Anatomical Characteristics, Relations, and Clinical Considerations of the Facial Index and Cephalic Index in Young Chileans Aged Between 18 and 21 Years / Características Anatómicas, Relaciones y Consideraciones Clínicas del Índice Facial e Índice Cefálico en Jóvenes Chilenos entre 18 y 21 Años

SUMMARY: Humans throughout history have shown similarities between both their cephalic and facial complexion, among certain ethnic groups, due to genetic and demographic factors. Several studies have demonstrated the different constitutions of specific groups of people in order to generate data of a certain population or group. The present research aims to preliminarily study the existence of possible relations between Cephalic Index and Facial Index among categories of individuals in an odontology student population from a private university in Santiago, Chile. Empirical, descriptive, and cross-sectional study. In this study, 129 students with age range 18-21 were taken as subjects in a non-probabilistic way. Regarding Cephalic Index (CI), the Retzius classification was used, and the Facial Index (FI) was measured considering the maximum height of the face, from nasion to gnathion (Na-Gn), and the maximum width, from right zygion to left zygion (Zr-Zl). In this study, 129 people were taken as sample, 82 females and 47 males. Among women, the most predominant cephalic biotype was brachycephalic (59.8 %), followed by mesocephalic (37.8 %), and dolichocephalic (2.4 %). On the other hand, men's most common biotype was mesocephalic (57.5 %), followed by brachycephalic (36.2 %), and dolichocephalic (6.4 %). Regarding facial biotype, both in female and male subjects the following pattern was shown: euryprosopic (F: 59.7 %, M: 59.6 %), mesoprosopic (F: 26.8 %, M: 29.8 %), and leptoprosopic (F: 13.4 %, M: 10.6 %). Facial parameters of the subjects (odontology students from a Chilean university) tend to be mostly euryprosopic, followed by mesoprosopic and leptoprosopic. Additionally, mesocephalic biotypes tend to be similar to other studies conducted in Chile.

Los seres humanos a lo largo de la historia han mostrado similitudes tanto entre su complexión cefálica como facial, entre ciertos grupos étnicos, debido a factores genéticos y demográficos. Varios estudios han demostrado las diferentes constituciones de grupos específicos de personas para poder generar datos de una determinada población o grupo. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar preliminarmente la existencia de posibles relaciones entre el Índice Cefálico y el Índice Facial entre categorías de individuos en una población de estudiantes de odontología de una universidad privada de Santiago, Chile, en un estudio empírico, descriptivo y transversal. En este estudio, se tomó como sujetos de forma no probabilística a 129 estudiantes con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 21 años. Respecto al Índice Cefálico (IC), se utilizó la clasificación de Retzius, y el Índice Facial (FI) se midió considerando la altura máxima de la cara, desde nasión hasta gnatión (Na-Gn), y el ancho máximo, desde cigio derecho a izquierdo. cigio (Zr-Zl). En este estudio se tomó como muestra 129 personas, 82 mujeres y 47 hombres. Entre las mujeres, el biotipo cefálico más predominante fue el braquicéfalo (59,8 %), seguido del mesocefálico (37,8 %) y el dolicocéfalo (2,4 %). Por otro lado, el biotipo más común en los hombres fue el mesocefálico (57,5 %), seguido del braquicéfalo (36,2 %) y el dolicocéfalo (6,4 %). Respecto al biotipo facial, tanto en sujetos femeninos como masculinos se mostró el siguiente patrón: euriprosópico (F: 59,7 %, M: 59,6 %), mesoprosópico (F: 26,8 %, M: 29,8 %) y leptoprosópico (F: 13,4 %, M: 10,6 %). Los parámetros faciales de los sujetos (estudiantes de odontología de una universidad chilena) tienden a ser en su mayoría euriprosópicos, seguidos de mesoprosópicos y leptoprosópicos. Además, los biotipos mesocefálicos tienden a ser similares a otros estudios realizados en Chile.

Association between Facial Types and Handedness among Students of Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Bayero University, Kano

Background: Generally, a person's dominant hand is a simple and precise determinant of his preference for hand use in fine manual tasks. The main tools used in forensics are derived from the relationships between anthropometric features with important physical and /or biological traits. Objective: This study was to determine the association between facial types and handedness among students of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences of Bayero University, Kano. Methodology: Cross-sectional study design with a consecutive sampling of 400 (180 males and 220 females) students (aged 18 and above) of the Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Bayero University, Kano was carried out. Facial height (FH) and facial width (FW) were measured using established landmarks and the facial index (FI) was calculated from them. The dominant handedness of each participant was determined using the writing component of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. This procedure involved asking the participants to mention which of their hands was dominant. The participant was then asked to write a sentence regarding the activitieshe/she was carrying out at the point of recruitment to ascertain the claim made by the participants. The sentence was written separately using each hand. All the data obtained were analyzed using statistical software (SPSS version 20.0). Results: The study population was relatively young (21.76 ± 2.77 years). Right-handedness was the commonest hand dominance observed in both males (90.7%) and females (91.7%). The commonest types of face were the hypereuriproscopic 2 (0.5%), Euriproscopic 41 (10.3%), Mesoproscopic 78 (19.5%), Leptoproscopic 127 (31.8%) and Hyperleptoproscopic 152 (37%) facial types. The majority of the participants were right-handed and this was regardless of gender. The prediction of handedness based on facial types (ꭕ2 = 1.39, Df =3, P = 0.85) or facial index (P = 0.92, OR=0.99, CI = 0.82 ­ 1.19) was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The facial types identified among the study population were not associated with their handedness and thus it was not a good predictor of handedness

Facial pattern analysis: critic review and collection of facial proportions in a brazilian sample using cone-beam computed tomography / Análise de tipos faciais: revisão crítica e coleta de proporções faciais em amostra de brasileiros utilizando tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico

The classification of facial vertical patterns is a common practice among dentists of different specialties. It influences treatment planning and expected outcomes, but is usually carried out qualitatively. The aim of this study is to better understand vertical facial proportions, combining a critic review of the literature with the collection of data from 100 Brazilian adult sample in search of 3D quantitative parameters with the use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) measurements. In Pubmed database, the following quoted phrases were used: "Facial pattern" AND "Facial Index" AND "Facial height Index" AND "Facial height" AND "Dolichofacial" AND "Brachyfacial" AND "Longface syndrome" AND "Short-face syndrome" in a 25 years interval (1990-2015). Study selection was performed searching for crucial facial features, commonly used to determine the facial pattern of a patient. In CBCT exams, 100 patients had facial features measured and classified by the three most reliable methods. The literature on the field can be very confusing, as the methods, landmarks and averages differed considerably. Most of the facial features researched had different values when the literature was analyzed and compared to our data. This indicates that ethnic, age and gender variations play an important whole in facial pattern diagnostic and should be taken in account when using general cephalometric approaches on diagnosis. With a group sorting method, combining the ratios between the anterior Facial height and the width, the anterior vertical proportion and the gonial angle divergence, and with anatomical landmarks we successfully correlated the sample to the qualitative description, as shorter faced patients to larger bi-zygomatic distances and less divergent gonial angles and longer faced patients with narrower and more divergent faces.

A classificação de padrões faciais verticais é prática comum entre Cirurgiões Dentistas de diferentes especialidades. Esta influencia o planejamento de tratamento e resultados esperados, no entanto, essa tarefa é frequentemente realizada de forma qualitativa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender melhor as proporções verticais da face, combinando uma análise crítica da literatura com a coleta de dados de 100 adultos brasileiros na procura por parâmetros quantitativos em 3D, usando tomografias computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC). Na base de dado pubmed, a seguinte frase foi utilizada: "Facial pattern" AND "Facial Index" AND "Facial height Index" AND "Facial height" AND "Dolichofacial" AND "Brachyfacial" AND "Long-face syndrome" AND "Short-face syndrome" em um intervalo de 25 anos (1990-2015). A seleção dos estudos foi realizada procurando características faciais cruciais e métodos comuns para a determinação do padrão facial do paciente. Em exames de TCFC de 100 pacientes adultos, foram medidas as dimensões faciais foram registradas e os três métodos mais confiáveis e encontrados na literatura foram testados. A literatura sobre o assunto pode ser muito confusa, ao ponto de que os métodos, pontos de referência e médias variaram consideravelmente. Muitas das características pesquisadas tinham valores diferentes quando analisada a literatura em comparação com os dados dessa pesquisa. Isso indica que variações de etnia, idade e gênero tem papel importante no diagnóstico do padrão facial e deve ser levada em consideração quando utilizados padrões cefalométricos para diagnóstico. Com a metodologia de agrupamento, utilizando o índice entre a altura facial anterior e a largura, a proporção anterior da face e a divergência do ângulo goníaco, assim como os pontos cefalométricos selecionados, nós correlacionamos com sucesso a amostra com as descrições qualitativas como: os pacientes de face curta e as distâncias bi-zigomáticas e ângulos faciais menos divergentes, assim como os pacientes de face longa com faces mais estreitas e menos divergentes.

Determinación del índice facial total y cono facial en individuos chilenos / Total facial index and facial cone in Chilean individuals

El estudio fue realizado en 68 estudiantes, adultos, Chilenos, de ambos sexos, con edades entre 17 y 32 años, oriundos de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. En cada uno se registraron el diámetro vertical (Nasion-Gnation, Na-Gn) y diámetros transversales (bigoníaco y bicigomático, Go-Go y Cig-Cig, respectivamente) y se calculó el índice facial total (IFT). Para la obtención del cono facial se compararon los anchos Go-Go y Cig-Cig. Se analizó la relación entre: IFT v/s cono facial; IFT v/s sexo; cono facial v/s sexo. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó las pruebas de chi-cuadrado, Pearson y coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, considerándose significativo p<0,05. La altura de la cara (Na-Gn) fue de 117,5 mm en hombres y de 110,3 mm en mujeres; el ancho superior de la cara (Cig-Cig) fue de 126,9 mm en los hombres y de 124,4 mm en las mujeres. La altura facial es diferente para hombres y mujeres, siendo mayor en hombres. El IFT fue calculado a partir de las medidas registradas y se obtuvo lo siguiente: en hombres hubo 4 casos (5,9 %) euriprosopos, 4 (5,9 %) mesoprosopos y 17 (25 %) leptoprosopos; en mujeres hubo 12 casos (17,6 %) euriprosopos, 12 (17,6 %) mesoprosopos y 19 (27,9 %) leptoprosopos. Concluimos que en individuos adultos chilenos la altura facial es diferente para hombres y mujeres, siendo mayor en hombres. El tipo leptoprosopo y la cara de forma triangular son más frecuentes en hombres. Los datos obtenidos son un aporte al conocimiento antropológico de un grupo de individuos del Sur de Chile.

The study was conducted on 68 students, Chilean adults, of both sexes, between 17 and 32 years old, originally from the Region de la Araucanía, Chile. The vertical diameter (Nasion-Gnation, Na-Gn) and transverse diameter (bigoníac and bizygomatic; Go-Go and Zig-Zig, respectively) were recorded and total facial index (TFI) was calculated. To obtain the facial cone widths Go-Go and Zig-Zig were compared. We analyzed the relationship between: TFI v/s facial cone; TFI v/s sex; facial cone v/s sex. For statistical analysis the chi-square test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient was used, considering significant p <0.05. The face height (Na-Gn) was 117.5 mm in men and 110.3 mm in women; the width of the upper face (Zg-Zg) was 126.9 mm in men and 124.4 mm in women. The facial height is different for men and women, being higher in men. The TFI was calculated from the measurements recorded and the following is obtained: in men there were 4 cases (5.9 %) euriprosopic, 4 (5.9 % ) mesoprosopic and 17 (25 %) leptoprosopic; in women there were 12 cases (17.6 %) euriprosopic, 12 (17.6 %) mesoprosopic and 19 (27.9%) leptoprosopic. We hereby conclude that in Chilean adults the facial height is different for men and women, being higher in men. The leptoprosopic type and triangular face is more common for men. The data obtained is a contribution to anthropological knowledge of a group of individuals in the South of Chile.

Relationship between the shape of the upper central incisors and the facial contour in dental students: Lima, Peru / Relación entre la forma de los incisivos centrales superiores y el contorno facial en estudiantes de odontología: Lima, Perú

Determine the relationship between the shape of the face and the shape of the upper right central incisor according to “The law of harmony” proposed by Williams. Materials and methods: This was an observational, analytic and cross-sectional study. A sample of 124 subjects, male and female students between 17 and 28 years old, was selected for the research. Their facial biotype and the shape of their upper right central incisor were determined by means of direct and photographic methods. Height and facial width were clinically evaluated using the direct method, and the proximal contours of the incisors were evaluated using a Vernier digital caliper. Images were downloaded to a computer and analyzed by means of the photographic method using Adobe Photoshop 5.0. Results: The relationship between the shape of the face and the shape of the incisor was positive in 43.5 percent of the sample (p=0.006) in the direct method. In the photographic method, the relationship between the shape of the face and the shape of the incisor was positive in 41.1 percent of the sample (p=0.037). The most frequent facial biotype in the direct and photographic methods was the dolichofacial with 61.3 percent and 71 percent respectively. The most frequent shape of the tooth with the direct and photographic methods was the ovoid with 55.6 percent and 51.6 percent respectively. Conclusion: Results do not confirm “The law of harmony” proposed by Williams, therefore when choosing the most suitable anterior tooth, experience and criteria of the dentist as well as the opinion of the patient should be taken in account in order to achieve a good aesthetic result...

Determinar la relación entre la forma de la cara y la forma del incisivo central superior derecho según la “ley de la armonía” propuesta por Williams. Materiales y métodos: Este estudio fue observacional analítico de tipo transversal, se seleccionó una muestra de 124 estudiantes de ambos sexos entre 17 y 28 años de edad, a los cuales se determinó el biotipo facial y la forma del incisivo central superior derecho, por medio de un método directo y otro fotográfico. Por el método directo se evaluó clínicamente la altura y el ancho facial así como también los contornos proximales del incisivo utilizando un Vernier digital y por el método fotográfico se realizaron trazos en las imágenes tomadas utilizando el software de Adobe Photoshop 5.0 Resultados: Por el método directo la relación entre la forma de la cara y la forma del incisivo fue positiva en un 43.5 por ciento de la muestra (p= 0.006). Por el método fotográfico la relación entre la forma de la cara y la forma del incisivo fue positiva en un 41.1 por ciento de la muestra (p=0.037). El biotipo facial con mayor frecuencia por el método directo y fotográfico fue el dolicofacial en un 61.3 por ciento y 71 por ciento respectivamente. La forma del diente con mayor frecuencia por el método directo y fotográfico fue el ovoide en un 55.6 por ciento y 51.6 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusión: Los resultados no confirman la “ley de la armonía” propuesta por Williams, por lo tanto al momento de seleccionar el diente anterior más adecuado, se debe tener en cuenta la experiencia y el sentido crítico del profesional así como los deseos del propio paciente con el fin de alcanzar un buen resultado estético...

Comparative Study of Prosopic (Facial) Index of Sindhi Community of Jodhpur District of Rajasthan and other Communities and Races.

The facial index is length of the face from root of nose to the bottom of the chin, expressed as a percentage of the greatest breadth across the cheek bones. Racial differences are much more marked in relation to face than elsewhere, so it is very useful anthropologically. For this 100 males from Sindhi community between the age group of eighteen to thirty-five years were taken and their facial index was calculated. The result indicated that average facial index in Sindhi individuals was 92.89 Mostly they were Leptoprosopic and Hyperleptoprosopic. The average facial index of Sindhi individuals was not comparable to any other Indian groups studied so far. But it was very close to North European and less than Nigerian population.

Cephalic and facial indices among kosovo-albanian population / Índices cefálico y facial en la población kosovar-albanesa

Cephalic and facial indices are used to estimate the racial and sex differences. This study was carried out to establish standards for craniofacial variables and distribution of cephalic and facial indices in Kosovo - Albanian population. The study population consisted of 204 dental students (101 males and 103 females, aged 18 to 30). Four basic craniofacial variables (head length, head breadth, morphological face height and face breadth) were measured to obtained cephalic and facial indices. All measured craniofacial variables are considerably higher in males than in females (p<0.0001). In the Kosovo ­ Albanian population brachycephalic type of head (44.61 percent) and hyperleptoprosopic type of face (63.34 %) prevail.

Los índices cefálicos y faciales se utilizan para estimar las diferencias raciales y de sexo. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para establecer estándares para las variables y la distribución de los índices cefálicos y faciales en la población de Kosovo- Albanesa. Se examinaron 204 estudiantes de odontología (101 hombres y 103 mujeres entre 18 y 30 años). Se midieron cuatro variables craneofaciales básicas (longitud de la cabeza, ancho de la cabeza, altura facial morfológica y ancho facial) para obtener los índices cefálicos y faciales. Todas las variables medidas craneofaciales fueron considerablemente más altas en los hombres que en las mujeres (p <0,0001). En la población Kosovo-Albania predomina la braquiocefalia (44,61 por ciento) y la hiperleptoprosopía (63,34 %).

Cephalofacial characteristics of children under 6 years of age in East of Nigeria.

Objectives: The present study aimed at measuring the length and width of the head and face of children under the age of six years in Anambra state, a South Eastern state of Nigeria. Data obtained was used to calculate their respective craniofacial indices. Methods: Four hundred and fifty four children (226 males and 228 females) below the age of six were randomly sampled from pre-nursery and nursery schools. Subjects with signs of deformities or history of head and facial injuries and mental retardations were excluded from the study. Measuring tape and spreading callipers were used to measure the length and width of the head and face. Results: Results indicated that the mean head length and breadth, face length and breadth, cephalic index and facial index did not indicate significant gender differences. Mesocephalic head type was the predominant, accounting for 39.9% of the study population; brachycephalic, dolicocephalic, hyperbrachycephalic heads accounted for 35.9%, 12.1% and 7.7% respectively, while ultrabrachycephalic was the least prevalent (4.4%). The dominant type of face was found to be hypereuryprosopic accounting for about 44.5% of the study population. Euryprosopic, mesoprosopic, and leptoprosopic types of face accounted for 39.2%, 11.2%, and 4% of the sampled population respectively, while the rare type was found to be hyperleptoprosopic with 1.1%. Conclusion: This study indicates no significant gender differences in the craniofacial variables in a cross-section of Nigerian children under 6 years of age. The most prevalent type of head was the mesocephalic type while the most dominant type of face shape was hypereuryprosopic in both male and female subjects.

The study of total facial index in living subjects in Gujarat region.

Background and objectives: The total facial index exhibits sexual differences and different shapes of face. This information will be highly important for Plastic surgeons, Forensic Scientists, Anatomists, Human Biologists, Criminologists & Physical Anthropologists.Method: The present study was performed on 510 living subjects of Gujarat (243 male and 267 female) of 18 to 30 years in the year of 2011 with the objective to study the sex differences in total facial index. Total facial index was investigated with the help of face height and width with the use of sliding caliper.Result: The study showed that mean face height and width were higher in males than in females, and mean total facial index was also higher in males than in females. Interpretation and conclusion: Predominant face type in males was mesoproscopic while in females was euriproscopic and there was statistically highly significant gender difference.

Biotipo morfológico facial en tres grupos étnicos colombianos: una nueva clasificación por medio del índice facial / Facial biotype in three Colombian ethnic groups: a new classification by facial index

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el índice facial de tres poblaciones colombianas y proponer un nuevo método para identificar los biotipos morfológicos faciales teniendo en cuenta el tipo de ascendencia. Para esto, se tomaron las medidas de Nasion a Gnation y la distancia Bicigomática con un calibrador digital en tres grupos étnicos diferentes: 63 niños de la población Ticuna (Amazonas), 68 niños del municipio de Puerto Tejada (Cauca) y 65 niños del municipio de Santiago de Cali (Valle). Por medio de la prueba post hoc T2 de Tamhane se determinó que las poblaciones son distintas y que el índice morfológico facial tradicional no discriminaba esas diferencias. Por tal razón se utilizó el método estadístico de conglomerados difusos con el fin de determinar el número de grupos o biotipos para cada tipo de ascendencia. Se concluyó, que las poblaciones mestizas y afro-descendientes tienen similitudes por lo cual se agruparon juntas y el algoritmo c-medias generó cuatro biotipos característicos, mientras que para la población indígena Ticuna (Amazonas) solo se generaron tres biotipos.

The aim of this study is evaluate the facial index of three Colombian populations and propose a new method to identifythe facial morphological biotypes taking into account the type of ascendancy. For this, measures were taken of Nasion to Gnation and bizygomatic distance with a digital caliper in three ethnic groups: 63 children from Ticuna population (Amazonas), 68 children from municipality of Puerto Tejada (Cauca) and 65 children from municipality Santiago de Cali (Valle). Through the post hoc Tamhane's T2 was determined that the populations are different and the facial morphological index did not discriminate these differences. We used the statistical method of fuzzy clusters to determine the number of groups or biotypes for each type of ascendancy. We concluded that mixed populations and African descent have similarities, therefore they were grouped together and the c-means algorithm generated four biotypes characteristic, while the indigenous population Ticuna (Amazon) only generated three biotypes.

Estudio de índices faciales en alumnos de la Universidad de La Frontera, Chile / Facial indices study in students of the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile

Las características faciales de los seres humanos le otorgan una individualidad especial, que permiten identificarlos dentro de un grupo determinado, así como también grupos de personas tienen características que le diferencian de otros grupos. Con el fin de determinar características faciales de nuestra población, se estudiaron dos índices faciales, en individuos adultos (18-35 años), de ambos sexos, estudiantes de la Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. Los índices investigados fueron el Facial Superior (IFS), que relaciona altura morfológica de la parte superior de la cara con el diámetro bicigomático máximo y el índice nasal (IN), que relaciona altura del segmento nasal y el ancho nasal. El promedio del IFS fue de 46,8 (DS 4,0), con límites máximo de 62,1 y mínimo de 38,0, clasificando a los individuos estudiados como euriónicos (cara ancha) en 41 porciento de los casos, como hipereuriónicos (cara muy ancha) en 35 porciento, como mesenos (cara mediana) en 23 por ciento y como Leptenos (cara angosta) en 1 por ciento. El promedio del IN fue de 43,5 (DS 5,1), con límites máximo de 86,2 y mínimo de 50,2, clasificando a los individuos como leptorrinos (nariz angosta) en 77,4 por ciento de los casos, como mesorrinos (nariz mediana) en 17,4 por ciento y como camerrinos (nariz ancha) en un 1,7 por ciento. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayoría de nuestra población es de cara ancha y de nariz delgada, datos que complementarán el conocimiento de las características antropométricas de nuestra región.

Facial features of human beings give a special individuality, which can identify within a group, as well as groups of people with characteristics that differentiate them from other groups. In order to determine facial characteristics of our population, two facial indices were studied in adult individuals (18-35 years), of both sexes, students from the Universidad de La Frontera, Chile. The indexes investigated were the Superior Facial (SFI), which relates height of the upper face morphology with the maximum bizygomatic diameter and the nasal index (NI), which relates height and width nasal segment. The SFI average was 46.8 (SD 4.0), with maximum limits of 62.1 and minimum of 38.0, classifying individuals studied as Euryonics (wide face) in 41 percent of cases, as Hypereuryonics (face too wide) in 35 percent, as Meson (medium face) in 23 percent and as Lepton (narrow face) in 1 percent. The NI average was 43.5 (SD 5.1), with maximum limits of 86.2 and minimum of 50.2, classifying individuals as leptorrhine (narrow nose) in 77.4 percent of cases, as mesorrhine (median nose) in 17.4 percent and catarrhine (wide nose) in 1.7 percent. The results show that the majority of our population is of broad face and thin nose, data to complement the knowledge of the anthropometric features in our region.

Study of prosopic (Facial) index of Indian and Malaysian students / Estudio del índice prosopo (Facial) de estudiantes de la India y Malasia

For several generations physical anthropologists measured skulls in the belief that thereby they were likely to obtain results, this would enable them to trace the relationships between the races of mankind. It was believed that the form of the skull in particular remained constant in each race, and that different races typically showed different facial indices. Form of the head and face is now known to be subject to change through environmental influences. Measurement is necessary in order to obtain this kind of knowledge, and in order to be able to give as accurate a description of an individual or group of individuals as possible. The present study aimed at measuring facial index of both sex in Malaysian and Indian students. 300 students of both nations were measured for face length and face width and facial index was calculated. Malaysian males had a mean facial index of 85.72 and females had marginally higher value 87.71. Both belonged to Mesoprosopic face type and were statistically significant. Indian males had a mean facial index of 87.19 where as 86.75 in females. Both belonged to Mesoprosopic face type, and comparison of facial index was statistically not significant. Comparison between Indian and Malaysian subjects indicates that Indians (both sexes together) had a higher (87.04) mean facial index than Malaysians (86.76). However, this difference was statistically not significant.

Por muchas generaciones los antropólogos físicos han medido cráneos con la finalidad de obtener resultados permitiéndoles trazar relaciones entre diferentes razas de la humanidad. Se creía que la forma del cráneo se mantenía constante en cada raza, y que las diferentes razas mostraban diferentes índices faciales. En la actualidad se sabe que la forma de la cabeza y la cara están sujetas a cambios debido a las influencias ambientales. Las mediciones son necesarias para obtener este tipo de conocimiento, con el fin de poder dar la descripción más exacta de un individuo o grupo de personas. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo medir el índice facial en estudiantes de ambos sexos de Malasia e India. 300 estudiantes de ambas naciones fueron medidos para determinar la longitud de la cara, el ancho de la cara y determinar el índice facial. Los hombres de Malasia tuvieron un promedio de índice facial de 85,72 y las mujeres tuvieron un valor ligeramente superior (87,71). Ambos pertenecieron al tipo de cara mesoprosópicas y las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas. Los hombres indios tuvieron un índice facial medio de 87,19, y las mujeres 86,75. Ambos pertenecieron al tipo de cara mesoprosópicas y la comparación del índice de la cara no fue estadísticamente significativa. La comparación entre sujetos de la India y Malasia indicó que los indios (de ambos sexos en conjunto) tuvieron mayor índice facial (87,04) que los malasios (86,76). Sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa.

Relación entre la proporción áurea y el índice facial en estudiantes de Estomatología de La Habana / Relation between the aureal proportion and the facial index in students of Stomatology of La Habana

La proporción áurea ha sido utilizada en el diagnóstico ortodóncico como una variable importante para decidir el tratamiento de elección. Objetivo: evaluar la relación entre la presencia de la proporción divina y el tipo facial morfológico. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 70 estudiantes de la Facultad de Estomatología de La Habana. Se comparó el tipo facial encontrado, con la presencia o no de la divina proporción (1,618) entre la altura de la cabeza y la anchura bicigomática. Resultados: los tipos faciales euriprosopo y mesoprosopo fueron los más representados (38,57 por ciento cada uno). El 65,71 por ciento del total presentó la proporción áurea. En ambos sexos predominaron los que tuvieron la proporción (femenino con 66,67 por ciento, masculino con 64 por ciento), al igual que el 74,07 por ciento de los mesoprosopos y el 62,96 por ciento de los euriprosopos. En el sexo femenino los tres tipos faciales cumplieron significativamente (p< 0,05) con la proporción y en el masculino solo los mesoprosopos con un 80,00 por ciento. Conclusiones: los tipos faciales euriprosopo y mesoprosopo constituyeron la mayoría de la muestra estudiada, predominaron los estudiantes con la divina proporción en las mediciones estudiadas, en el sexo masculino sobresale en los mesoprosopos ganando en estos, mayor significación diagnóstica(AU)

Aurous proportion has been used in the orthodontic diagnosis as an important variable to decide the choice treatment. Objective: To assess the relation between the presence of a divine proportion and the morphologic facial type. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted in 70 students from the Odontology Faculty (Facultad de Estomatología) of La Habana. The facial type founded was compared with the presence or not of the divine proportion (1,618) between the head height and the zygomatic width. Results: The euryprosopic and the mesoprosopic facial types were the more represented (38.57 percent each). The (65.71 ) percent of total had an aureal proportion (female sex with 66,67 percent and male sex with 64 percent) similar to the 74,07 percent of mesoprosopic ones and the 62,96 percent of euryprosopic ones. In the case of the female sex the three facial types significantly fulfilled (p< 0,05) with the proportion parameters and in the male sex only the mesoprosopic ones for a 80,00 percent. Conclusions: The euryprosopic and mesoprosopic facial types were the most of the study sample with predominance of students with the divine proportion in study measurements, in male sex it to stand out in the mesoprosopic ones with a higher diagnostic significance(AU)

Cephalofacial morphological characteristics of Albanian Kosova population

Although the human race must be regarded as a unit intellectually and physically, from the anthropologists' viewpoint the particular set of bones most often measured for purposes of racial classification are those of the head. The aim of the present work was to determine some relevant cephalofacial parameters, particularly in relation to sex and to study the distribution of basic head and face types of a Kosova Albanian population. The study sample comprised 754 subjects of both sex (561 male and 193 female) aged 18 to 35 from Kosova. Five basic cephalofacial variables were measured to obtain the head and face indexes. Statistically significant differences between two treated groups, according to sex, were found almost in all measured cephalofacial variables. Such proportional differences did not influence only the Total Facial index. According to the horizontal cephalic Index the head of the treated subjects (51.9 percent males, 46.1 percent females) mainly belongs to brachiocephalic type; According to the vertical cephalic Index 48.4 percent of the treated male entities and 40.4 percent of the female entities belongs to the type with low hypsicephalic head. According to the transverse cephalic Index both treated entities mainly (male 66.8 percent and female 75.1 percent) belongs to the group with tapeinocephalic type of the head. According to the total facial index the treated male entities are mainly distributed in two types of the face: leptoprosop type (31.2 percent) and hyperleptoprosop type (31.6 percent), whereas the female entities are mostly (48.7 percent) concentrated in hyperleptoprosop facial type.

A pesar que la raza humana debe considerarse como una unidad intelectual y físicamente hablando, desde el punto de vista de los antropólogos, la particular serie de huesos que con mayor frecuencia son medidos para efectos de clasificación racial, son los de la cabeza. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar algunos parámetros cefalofaciales pertinentes, en particular los relacionados con el sexo, para estudiar la distribución básica del tipo de cabeza y cara en una población albanesa de Kosovo. La muestra del estudio fue de 754 sujetos, de ambos sexos (561 varones y 193 mujeres), entre 18 y 35 años, de Kosovo. Cinco variables cefalofaciales básicas fueron medidas para obtener índices de la cabeza y cara. Diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos estudiados, de acuerdo al sexo, se encontraron casi en todas las variables cefalofaciales medidas. Estas diferencias proporcionales no sólo influyen en el índice facial total. Según el índice cefálico horizontal de la cabeza de los sujetos estudiados (51,9 por ciento hombres, 46,1 por ciento mujeres), principalmente pertenecen al tipo braquiocefálico. De acuerdo con el índice cefálico vertical el 48,4 por ciento de los varones estudiados y el 40,4 por ciento de las mujeres pertenecen al tipo de cabeza con hipsicefalia baja. Según el índice cefálico transversal ambos grupos de sujetos estudiados (66,8 por ciento varones y mujeres 75,1 por ciento) presentan principalmente cabeza tapeinocefálica. Según el índice facial total de los varones estudiados se distribuyen principalmente en dos tipos de cara: tipo leptoprosopo (31,2 por ciento) y tipo hiperleptoprosopo (31,6 por ciento), mientras que la mayoría de las mujeres (48,7 por ciento) se concentraron en el tipo facial hiperleptoprosopo.

Índices Faciales en Individuos Mapuche / Facial Index in Mapuche Individuals

El grupo étnico mapuche se distribuye principalmente en la IX Región de Chile, estando más aislados de centros urbanos aquellos individuos que viven en sectores del litoral de la Región. Numerosos aspectos, entre los que se destacan los étnicos determinan la forma de la cabeza y de la cara y por tanto de sus índices. Se realizó un estudio antropométrico en 50 individuos adultos, de sexo masculino, del grupo étnico mapuche, de reducciones de la zona costera de la IX Región de Chile. En ellos se midieron diámetros faciales y se determinaron sus índices. El diámetro nasiognation promedio fue de 123,1 mm (DS 6,6), con límites superior de 147mm e inferior de 105mm. El diámetro nasioalveolar promedio fue de 67,6 mm (DS 4,1), con límites superior de 75mm e inferior 55mm. El índice facial total promedio fue de 85,82 (DS. 4,28), con máximo 100 y mínimo 75, determinando características mesoprosópicas con tendencia a la euriprosopía. El índice facial superior promedio fue de 47,29 (DS. 4,28), con máximo 54,7 y mínimo 38, con características euriónica y leve tendencia a mesial. Los datos anatómicos y antropológicos obtenidos, aportarán nuevos conocimientos a la Antropología Biológica y Física y a los profesionales del área de la Salud.

The mapuche ethnic group is mainly distributed in the IX Region of Chile, with those individuals living in areas of the region's sea shore being further isolated from urban centres. Numerous aspects, including those that are ethnic stand out, and determine the shape of the head and the face and thus their indexes. An anthropometric investigation was realized in 50 male adult individuals, of the mapuche ethnic group, in reductions of the coastal area of the IX Region of Chile. Facial diameters were measured in them and their indexes were determined. The average nasiognation diameter was of 123,1 mm (DS 6,6), with superior limits of 147mm and inferior of 105mm. The average nasioalveolar diameter was of 67,6 mm (DS 4,1), with superior limits of 75mm and inferior 55mm. The total average facial index was of 85.82 (DS. 4.28), with a maximum 100 and minimum 75, determining mesoprosopic characteristics with a tendency toward euriprosopic. The average superior facial index was of 47.29 (DS. 4.28), with a maximum 54,7 and minimum38, with eurionic characteristics and a slight mesial tendency. The anatomical and anthropological information obtained, will contribute new knowledge to Biological and Physical Anthropology and to professionals in the health fields.

Photogrammetric Analysis of the Correction of Nasal Deformity in Bilateral Cleft Lip using Bardach's Techique

The secondary nasal deformity in bilateral cleft lip has distinct characteristics such as the absence of septal deviation, short columella, both alar flaring, web of the alar rim, wide nostrils, dislocation and separation of the alar cartilage with an obtuse angle. Bardach's technique was applied for both a nasal tip projection and lengthening the columella in the secondary nasal deformity. In this procedure, the columella was lengthened using a skin flap from the prolabium, and the lateral crura of the lower lateral cartilages were dissected from the skin and nasal mucosa. The lower lateral cartilage was also restructured by lengthening the medial crura and shortening the lateral crura by suturing them together at the appropriate height to establish the proper cartilage support for a projected and symmetric nasal tip and to reconstruct the columella. A V-Y closure of the defect on the lip was done to lengthen the midsection of the lip. A photogrammetric comparison of the pre-operation and post-operation was made(n=10 ; M : F=7 : 3). The facial proportions and angles were measured by photography using defined anthropometric points. The following criteria were quantified for the preoperative states and postoperative states: the nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle and projection, nasal width, columellar length and width, and the philtral width. All parameters in both states were compared against each other. Results were analyzed by a non-parameter test. The nasolabial angle, nasal tip angle, nasal tip protrusion, columellar lengthening proved to be better after surgery(p<0.01). In conclusion, Bardach's technique is suitable method for correcting the secondary deformity associated with bilateral cleft lip by nasal tip projection, columella lengthening and preventing recurrence. However, It is not suitable for the reduction of alar width and the formation of philtral groove.