para evaluación de recaídas. Para el análisis, se utilizó el modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: Participaron en el estudio 189 pares. De los pacientes investigados, el 31% presentaron recaídas, y el 68% de los familiares, elevada emoción expresada. La relación entre la emoción expresada y las recaídas no fue significativa. El análisis de regresión logística mostró que cuanto mayor el número de estancias hospitalarias en los dos años precedentes al estudio, la probabilidad de que el paciente presente recaídas en el período de 24 meses es de 1,34. Conclusión: La emoción expresada fue insuficiente para predecir recaídas. De esa manera, las recaídas deben comprenderse como un fenómeno multifactorial. Dichos resultados brindan subsidios para intervenciones e investigaciones acerca de los múltiples factores involucrados en la evolución del paciente con esquizofrenia, acompañado en servicios de salud mental de base comunitaria.
ABSTRACT Objective: Assess the relationship between psychiatric relapses of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, the levels of expressed emotion among their relatives and related factors. Method: Prospective study carried out at a mental health outpatient clinic and two Psychosocial Care Centers, with patients and relatives responding to the Family Questionnaire - Brazilian Portuguese Version, a form containing socio-demographic and clinical variables and a structured script to assess relapses. A logistic regression model was used for the analysis. Results: A total of 89 dyads participated in the study. Of the patients investigated, 31% presented relapses and, among the relatives, 68% presented elevated levels of expressed emotion. The relationship between expressed emotion and the relapses was not significant. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that when there were a higher number of hospital admissions in the two years preceding the study, the chance of the patient relapsing in the 24-month period is 1.34. Conclusion: Expressed emotion was insufficient to predict relapses. Thus, a relapse should be understood as a multifactorial phenomenon. These results provide support for interventions and investigations on the multiple factors involved in the evolution of schizophrenia patients in follow-up at community-based health services.
Subject(s)
Humans , Schizophrenia , Family , Expressed Emotion , Psychiatric Nursing , Prospective Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Mental Health ServicesABSTRACT
Abstract Objectives. This work sought to determine mood levels of women subjected to treatments for breast cancer and of their spouses. Methods. Descriptive cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic sampling. The profile of mood states (POMS) instrument, Spanish version, was applied to a sample of 103 couples from five Colombian cities. Results. The mood level in women reported a mean of 61.4 ± 5.7 and 60.7 ± 4.9 in their spouses, without being statistically significant. Upon analyzing the score of the mood subscales, statistically significant differences were only noted in tension (higher score in spouses) and fatigue (higher score in women). Conclusion. The emotional area was moderately affected in the study couples, which could be consequential of late effects of the treatments for breast cancer. Nursing must develop care actions that promote the emotional wellbeing of women with breast cancer and include participation from the spouses.
Resumo Objetivos. Determinar o nível do estado de ânimo das mulheres submetidas a tratamentos por Câncer de mama e o dos seus esposos. Métodos. Estudo descritivo de corte transversal com amostragem não probabilístico. Se aplicou o instrumento Perfil de estados de ânimo - POMS, versão espanhola, a uma amostra de 103 casais de cinco cidades colombianas. Resultados. O nível de estado de ânimo nas mulheres reportou média de 61.4±5.7 e nos seus esposos 60.7±4.9, sem ser estatisticamente significativas. Quando se analisou a pontuação das sub-escalas de Estado de Ânimo se apreciaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas tão só as de tensão (pontuação maior em esposos) e fatiga (pontuação maior em mulheres). Conclusão. A área emocional se afetou moderadamente nos casais do estudo, o que poderia ser consequência dos efeitos tardios dos tratamentos por Câncer de mama. A enfermagem deve desenvolver ações de cuidado nas quais se promovam o bem-estar emocional das mulheres com câncer de mama e inclua a participação dos esposos.
Resumen Objetivos. Determinar el nivel del estado de ánimo de las mujeres sometidas a tratamientos por cáncer de mama y el de sus parejas. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico. Se aplicó el instrumento Perfil de estados de ánimo - POMS, versión española, a una muestra de 103 parejas de cinco ciudades colombianas. Resultados. El nivel de estado de ánimo en las mujeres reportó media de 61.4±5.7; en sus parejas, 60.7±4.9, sin ser estadísticamente significativas. Cuando se analizó el puntaje de las subescalas de Estado de Ánimo se apreciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas tan solo las de tensión (puntaje mayor en esposos) y fatiga (puntaje mayor en mujeres). Conclusión. El área emocional se afectó moderadamente en las parejas de estudio, lo que podría ser consecuencia de los efectos tardíos de los tratamientos por cáncer de mama. Enfermería debe desarrollar acciones de cuidado en las que se promuevan el bienestar emocional de las mujeres con cáncer de mama e incluyan la participación de sus parejas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Nursing Research , Cross-Sectional Studies , Women's Health , Spouses , Expressed Emotion , AffectABSTRACT
This is a study on the emotions experienced during family interviews for organ donation consent by a multidisciplinary team of the Transplant Centre in the state of Rio de Janeiro. It focuses on the emotion management strategies used by these professionals. Aims: To identify the emotions experienced by healthcare professionals during family interviews for organ donation consent; to describe the management of the emotions experienced by these professionals during family interviews; and to indicate measures to promote emotional education among the professional interviewers. Method: This is a qualitative descriptive study. The participants are nurses, social workers, psychologists and doctors who conduct/have conducted family interviews. The methodology will use an instrument for socioeconomic characterization, a questionnaire with eight core questions on the emotions experienced during family interviews and their management, and the Active Imagination technique proposed by Jung. The project has been approved by Ethics and Research of the University Hospital Antonio Pedro, under No. 321/1.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Expressed Emotion , Nursing , Interviews as Topic , Patient Care Team , Health Personnel , Organ TransplantationABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever as fases do processo de adaptação cultural do Family Questionnaire para a língua portuguesa. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, que utilizou uma escala breve, autoaplicável, para avaliar a emoção expressada no ambiente familiar de pacientes com esquizofrenia. O processo de adaptação cultural seguiu as seguintes fases: tradução do instrumento para a língua portuguesa; obtenção do primeiro consenso das versões em português; avaliação pelo comitê de especialistas; back-translation; obtenção do consenso das versões em alemão e comparação com a original; avaliação semântica dos itens e pré-teste. Participaram do pré-teste 30 familiares de pacientes com esquizofrenia. Os dados foram coletados em novembro de 2009, em um serviço secundário de saúde mental do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Conclui-se que o instrumento apresenta-se apropriado para que seja submetido à validação.
The aim of this paper is to describe the process of cultural adaptation of Family Questionnaire into Portuguese language. This methodological study has used a brief scale, self-report, to evaluate the expressed emotion in the familiar environment of patients with schizophrenia. The process of cultural adaptation followed the following phases: translation of the scale into Portuguese; obtaining the first consensus between Portuguese versions, evaluation by the committee of experts, Back-translation, obtaining the consensus between the German versions and comparison with the original; semantic evaluation of the items and pre-test. Pre-test study participants were 30 relatives of schizophrenic patients. Data were collected during November 2009, in a secondary mental health service at São Paulo state. It is concluded that this instrument is appropriate to be submitted for validation.
El objetivo de este trabajo es describir las etapas de adaptación cultural del Family Questionnaire para a la lengua portuguesa. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo que utilizó una escala breve y autoaplicable para evaluar la emoción expresada en el entorno familiar de los pacientes con esquizofrenia. El proceso de adaptación cultural ha seguido las fases siguientes: traducción de la escala para el idioma portugués; obtención del primero consenso de las versiones en portugués; evaluación por el comité de expertos; back-translation; obtención del consenso de las versiones germánicas y comparación con la versión original; evaluación semántica de los elementos de prueba y preteste. Los participantes del preteste fueron 30 familiares de pacientes con esquizofrenia. Los datos fueron recolectados durante noviembre de 2009, en un servicio secundario de salud mental en una ciudad del estado de São Paulo-Brasil. Se concluye que este instrumento está apropriado para someterse la validación.
Subject(s)
Expressed Emotion , Psychiatric Nursing/methods , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Schizophrenia/nursing , Schizophrenic Psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Brazil , Cultural Characteristics , Interpersonal RelationsABSTRACT
Este estudio tuvo por objeto central examinar en qué medida las cuatro etapas de desarrollo de grupo propuestas por el modelo de Lourenço y Miguez (Miguez y Lourenço 2001) difieren entre sí con respecto a las emociones expresadas, falseadas y suprimidas. Bajo un punto de vista experimental, se examinó también si los grupos difieren en el grado de convergencia emocional en función de la etapa de desarrollo donde se encuentran. Se recurrió a la aplicación de dos cuestionarios PDE (Miguez y Lourenço 2001) y PJAWSN (Ramalhoet al. 2008) a un total de 71 equipos de trabajo, centrando el análisis de los datos en nivel del grupo. Los resultados obtenidos a través del análisis de variancia (ANOVA) muestran que: a) grupos en la 2ª etapa de desarrollo tienden a expresar más emociones negativas que grupos en la 3ª etapa y menos emociones positivas que en el 4º nivel; y que, b) grupos en la 1ª etapa tienden a suprimir más emociones queen la 4ª etapa. En cuanto al falseamiento de emociones y convergencias emocionales no fueron encontradas diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En general, se concluye que la manifestación de emociones positivas y negativas se altera a lo largo del trayecto evolutivo de los grupos, y que es en la 1ª etapa de desarrollo que los grupos tienden a suprimir más emociones.
This study aimed at examining the extent to which the four stages of group development proposed by the model of Lourenço and Miguez (Miguez and Lourenço 2001) differ with regard to expressed, faked and suppressed emotions. Under an experimental point ofview, it was also examined whether the groups differ in the degree of emotional convergence as a function of the stage of development they are in. Two questionnaires were applied PDE (Miguez and Lourenço 2001) and PJAWSN (Ramalho et al. 2008) to a total of 71 work teams, focusing data analysis at group level. The resultsobtained through analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that, a) groups in the second stage of development tend to express more negative emotions than groups in the third stage and less positive emotions than in the fourth level and that, b)the groups in the first stage tend to suppress more emotions than in the fourth stage. As the faking ofemotions and emotional convergence differences no statistically significant differences were found. In general, it is concluded that the expression of positive and negative emotions is altered along the evolutionary path of the groups and that it is in the first stage of development where groups tend to suppress more emotions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Emotions , Group Processes , Group Structure , Occupational Groups , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Objetivo: Enseñar a las familias sobre la naturaleza de la enfermedad, síntomas, tratamiento o formas de actuación frente a ella. Material y métodos: Participaron en este estudio 8 familias de pacientes esquizofrénicos del Hospital de Psiquiatría CNS. El programa consta de cuatro fases: de evaluación, psicoeducativa, de intervención individualizada y de seguimiento. Resultados: El total de las familias participantes fueron ocho, que hacían un total de 12 personas, entre ellos los padres y algún hermano. El 75% de los participantes no se encontraban informados sobre el tema. Durante las entrevistas que se tenían con los familiares, en dónde se observaba y registraba tanto el lenguaje verbal como el no verbal; se obtuvo que un 90% de los familiares presentaban alta Expresión emocional. Conclusiones: Las emociones que sobresalen son el autosacrificio, emotividad intensa, o pena por el enfermo. Con la Psicoeducación, se debe obtener la disminución del estrés y carga familiar y aumento de los conocimientos sobre la enfermedad.
Objective: To teach to the families about the nature of the Schizophrenia Disorden symptoms, treatment, or forms of action against it. Material and methods: Participated in this study 8 families of schizophrenia patients of Psychiatric Hospital CNS. The program consists of four phases: assessment, psychoeducation, individualized intervention and monitoring. Results: A total of participating families were eight, which made a total of 12 people, including parents and some brother. 75% of participants were not informed about the matter. During the interviews were with the relatives, observed and recorded both the verbal language as the non-verbal one, and it was obtained a 90 percent of the relatives showed high Emotional Expressed. Conclusions: The emotions that stand out are the self-sacrifice, intense emotion or sadness for the patient. With the Psychoeducational approach must be obtained reducing stress, family burden and increased the knowledge about the Schizophrenia Disorder.
Subject(s)
SchizophreniaABSTRACT
In the 1950's, several authors carried out a series of studies focusing on the course of schizophrenia rather than its etiology. They found a link between the living conditions to which patients returned after being discharged from the hospital, and their risk of relapse. A higher risk was observed in those patients that returned to their conjugal or parental home, compared to those who returned to other living conditions. This line of work that explored stressful family mechanisms coined a term known as expressed emotion (EE) -high and low- in the family, which refers to the evaluation of the quantity and quality of attitudes and feelings such as criticism, hostility and over-involvement of a family member towards the person diagnosed with schizophrenia. These attitudes among family members have been associated with the presence of relapse in patients two years after being discharged from the hospital when family members and the patient live in the same household and are in contact 35 hours or more per week. It has been proved that these attitudes exert an influence, either increasing or decreasing the exacerbation of symptoms and, in some cases, leading to the patient's rehospitalization. Higher rates of relapse (92%) have been found in patients that spend over 35 hours a week with the relative in charge (RIC) and were not taking antipsychotic medication. It has also been found that when a RIC with high EE is in close contact with the patient, the latter is at risk of experiencing a symptom exacerbation that increases two to four times the probability of relapse. The most typical emotional expressions are critical comments, hostility, and excessive affective involvement. Criticism and over-involvement are usually perceived as stressful. Criticism implies intolerance and disapproval, whereas over-involvement suggests intrusiveness and control, and includes high levels of anxiety in the patient. Some positive aspects are also found, like the demonstration of warm feelings. a) Criticism. Includes comments and statements which due to the way that are expressed by the RIC represent unfavorable comments about the behavior or personality of the individual being referred to. In other words, it shows aversion or disapproval of a person's behavior or characteristics. b)Over-involvement. More commonly found in parents than in other relatives, it includes over-protection or consent, self-sacrifice and emotional distress. The patient is regarded as less competent and more vulnerable. c) Hostility. Generally occurs when there is criticism, which is why it is of little value as an independent predictor. Hostility occurs when the patient is attacked for what he is, rather than for what he does. The main objective of this article is to show the relationship between the level of expressed emotion (EE) (high or low) of the relative in charge with symptomatic behavior (SB) and social functioning (SF) of the patient with schizophrenia. It also includes a proposal of a conceptual model to evaluate the predictive factors of high EE. A transversal non-probabilistic study of 33 relatives of patients with schizophrenia was carried out. The relatives were contacted through the Schizophrenia Clinic in the outpatient unit at the hospital of The National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente in Mexico City. The instruments used were: 1. The Social Behavior Assessment Schedule (SBAS) and 2. The Questionaire for Measuring the Level of Expressed Emotion (Cuestionario-encuesta, evaluación del nivel de EE [CEEE]). The results indicated that 14 (42.4%) of the interviewed relatives had high EE and 19 (57.6%) had low EE. The main characteristics associated with high EE in RIC were: living in the same household with the patient's mean age of 54.8 years, having less than 12 years of education, being employed and not having a spouse. The most frequent expressed emotions were criticism, hostility and over-involvement. In patients, the main characteristics were: being male, young, with a mean age of 29.2 years, single and without employment alternatives, with two or more relapses and with a diagnosis of schizophrenia for five or more years. The presence of symptoms in the patient's according to relatives with low EE was 31.6% as opposed to 74.1% reported by RIC with high EE. Relatives with high EE mentioned greater personal neglect, irritability, violent behavior and isolation on the part of the patient, whereas relatives with low EE reported more fears, forgetfulness, dependence and strange ideas as problematic behaviors in the patients. The differences found between relatives with high and low EE regarding the patients' functioning were clearly demonstrated. Relatives with low EE reported better functioning in patients' performance of chores, demonstration of affect, involvement in leisure activities and better communication skills. Relatives with low EE reported that the persistence of the symptoms in their patients was 31.6%, whereas for those with high EE it was 71.4%. A logistic regression was used to identify the best predictors of EE, where the dependent variable was the total EE score, and the predictors were the continuous variables for social functioning and symptomatic behavior. A significant association was found between the two variables. Poor social functioning, symptomatic instability in the patient and being the patient's sibling explained 46% of the variance in RIC with high EE. The predictors had high levels of statistical significance. The model revealed the independent contribution of each variable and its interaction with the others. The level of family EE can be considered as the best predictor of relapse in patients with schizophrenia. Thus, EE acquires a special relevance: when high EE causes relapse, the reduction of the level of EE will lead to a decrease in relapse rates. Although the traditional means of measuring EE through the CFI has been found to be highly effective, it takes a long time to apply and classify the answers of the instrument. Another alternative is the CEEE that has been used in this study, since it has been used in other clinical trials due to the brief time required for training, application and classification of the data.
La línea de estudios que contempla los mecanismos familiares estresantes utiliza un concepto denominado Emoción Expresada (EE) en el ambiente familiar, que se refiere a la evaluación de la cantidad y calidad de las actitudes y sentimientos relacionados con la crítica, hostilidad y sobreinvolucramiento que uno de los familiares expresa acerca de uno o varios miembros de la familia diagnosticado con esquizofrenia. Estas actitudes de los familiares se han asociado con la presencia de recaídas en los pacientes a los dos años de haber sido dados de alta, especialmente cuando los miembros de la familia y el paciente conviven en el mismo espacio y pueden tener contacto por lo menos 35 horas o más semanales. Las expresiones emocionales más características comprenden: comentarios críticos, hostilidad, exceso de involucramiento afectivo y aspectos positivos como la calidez, los cuales son percibidos en general como estresantes. La crítica implica intolerancia y desaprobación, el sobreinvolucramiento sugiere intrusividad y control, que incluyen niveles altos de ansiedad en el paciente y que se describen de la siguiente manera: a) La crítica. Originalmente fue definida como aquellos comentarios o aseveraciones los cuales, por la manera en que son expresados, constituyen comentarios desfavorables sobre la conducta o personalidad del individuo a quién se refiere. Es decir, muestran aversión o desaprobación de la conducta o las características de una persona. b) El sobreinvolucramiento o sobreprotección. Se presenta más comúnmente en los padres que en algún otro familiar; está compuesta por aspectos de sobreprotección o consentimiento, autosacrificio y malestar emocional, es similar al trato que generalmente se le da a un niño sobreprotegido, con niveles inapropiados de preocupación por parte del familiar. El paciente es visto como menos competente que antes y más vulnerable. c) La hostilidad. Se presenta cuando existe crítica, por lo que tiene poco valor como predictor independiente. Se considera que está presente cuando el paciente es atacado por lo que es, más que por lo que hace, lo que refleja una dificultad para tolerar y algunas veces para comprender la situación del familiar enfermo. El propósito de este trabajo consiste en mostrar la relación entre el tipo de Emoción Expresada (EE) (tanto alta como baja) por el familiar responsable (FR), y la Conducta Sintomática (CS), así como con el Funcionamiento Social (FS) del paciente con esquizofrenia. Se plantea también un modelo conceptual para evaluar los factores predictores de la EE alta. Se utilizó un diseño transversal de una muestra no probabilística y de tipo circunstancial, la selección fue de manera secuencial, los sujetos de estudio fueron 33 familiares responsables de pacientes con esquizofrenia, que asistían a la consulta externa de la Clínica de Esquizofrenia del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, en la Ciudad de México. Los instrumentos empleados fueron: 1. Cédula de evaluación de la conducta del paciente (SBAS) y 2. Cuestionario-encuesta, evaluación del nivel de Emoción Expresada (CEEE). Los resultados indicaron que los familiares con EE alta observaron un mayor descuido personal, irritabilidad, violencia y aislamiento por parte del paciente, en tanto que los familiares con EE baja reportaron más miedos o temores, olvidos, dependencia e ideas extrañas como las conductas problemáticas de las personas enfermas. En los familiares con EE baja se observó un mejor funcionamiento en el desempeño de tareas domésticas, en la demostración de afecto, en las actividades realizadas en el tiempo libre, en la conversación y en la demostración de apoyo entre el informante y el paciente. El modelo de estudio demostró que la mayor presencia de CS y el menor nivel de FS del paciente, fueron variables predictoras de una interacción familiar con características de mayor demostración de crítica, hostilidad y/o sobreinvolucramiento, que explicó 46% de la varianza con niveles de significancia estadística.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Establecer la consistencia interna y la validez de constructo de la FEICS en pacientes con esquizofrenia y otros diagnósticos en Bucaramanga, Colombia. Métodos: El presente es un estudio de validación de un instrumento sin un patrón de oro. Se administró la FEICS a 252 pacientes diagnosticados por psiquiatras de dos instituciones de salud mental. Se evaluó la consistencia interna con el alfa de Cronbach y la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial por el método de los componentes principales. Resultados: Los participantes tenían una edad media de 40,17 años ± 13,96 años, el 60,71% fueron mujeres. En los pacientes con esquizofrenia se observaron dos factores que explican el 39,94% de la varianza y en los pacientes no esquizofrénicos se hallaron tres factores que explican el 45,69% de la varianza. La consistencia interna en la muestra total de la FEICS fue 0,68; 0,50 en la subescala de crítica; 0,70 en la subescala de sobreenvolvimiento. Conclusiones: En la subescala de envolvimiento la FEICS tiene una buena consistencia interna, y la de crítica, una pobre consistencia interna. La FEICS cambia su estructura factorial de acuerdo con la cultura y el tipo de diagnóstico, motivo por el cual no se recomienda utilizarla sin una previa validación de criterio.
Objective: To establish the internal consistency and the construct validity of the FEICS in patients with schizophrenia and others diagnoses from Bucaramanga, Colombia. Methods: Validation study of an instrument without a gold standard. The FEICS was administered to 252 patients diagnosed by psychiatrists of two mental health institutions. The internal consistency was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha and the construct validity through factorial analysis by the method of the main components. Results: The age average of the participants was 40.17±13.96 years old, 60.71% were women. In the patients with schizophrenia two factors were observed that explained 39.94% of variance and in the non schizophrenics three factors explained 45.69% of variance. The internal consistency in the total sample, in the critic scale and in the involvement scale of the FEICS was 0.68, 0.50 and 0.70 respectively. Conclusions: The FEICS's involvement scale had a good internal consistency in contrast to the critic scale which has a poor internal consistency. The FEICS's factorial structure changes according to the culture and the type of diagnosis, therefore we do not recommend its use without a previous criterion validation.